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The effect of heat treatment at 200ºC on some surface properties and shore D hardness value of Palo Santo wood

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 39 - 46, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.33725/mamad.1280180

Abstract

It is known that the color and glossiness, properties change with the heat treatment applied to the wood using different methods. In this study, some surface properties [whiteness index value in (//) parallel and (⊥) perpendicular directions to fibers, color (∆a*, ∆L*, L*, ∆b*, b*, ∆C*, a*, C*, ∆E*, and ho), glossiness ((//) parallel and (⊥) perpendicular to fibers at 20o, 60o, and 85o)] and shore D hardness that occur after heat treatment applied to Palo Santo (Bulnesia sarmientoi Lorenz ex Griseb.) wood at 200oC for 3 h were investigated. Multivariate analysis of variance results was found to be significant on all tests. L* (37.87%), a* (91.60%), b* (70.24%) and C* (71.34%) parameters, whiteness index values (57.38% for ⊥ and 81.60% for ║), shore D hardness value (% 7.32) decreased by heat treatment. ho angle increased by 15.63%. While the luminance values decreased at 20o for ⊥ and ║, it increased at 60o for the same directions. In addition; ∆L*: -19.73, ∆H*: 2.02, ∆b*: -15.07, ∆C*: -16.01, ∆a*: -5.77, and ∆E*: 25.49. It has been observed that the surface properties of wood have changed with heat treatment.

References

  • ASTM D 2240, (2010), Standard test method for rubber property-durometer hardness, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, United States.
  • ASTM D 2244-3, (2007), Standard practice for calculation or color tolerances and color, differences from instrumentally measured color coordinates, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
  • ASTM E313-15e1, (2015), Standard practice for calculating yellowness and whiteness indices from instrumentally measured coordinates. USA: ASTM International.
  • Ayata, U., Gurleyen, T., Gurleyen, L. (2018), Effect of heat treatment on color and glossiness properties of zebrano, sapeli and merbau woods. Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal, 1(1), 11-20. DOI: 10.33725/mamad.428913.
  • Ayata, Ü. (2020), Ayous odununun bazı teknolojik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi ve ısıl işlemden sonra renk ve parlaklık özellikleri. Mobilya ve Ahşap Malzeme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 22-33. DOI: 10.33725/mamad.724596.
  • Ayata, Ü. (2021), Sibirya’da iç ve dış mekânlarda kullanılan Sibirya çamı odununun yüzey pürüzlülüğü parametreleri ve shore D sertlik değeri üzerine ısıl işlemin etkisi. Mobilya ve Ahşap Malzeme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 1-8. DOI: 10.33725/mamad.911611.
  • Ayata, Ü. (2022), Isıl işlem görmüş Hindistan cevizi odununda bazı yüzey özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Mobilya ve Ahşap Malzeme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 8-16. DOI: 10.33725/mamad.1116999.
  • Ayata, Ü., Bal, B.C. (2021), Kopie, fukadi ve porsuk ağaç türlerinde renk, parlaklık ve shore D sertlik üzerine ısıl işlemin etkisi, Hoca Ahmet Yesevi, 5. Uluslararası Bilimsel Araştırmalar Kongresi, 5-6 Kasım 2021, Nahçıvan Devlet Üniversitesi, Azerbaycan, 166-180.
  • Brack, W., Weik, J.H. (1994), El bosque nativo del Paraguay, Riqueza subestimada, Proyecto ALA 90-24, Serie N° 15. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería & Cooperación Técnica Alemana (GTZ), Asunción.
  • Castillo, F., Hernandez, D., Gallegos, G., Rodriguez R., Aguilar, C. (2012), Antifungal properties of bioactive compounds from plants, Fungicides for Plant and Animal Diseases. Editorial Dr. Dharumadurai Dhanasekaran. ISBN: 978-953-307-804-5.
  • DIN 5033, (1979), Deutsche normen, farbmessung. normenausschuß farbe (FNF) im DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung eV, Beuth, Berlin März.
  • Esteves, B.M., Pereira, H.M. (2009), Wood modification by heat treatment: A review, BioResources, 4(1), 370-404.
  • Guenther, E. (1944), A survey of oil of guaiac wood, Am. Perfum. Essential Oil Rev., 46, 44-45.
  • Hidayat, W., Qi, Y., Jang, J., Park, B., Banuwa, I. S., Febrianto, F., Kim, N. (2017), Color change and consumer preferences towards color of heat-treated Korean white pine and royal paulownia woods, Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology, 45(2), 213-222. DOI: 10.5658/WOOD.2017.45.2.213.
  • Hillis, W.E. (1984), High temperature and chemical effects on wood stability, Wood Science and Technology, 18(4), 281-293. DOI: 10.1007/BF00353364.
  • Hiltunen, E., Pakkanen, T.T., Alvila, L. (2006), Phenolic compounds in silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) wood, Holzforschung, 60(5), 519-527. DOI: 10.1515/HF.2006.086.
  • ISO 2813, (1994), Paints and varnishes - determination of specular gloss of non-metallic paint films at 20 degrees, 60 degrees and 85 degrees, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • ISO 554, (1976), Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • López, J.A., Little, E., Ritz, G., Rombold, J., Hahn, W. (1987), Árboles comunes del Paraguay: ñande yvyra mata kuera, Ediciones Cuerpo de Paz, Asunción.
  • Lorenzi, H. (2002), Brazilian Trees. Volume 2. 4th Edition, Instituto Plantarum De Estudos Da Flora; Brazil. Mabberley, D.J. (1997), The Plant-Book, (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Mitani, A., Barboutis, I. (2014), Changes caused by heat treatment in color and dimensional stability of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) wood. Drvna industrija, 65(3), 225-232. DOI: 10.5552/drind.2014.1250.
  • Mereles, F., Pérez de Molas, L. (2008), Bulnesia sarmientoi Lorenz ex Griseb. (Zygophyllaceae): estudio de base para su inclusión en el Apéndice II de la Convención CITES. Informe inédito. Asunción, Paraguay: Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Disponible en.
  • Nabais, S. (2008), Estudo químico da Bulnesia sarmientoi, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã.
  • Peng, Y., Liu, R., Cao, J., Chen, Y. (2014), Effects of UV weathering on surface properties of polypropylene composites reinforced with wood flour, lignin, and cellulose, Applied Surface Science, 31, 385-392. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.08.140.
  • Richter, H., Dallwitz, M. (2000), Commercial timbers: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval, Version: 4.
  • Rodilla, J., Silva, L., Martínez, N., Lorenzo, D., Davyt, D., Castillo, L., Giménez, C., Cabrera, R., González-Coloma, A., Zrostlikova J., Dellacassa, E. (2011), Advances in the identification and agrochemical importance of sesquiterpenoids from Bulnesia sarmientoi essential oil. Industrial Crops and Products, 33(2), 497-503.
  • Rondina, R., Bandoni A., Coussio, J. (2008), Especies medicinales de Argentina con potencial actividad analgésica. Dominguezia, 24(1), 47-70.
  • Salca, E.A., Kobori, H., Inagaki, T., Kojima, Y., Suzuki, S. (2016), Effect of heat treatment on colour changes of black alder and beech veneers. Journal of Wood Science 62(4), 297-304.
  • Salvat, A., Antonacci, L., Fortunato, R., Suarez, E., Godoy, H. (2004), Antimicrobial activity in methanolic extracts of several plant species from northern Argentina. Phytomedicine, 11(2-3), 230-234. DOI: 10.1078/0944-7113-00327.
  • Scarpa, G. (2000), Plants employed in tradicional veterinary medicine by the criollos of the northwestern Argentine Chaco, Darwiniana, 38(3-4), 253-265. ISSN: 0011-6793. Secretaria de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable-Dirección De Bosques, 2014. Inventario forestal en bosques con presencia de palo santo (Bulnesia sarmientoi) en la zona del parque chaqueño semiárido. Informe final.
  • Scarpa, G.F. (2004), Medicinal plants used by the Criollos of Northwestern Argentine Chaco. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 91, 115-135.
  • Surburg, H., Panten, J. (2006), Natural raw materials in the flavor and fragrance industry. Common Fragrance and Flavor Materials, 177, 177-238.
  • Timar, M.C., Varodi, A.M., Hacibektasoglu, M., Campean, M. (2016), Color and FTIR analysis of chemical changes in beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) after light steaming and heat treatment in two different environments, BioResources, 11(4), 8325-8343. DOI: 10.15376/biores.11.4.8325-8343
  • Türk, M., Ayata, Ü. (2021), Türkiye’de yetişen bazı ağaç türlerine ait odunlarda shore D sertlik değerleri üzerine ısıl işlemin etkisi, Mobilya ve Ahşap Malzeme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 166-173. DOI: 10.33725/mamad.1005127.
  • Ulay, G., Ayata, Ü. (2023a), Isıl işlem görmüş pembe fildişi (Berchemia zeyheri) (Sond.) Grubov) ahşabında seçilmiş bazı yüzey özelliklerinin incelenmesi, Karadeniz 12. Uluslararası Uygulamalı Bilimler Kongresi, 3-5 Mart 2023, Rize, 389-400.
  • Ulay, G., Ayata, Ü. (2023b), 200 derecede ısıl işlem görmüş amaouk (Detarium macrocarpum) odununda bazı yüzey özelliklerinin ve shore D sertlik değerlerinin incelenmesi, 3. Uluslararası Karadeniz Modern Bilimsel Araştırmalar Kongresi, 23-24 Mart 2023, Samsun, 670-678.
  • Waller, T., Barros, M., Draque, J., Micucci, P. (2012), Conservation of the Palo Santo tree, Bulnesia sarmientoi Lorentz ex Gri-seb, in the South American Chaco Region. Medicinal Plant Conservation, 15, 4-9.
  • Yao, C., Yongming, F., Jianmin, G., Houkun, L. (2012), Coloring characteristics of in situ lignin during heat treatment, Wood Science and Technology, 46, 33-40. DOI: 10.1007/s00226-010-0388-5.

Palo Santo odununda bazı yüzey özellikleri ve shore D sertlik değeri üzerine 200ºC’de ısıl işlemin etkisi

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 39 - 46, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.33725/mamad.1280180

Abstract

Ahşaba farklı yöntemler kullanılarak yapılan ısıl işlem ile renk ve parlaklık özelliklerinin değiştiği bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada, 200oC’de 3 saat süre ile Palo Santo (Bulnesia sarmientoi Lorenz ex Griseb.) ahşabına uygulanmış ısıl işlem ile meydana gelen bazı yüzey özellikleri [liflere (//) paralel ve (⊥) dik yönde beyazlık indeksi değeri, renk (∆a*, ∆L*, L*, ∆b*, b*, ∆C*, a*, C*, ∆E* ve ho), parlaklık (20o, 60o ve 85o’de (//) liflere paralel ve (⊥) dik) ] ve shore D sertlik değeri incelenmiştir. Çok değişkenli varyans analizi sonuçları bütün testler üzerinde anlamlı bulunmuştur. L* (%37.87), a* (%91.60), b* (%70.24) ve C* (%71.34) parametreleri, beyazlık indeksi değerleri (⊥ için %57.38 ve║ için %81.60), shore D sertlik değeri (%7.32) ısıl işlem ile azalmıştır. ho açısı %15.63 oranında artmıştır. Parlaklık değerleri ⊥ ve ║ için 20o’de azalırken, aynı yönler için 60o’de artmıştır. Buna ek olarak; ∆L*: -19.73, ∆H*: 2.02, ∆b*: -15.07, ∆C*: -16.01, ∆a*: -5.77 ve ∆E*: 25.49 olarak bulunmuştur. Isıl işlem ile ahşaba ait yüzey özelliklerinin değiştiği görülmüştür.

References

  • ASTM D 2240, (2010), Standard test method for rubber property-durometer hardness, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, United States.
  • ASTM D 2244-3, (2007), Standard practice for calculation or color tolerances and color, differences from instrumentally measured color coordinates, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
  • ASTM E313-15e1, (2015), Standard practice for calculating yellowness and whiteness indices from instrumentally measured coordinates. USA: ASTM International.
  • Ayata, U., Gurleyen, T., Gurleyen, L. (2018), Effect of heat treatment on color and glossiness properties of zebrano, sapeli and merbau woods. Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal, 1(1), 11-20. DOI: 10.33725/mamad.428913.
  • Ayata, Ü. (2020), Ayous odununun bazı teknolojik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi ve ısıl işlemden sonra renk ve parlaklık özellikleri. Mobilya ve Ahşap Malzeme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 22-33. DOI: 10.33725/mamad.724596.
  • Ayata, Ü. (2021), Sibirya’da iç ve dış mekânlarda kullanılan Sibirya çamı odununun yüzey pürüzlülüğü parametreleri ve shore D sertlik değeri üzerine ısıl işlemin etkisi. Mobilya ve Ahşap Malzeme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 1-8. DOI: 10.33725/mamad.911611.
  • Ayata, Ü. (2022), Isıl işlem görmüş Hindistan cevizi odununda bazı yüzey özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Mobilya ve Ahşap Malzeme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 8-16. DOI: 10.33725/mamad.1116999.
  • Ayata, Ü., Bal, B.C. (2021), Kopie, fukadi ve porsuk ağaç türlerinde renk, parlaklık ve shore D sertlik üzerine ısıl işlemin etkisi, Hoca Ahmet Yesevi, 5. Uluslararası Bilimsel Araştırmalar Kongresi, 5-6 Kasım 2021, Nahçıvan Devlet Üniversitesi, Azerbaycan, 166-180.
  • Brack, W., Weik, J.H. (1994), El bosque nativo del Paraguay, Riqueza subestimada, Proyecto ALA 90-24, Serie N° 15. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería & Cooperación Técnica Alemana (GTZ), Asunción.
  • Castillo, F., Hernandez, D., Gallegos, G., Rodriguez R., Aguilar, C. (2012), Antifungal properties of bioactive compounds from plants, Fungicides for Plant and Animal Diseases. Editorial Dr. Dharumadurai Dhanasekaran. ISBN: 978-953-307-804-5.
  • DIN 5033, (1979), Deutsche normen, farbmessung. normenausschuß farbe (FNF) im DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung eV, Beuth, Berlin März.
  • Esteves, B.M., Pereira, H.M. (2009), Wood modification by heat treatment: A review, BioResources, 4(1), 370-404.
  • Guenther, E. (1944), A survey of oil of guaiac wood, Am. Perfum. Essential Oil Rev., 46, 44-45.
  • Hidayat, W., Qi, Y., Jang, J., Park, B., Banuwa, I. S., Febrianto, F., Kim, N. (2017), Color change and consumer preferences towards color of heat-treated Korean white pine and royal paulownia woods, Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology, 45(2), 213-222. DOI: 10.5658/WOOD.2017.45.2.213.
  • Hillis, W.E. (1984), High temperature and chemical effects on wood stability, Wood Science and Technology, 18(4), 281-293. DOI: 10.1007/BF00353364.
  • Hiltunen, E., Pakkanen, T.T., Alvila, L. (2006), Phenolic compounds in silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) wood, Holzforschung, 60(5), 519-527. DOI: 10.1515/HF.2006.086.
  • ISO 2813, (1994), Paints and varnishes - determination of specular gloss of non-metallic paint films at 20 degrees, 60 degrees and 85 degrees, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • ISO 554, (1976), Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • López, J.A., Little, E., Ritz, G., Rombold, J., Hahn, W. (1987), Árboles comunes del Paraguay: ñande yvyra mata kuera, Ediciones Cuerpo de Paz, Asunción.
  • Lorenzi, H. (2002), Brazilian Trees. Volume 2. 4th Edition, Instituto Plantarum De Estudos Da Flora; Brazil. Mabberley, D.J. (1997), The Plant-Book, (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Mitani, A., Barboutis, I. (2014), Changes caused by heat treatment in color and dimensional stability of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) wood. Drvna industrija, 65(3), 225-232. DOI: 10.5552/drind.2014.1250.
  • Mereles, F., Pérez de Molas, L. (2008), Bulnesia sarmientoi Lorenz ex Griseb. (Zygophyllaceae): estudio de base para su inclusión en el Apéndice II de la Convención CITES. Informe inédito. Asunción, Paraguay: Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Disponible en.
  • Nabais, S. (2008), Estudo químico da Bulnesia sarmientoi, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã.
  • Peng, Y., Liu, R., Cao, J., Chen, Y. (2014), Effects of UV weathering on surface properties of polypropylene composites reinforced with wood flour, lignin, and cellulose, Applied Surface Science, 31, 385-392. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.08.140.
  • Richter, H., Dallwitz, M. (2000), Commercial timbers: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval, Version: 4.
  • Rodilla, J., Silva, L., Martínez, N., Lorenzo, D., Davyt, D., Castillo, L., Giménez, C., Cabrera, R., González-Coloma, A., Zrostlikova J., Dellacassa, E. (2011), Advances in the identification and agrochemical importance of sesquiterpenoids from Bulnesia sarmientoi essential oil. Industrial Crops and Products, 33(2), 497-503.
  • Rondina, R., Bandoni A., Coussio, J. (2008), Especies medicinales de Argentina con potencial actividad analgésica. Dominguezia, 24(1), 47-70.
  • Salca, E.A., Kobori, H., Inagaki, T., Kojima, Y., Suzuki, S. (2016), Effect of heat treatment on colour changes of black alder and beech veneers. Journal of Wood Science 62(4), 297-304.
  • Salvat, A., Antonacci, L., Fortunato, R., Suarez, E., Godoy, H. (2004), Antimicrobial activity in methanolic extracts of several plant species from northern Argentina. Phytomedicine, 11(2-3), 230-234. DOI: 10.1078/0944-7113-00327.
  • Scarpa, G. (2000), Plants employed in tradicional veterinary medicine by the criollos of the northwestern Argentine Chaco, Darwiniana, 38(3-4), 253-265. ISSN: 0011-6793. Secretaria de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable-Dirección De Bosques, 2014. Inventario forestal en bosques con presencia de palo santo (Bulnesia sarmientoi) en la zona del parque chaqueño semiárido. Informe final.
  • Scarpa, G.F. (2004), Medicinal plants used by the Criollos of Northwestern Argentine Chaco. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 91, 115-135.
  • Surburg, H., Panten, J. (2006), Natural raw materials in the flavor and fragrance industry. Common Fragrance and Flavor Materials, 177, 177-238.
  • Timar, M.C., Varodi, A.M., Hacibektasoglu, M., Campean, M. (2016), Color and FTIR analysis of chemical changes in beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) after light steaming and heat treatment in two different environments, BioResources, 11(4), 8325-8343. DOI: 10.15376/biores.11.4.8325-8343
  • Türk, M., Ayata, Ü. (2021), Türkiye’de yetişen bazı ağaç türlerine ait odunlarda shore D sertlik değerleri üzerine ısıl işlemin etkisi, Mobilya ve Ahşap Malzeme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 166-173. DOI: 10.33725/mamad.1005127.
  • Ulay, G., Ayata, Ü. (2023a), Isıl işlem görmüş pembe fildişi (Berchemia zeyheri) (Sond.) Grubov) ahşabında seçilmiş bazı yüzey özelliklerinin incelenmesi, Karadeniz 12. Uluslararası Uygulamalı Bilimler Kongresi, 3-5 Mart 2023, Rize, 389-400.
  • Ulay, G., Ayata, Ü. (2023b), 200 derecede ısıl işlem görmüş amaouk (Detarium macrocarpum) odununda bazı yüzey özelliklerinin ve shore D sertlik değerlerinin incelenmesi, 3. Uluslararası Karadeniz Modern Bilimsel Araştırmalar Kongresi, 23-24 Mart 2023, Samsun, 670-678.
  • Waller, T., Barros, M., Draque, J., Micucci, P. (2012), Conservation of the Palo Santo tree, Bulnesia sarmientoi Lorentz ex Gri-seb, in the South American Chaco Region. Medicinal Plant Conservation, 15, 4-9.
  • Yao, C., Yongming, F., Jianmin, G., Houkun, L. (2012), Coloring characteristics of in situ lignin during heat treatment, Wood Science and Technology, 46, 33-40. DOI: 10.1007/s00226-010-0388-5.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Timber, Pulp and Paper, Forest Industry Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ümit Ayata 0000-0002-6787-7822

Early Pub Date June 25, 2023
Publication Date June 30, 2023
Submission Date April 10, 2023
Acceptance Date June 6, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ayata, Ü. (2023). Palo Santo odununda bazı yüzey özellikleri ve shore D sertlik değeri üzerine 200ºC’de ısıl işlemin etkisi. Mobilya Ve Ahşap Malzeme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 39-46. https://doi.org/10.33725/mamad.1280180

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