Study on Genetic Diversity of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi Based on Vegetative Compatibility Groups and Races in Five Provinces of Iran

Abstract

Fusarium wilt of carnation caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi (Fod) W.C.Snyder & H.N. Hensen, is the most important fungal disease in all main carnation growing regions of Iran. In 2020, sampling of infected plants was randomly carried out from carnation greenhouses in five provinces located in the North (Gilan, Golestan, and Mazandaran) and Middle (Tehran and Markazi) of Iran. Eighty-eight fungal isolates were identified as Fod by morphological characters (based on Nelson’s key identification), molecular method (PCR amplified of ITS region), and pathogenicity tests (according to the root dipping on sensitive cv. Rendezvous). In order to investigate on biodiversity of Iranian Fod isolates based on Vegetative Compatibility Groups (VCGs) and races, 70 isolates were randomly selected. These isolates were compared with eight Fod isolates from the collection of Dipartimento di Valorizzazione e Protezione delle Risorse Agroforestali (Di.Va.P.R.A) Patologia vegetale, Italy; which were used as references for races and VCGs. For DNA amplifying, primers R 1.8, R 2.1, and R 4.2 were employed. Amplified fragments of 295 bp and 564 bp were identified to race 1 (or 8; because these primers applied are not able to discriminate between the races), and race 2 (or 5 or 6), respectively. Furthermore, two VCG 0021 and VCG 0022 were identified amongst the Iranian Fod isolates. The relationship between the races and VCGs demonstrated that all race 1 (23 isolates) were categorized in VCG 0022, and race 2 (44 isolates) were grouped in VCG 0021. In addition, three isolates did not produce any amplification.

Keywords

• carnation
• Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi
• vegetative compatibility groups
• Iran
• Races

İran’ın Beş İlinde Farklı Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi Mantar Türleri Üzerinde Grup ve Irkların Vejetatif Uyumluluğuna Dayalı Bir Araştırma

Abstract

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi nin neden olduğu karanfil Fusarium solgunluğu (Fod) W.C.Snyder & H.N. Hensen, İran'ın tüm ana karanfil yetiştirme bölgelerindeki en önemli mantar hastalığıdır. 2019 yılında, İran'ın beş kuzey (Gilan, Golestan ve Mazandaran) ve orta (Tahran ve Orta) vilayetlerindeki karanfil seralarından enfekteli bitki örneklemesi rastgele yapıldı. Morfolojik özelliklere göre 88 mantar izolatı Fod olarak tanımlandı (Nelson'ın anahtar tanımlamasına göre), Moleküler yöntem (ITS bölgesinden amplifiye edilmiş PCR), ve patojenite testleri (hassas Randzo çeşidinde köklerin patojen süspansiyonuna daldırılması yöntemine dayalıdır) İranın gıda izolatlarının biyolojik çeşitliliğini araştırmak için, uyumluluk gruplar (VCG'ler) ve ırklara göre, 70 izolat rastgele seçildi. Bu izolatlar, Dipartimento di Valorizzazione e Protezione delle Risorse Agroforestali (Di.Va.P.R.A) Patologia vegetale koleksiyonundan sekiz Fod izolatı ile karşılaştırıldı. İtalya; ırklar ve VCG'ler için referans olarak kullanılmıştır. DNA amplifikasyonu için R 1.8, R 2.1 ve R 4.2 primerleri kullanıldı. Sırasıyla ırk 1 (veya 8) için 295 bp ve 564 bp'lik amplifiye fragmanlar tanımlandı. (çünkü uygulanan bu primerler ırkları ayırt edemez) ve sırasıyla ırk 2 veya 5 veya 6. Ayrıca İran gıda izolatları arasında VCG 0021 ve VCG 0022 tespit edilmiştir. Irklar ve VCG'ler arasındaki ilişki, tüm ırk 1'in (23 izolat) VCG 0022'de sınıflandırıldığını gösterdi ve ırk 2 (44 izolat) VCG 0021'de gruplandırılmıştır. Ayrıca üç izolat herhangi bir amplifikasyon üretmedi.

Keywords

• Karanfil, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi
• bitkisel uyumluluk gruplari
• irklar
• İran
• Races

References

1. Aloi, C., & Baayen, R. (1993). Examination of the relationships between vegetative compatibility groups and races in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi. Plant Pathology, 42(6), 839-850.
2. Baayen, R., Van den Boogert, P., Bonants, P., Poll, J., Blok, W., & Waalwijk, C. (2000). Fusarium redolens f. sp asparagi, causal agent of asparagus root rot, crown rot and spear rot. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 106(9), 907-912.
3. Baayen, R., Van Dreven, F., Krijger, M., & Waalwijk, C. (1997). Genetic diversity in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi and Fusarium redolens f. sp. dianthi. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 103(5), 395-408.
4. Baayen, R. P., O'Donnell, K., Bonants, P. J., Cigelnik, E., Kroon, L. P., Roebroeck, E. J., & Waalwijk, C. (2000). Gene genealogies and AFLP analyses in the Fusarium oxysporum complex identify monophyletic and nonmonophyletic formae speciales causing wilt and rot disease. Phytopathology, 90(8), 891-900.
5. Basallote-Ureba, M. J., Vela-Delgado, M. D., Capote, N., Melero-Vara, J. M., López-Herrera, C., Prados-Ligero, A. M., & Talavera-Rubia, M. (2016). Control of Fusarium wilt of carnation using organic amendments combined with soil solarization, and report of associated Fusarium species in southern Spain. Crop Protection, 89, 184-192.
6. Bogale, M., Wingfield, B. D., Wingfield, M. J., & Steenkamp, E. T. (2007). Species-specific primers for Fusarium redolens and a PCR-RFLP technique to distinguish among three clades of Fusarium oxysporum. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 271(1), 27-32.
7. Cabanás, C. G.-L., Valverde-Corredor, A., & Pérez-Artés, E. (2012). Molecular analysis of Spanish populations of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi demonstrates a high genetic diversity and identifies virulence groups in races 1 and 2 of the pathogen. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 132(4), 561-576.
8. Canizares, M., Gomez-Lama, C., García-Pedrajas, M., & Perez-Artes, E. (2015). Study of phylogenetic relationships among Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi isolates: confirmation of intrarace diversity and development of a practical tool for simple population analyses. Plant Disease, 99(6), 780-787.

9. Cer, C., Benlioglu, S., & Egerci, Y. (2022). The molecular detection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi races in protected carnation growing areas in western Turkey. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 129(2), 231-242.
10. Chiocchetti, A., Bernardo, I., Daboussi, M.-J., Garibaldi, A., Gullino, M. L., Langin, T., & Migheli, Q. (1999). Detection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi in carnation tissue by PCR amplification of transposon insertions. Phytopathology, 89(12), 1169-1175.
11. Correll, J. C. (1991). The relationship between formae speciales, races, and vegetative compatibility groups in Fusarium oxysporum. Phytopathology, 81(9), 1061-1064.
12. García-Núñez, H. G., Martínez-Campos, Á. R., Hermosa-Prieto, M. R., Monte-Vázquez, E., Aguilar-Ortigoza, C. J., & González-Esquivel, C. E. (2017). Morphological and molecular characterization of native isolates of Trichoderma and its potential biocontrol against Phytophthora infestans. Revista mexicana de fitopatología, 35(1), 58-79.
13. Jawaharlal, M., Ganga, M., Padmadevi, K., Jegadeeswari, V., & Karthikeyan, S. (2009). A technical guide on carnation. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 1-56.
14. Liu, B., Ji, S., Zhang, H., Wang, Y., & Liu, Z. (2020). Isolation of Trichoderma in the rhizosphere soil of Syringa oblata from Harbin and their biocontrol and growth promotion function. Microbiological research, 235, 126445.
15. Locke, J., Marois, J., & Papavizas, G. (1985). Biological control of Fusarium wilt of greenhouse-grown chrysanthemums. Plant disease (USA).
16. Manicom, B., Bar-Joseph, M., Kotze, J., & Becker, M. M. (1990). A restriction fragment length polymorphism probe relating vegetative compatibility groups and pathogenicity in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi. Phytopathology, 80(336), 9.
17. Migheli, Q., Briatore, E., Andrina, M., & Garibaldi, A. (1997). Physiological race determination in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi by RAPD-PCR Diagnosis and Identification of Plant Pathogens (pp. 203-206): Springer.
18. Migheli, Q., Briatore, E., & Garibaldi, A. (1998). Use of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to identify races 1, 2, 4 and 8 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi in Italy. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 104(1), 49-57.
19. Mishra, P., Mukhopadhyay, A., & Singh, U. (2012). Suppression of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli populations in soil by application of Trichoderma virens and in vitro approaches for understanding biological control mechanisms. Indian Phytopathology.
20. Nelson, P., Toussoun, T., & Marasas, W. (1983). Fusarium species: an illustrated guide for identification. The Pennsylva-nia State Univ. Press, University Park, PA.
21. Prados-Ligero, A. M., Basallote-Ureba, M. J., López-Herrera, C. J., & Melero-Vara, J. M. (2007). Evaluation of susceptibility of carnation cultivars to fusarium wilt and determination of Fusarium oxysporum fsp. dianthi races in southwest Spain. HortScience, 42(3), 596-599.
22. Puhalla, J. E. (1985). Classification of strains of Fusarium oxysporum on the basis of vegetative compatibility. Canadian Journal of Botany, 63(2), 179-183.
23. Turaki, A., Ahmad, B., Magaji, U., Abdulrazak, U., Yusuf, B., & Hamza, A. (2017). Optimised cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) DNA extraction method of plant leaf with high polysaccharide and polyphenolic compounds for downstream reliable molecular analyses. African Journal of Biotechnology, 16(24), 1354-1365.
24. Waalwijk, C., de Koning, J. R., Baayen, R. P., & Gams, W. (1996). Discordant groupings of Fusarium spp. from sections Elegans, Liseola and Dlaminia based on ribosomal ITS1 and ITS2 sequences. Mycologia, 88(3), 361-368.
25. Zandyavari, N., Zadeh, H. Z., & Zarrinnia, V. (2013). Study on vegetative compatibility groups and pathogenicity of Fusariumoxysporum f. sp. Dianthi isolates from carnationin Iran. Annals of Biological Research, 4(8), 220-228.
26. Zhu, Y., Lujan, P., Wedegaertner, T., Nichols, R., Abdelraheem, A., Zhang, J., & Sanogo, S. (2020). First report of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum race 4 causing Fusarium wilt of cotton in New Mexico, USA. Plant Disease, 104(2), 588-588.