Mechanisms Effecting Evolution of Plant Pathogenic Fungi

Year 2019, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 175 - 189, 30.10.2019

Esra Gül

Abstract

The number of species of fungi is estimated to be between 2.2 and 3.8
millions. Despite this diversity, only 120,000 species have been identified
currently. Today, some fossils belonging to eukaryotic macro organisms are
thought to be fungi. Studies on eukaryotic microfossils have shown that these
fossils are fungi, but also that the fungi are more ancient than expected.
Analyzing the morphological differences between these fossils and the current
fungi, comparative analysis of genomes and phylogenetic analyzes will provide
an insight into the factors influencing the evolution of fungi. At the same
time, the enzymes contained in the fungi and the phylogenetic analysis of the
genes encoding them can be used to obtain information about the organisms they
feed on, and to determine or predict their relationship with other organisms.
Conducting these studies in a combined way will increase the knowledge
about the evolution of fungi. More than one factor can influence the evolution of
a pathogen. At the same time, the effect of these factors,
which cause variation in species, may vary according to pathogen. This review
is written to give information about which factors are effective in the
evolution of plant pathogenic fungi. Consideration of these factors may be
helpful in evaluating the evolutionary processes of fungi and to preventing or slowing
down the formation of aggressive races and controlling of these races in terms
of plant protection.

Keywords

Evolution, transposon, polyploidy, hybridization, recombination, horizontal gene transfer

Bitki Patojeni Fungusların Evrimini Etkileyen Bazı Faktörler

Abstract

Fungusların tür sayısının 2.2 ile 3.8 milyon
arasında olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Bu çeşitliliğe rağmen günümüzde
tanımlanmış tür sayısı sadece 120.000’dir. Günümüzde ökaryotik makro
organizmalara ait olan bazı fosillerin fungus olabileceği düşünülmektedir.
Ökaryotik mikrofosiller üzerinde yapılan çalışmalar ise bu fosillerin fungus
olduğunu aynı zamanda fungusların tahmin edilenden daha antik canlılar olduğunu
göstermiştir.  Bu fosillerle günümüzdeki
fungusların morfolojik farklılıklarının analiz edilmesi, genomların
karşılaştırmalı analizleri ve filogenetik analizler fungusların evriminde
etkili olan faktörlerin aydınlatılmasını sağlayacaktır. Aynı zamanda
fungusların içerdiği enzimler ve bunları kodlayan genlerin filogenetik
analizleri antik fungusların beslendikleri organizmalarla ilgili bilgi
edinilmesini ve diğer organizmalarla ilişkilerinin belirlenmesi ya da tahmin
edilmesinde kullanılabilmektedir. Bu çalışmaların kombine bir şekilde yapılması
fungusların evrimi hakkındaki bilgi birikiminin artmasını sağlayabilecektir.  Bir patojenin evrimi üzerine birden fazla
faktör etki edebilmektedir. Aynı zamanda, türlerde varyasyona neden olan bu
faktörlerin etkisi patojene göre değişebilmektedir. Bu derleme bitki patojeni
fungusların evriminde hangi faktörlerin etkili olduğuyla ilgili bilgi vermek
amacıyla yazılmıştır. Bu faktörlerin ele alınması fungusların evrimsel
süreçlerinin değerlendirilmesinde, bitki koruma açısından agresif ırkların
oluşmasını engellemede ya da yavaşlatmada ve bu ırklarla mücadelede yol
gösterici olabilir. 

Keywords

Evrim, transpozon, poliploidi, hibridizasyon, rekombinasyon, yatay gene transferi

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