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Ayakkabı İç Yüzeyinden Auricularia nigricans'nın İzole Edilmesine İlişkin İlk Rapor: ITS Tabanlı Moleküler Tanımlama

Year 2025, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 140 - 145, 24.10.2025

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, insan teması olan kişisel eşyalardan biri olan bir ayakkabı numunesinden izole edilen fungus örneğinin tanımlanması amaçlanmıştır. İzolasyon işlemi Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar besiyeri kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiş ve izolasyon petrisi 25 °C'de 7 gün süre inkübe edildi. İnkübasyon sonrası Potato Dextrose Agar besiyerinde saflaştırılmıştır. Saf kültürden moleküler düzeyde tür tayini için DNA izolasyonu sonrası ITS1 ve ITS4 primerleri kullanılarak ribozomal DNA’nın iç transkribe edilmiş aralık bölgesi (ITS) amplifiye edilmiştir. Elde edilen dizi, GenBank veritabanında yapılan BLAST analizi sonucunda Auricularia nigricans türüyle yüksek benzerlik göstermiştir (%99,62). Filogenetik analiz sonuçları da bu türle güçlü bir ilişki olduğunu doğrulamıştır. Auricularia nigricans türü genellikle doğada ölü odunsu materyallerde bulunduğu bilinirken, bu çalışmada ilk kez kişisel bir eşya üzerinden izole edilmesi, fomit kaynaklı mantar bulaşlarının olası yayılım yollarına dikkat çekmektedir. Bu sonuç, fungusların aynı zamanda fomitler aracılığıyla da yayılmasına ve çevresel fungal biyoçeşitliliğine olan etkisini ortaya koymaktadır.

Ethical Statement

: It is declared that scientific and ethical principles have been followed while carrying out and writing this study and that all the sources used have been properly cited (Gülçin ÖZCAN ATEŞ).

Thanks

I would like to thank Physiotherapist Sezen UYANIK and Occupational Therapist Mehmet UYANIK for giving me the right to use all isolates obtained from the joint study (Özcan Ateş et al., 2023).

References

  • Chen, Y., and Xue, Y. (2018). Purification, chemical characterization and antioxidant activities of a novel polysaccharide from Auricularia polytricha. Int. J. Biol. Macromol.,120, 1087-1092. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.160
  • Gupta, A. K., and Venkataraman, M. (2022). Antifungal resistance in superficial mycoses. J Dermatolog Treat., 33(4), 1888-1895. DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2021.1942421
  • Kramer, A., and Assadian, O. (2014). Survival of microorganisms on inanimate surfaces. In Use of biocidal surfaces for reduction of healthcare acquired infections (pp. 7-26). Cham: Springer International Publishing. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-08057-4_2
  • Li, H., Zhou, J., Shi, R., & Chen, W. (2011). Identification of fungi from children's shoes and application of a novel antimicrobial agent on shoe insole. Afr J Biotechnol., 10(65), 14493-14497. DOI: 10.5897/AJB11.2160
  • Miao, T., Wang, P., Zhang, N., & Li, Y. (2021). Footwear microclimate and its effects on the microbial community of the plantar skin. Sci. Rep., 11(1), 20356. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99865-x
  • Özcan Ateş G., Uyanık S., Uyanık M. (2023). Ayakkabı İçi Mikrobiyal Yük ve Küf Çeşitliliğinin Belirlenmesi [Tam metin bildiri]. 12th International Medicine and Health Sciences Researches Congress, 18 - 19 Mart 2023, Ankara, Türkiye (pp. 576–585).
  • Rashid, T., VonVille, H. M., Hasan, I., and Garey, K. W. (2016). Shoe soles as a potential vector for pathogen transmission: a systematic review. J. Appl. Microbiol., 121(5), 1223-1231. DOI: 10.1111/jam.13250
  • Rashid, T., Vonville, H., Hasan, I., & Garey, K. W. (2017). Mechanisms for floor surfaces or environmental ground contamination to cause human infection: a systematic review. Epidemiol Infect., 145(2), 347-357. DOI: 10.1017/S0950268816002193
  • Schoch, C. L., Seifert, K. A., Huhndorf, S., Robert, V., Spouge, J. L., Levesque, C. A., Chen, W., Fungal Barcoding Consortium, Bolchacova, E., Voigt, K., Crous, P. W., Miller, A. N., Wingfield, M. J., Aime, M. C., An, K.-D., Bai, F.-Y., Barreto, R. W., Begerow, D., Bergeron, M.-J., … Schindel, D. (2012). Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(16), 6241-6246. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1117018109
  • Sesli, E., Asan, A. ve Selçuk, F. (edlr.) Abacı Günyar, Ö., Akata, I., Akgül, H., Aktaş, S., Alkan, S., Allı, H., Aydoğdu, H., Berikten, D., Demirel, K., Demirel, R., Doğan, H.H., Erdoğdu, M., Ergül, C.C., Eroğlu, G., Giray, G., Halikî Uztan, A., Kabaktepe, Ş., Kadaifçiler, D., Kalyoncu, F., Karaltı, İ., Kaşık, G., Kaya, A., Keleş, A., Kırbağ, S., Kıvanç, M., Ocak, İ., Ökten, S., Özkale, E., Öztürk, C., Sevindik, M., Şen, B., Şen, İ., Türkekul, İ., Ulukapı, M., Uzun, Ya., Uzun, Yu.,Yoltaş, A. (2020). Türkiye Mantarları Listesi. İstanbul: Ali Nihat Gökyiğit Vakfı Yayınları. Syf 1177.
  • Stephens, B., Azimi, P., Thoemmes, M. S., Heidarinejad, M., Allen, J. G., and Gilbert, J. A. (2019). Microbial exchange via fomites and implications for human health. Curr. Pollut. Rep., 5(4), 198-213. DOI: 10.1007/s40726-019-00123-6
  • Tamura, K., Stecher, G., & Kumar, S. (2021). MEGA11: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11. Mol. Biol. Evol., 38(7), 3022-3027. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab120
  • URL 1. https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=803171 Accessed date: 10/08/2025.
  • Wang, P., Tong, X., Zhang, N., Miao, T., Chan, J. P., Huang, H., Lee, P. KH., and Li, Y. (2022). Fomite transmission follows invasion ecology principles. Msystems, 7(3), e00211-22. DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00211-22
  • Wu, C. Y., Liang, C. H., & Liang, Z. C. (2020). Evaluation of using spent mushroom sawdust wastes for cultivation of Auricularia polytricha. Agronomy, 10(12), 1892. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10121892
  • Wu, F., Tohtirjap, A., Fan, L. F., Zhou, L. W., Alvarenga, R. L., Gibertoni, T. B., and Dai, Y. C. (2021). Global diversity and updated phylogeny of Auricularia (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota). Journal of fungi, 7(11), 933. DOI: 10.3390/jof7110933

First Report on Isolating Auricularia nigricans from Shoe Inner Surface: ITS-Based Molecular Identification

Year 2025, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 140 - 145, 24.10.2025

Abstract

This study aimed to identify a fungus isolated from a shoe sample, one of the personal items that has been in contact with humans. Isolation was performed using Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar, incubation was carried out at 25°C for 7 days, and then purification was achieved on Potato Dextrose Agar. For molecular species identification from pure cultures, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA was amplified using primers ITS1 and ITS4 after DNA isolation. The resulting sequence showed a high similarity (99.62%) to Auricularia nigricans in the GenBank database, as determined by BLAST analysis. Phylogenetic analysis also confirmed a strong relationship with this species. While Auricularia nigricans is generally known to be found in dead woody materials in nature, its isolation from a personal item for the first time in this study highlights the potential spread of fomite-borne fungal infections. This result reveals that fungi also spread via fomites and their impact on environmentally fungal biodiversity.

References

  • Chen, Y., and Xue, Y. (2018). Purification, chemical characterization and antioxidant activities of a novel polysaccharide from Auricularia polytricha. Int. J. Biol. Macromol.,120, 1087-1092. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.160
  • Gupta, A. K., and Venkataraman, M. (2022). Antifungal resistance in superficial mycoses. J Dermatolog Treat., 33(4), 1888-1895. DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2021.1942421
  • Kramer, A., and Assadian, O. (2014). Survival of microorganisms on inanimate surfaces. In Use of biocidal surfaces for reduction of healthcare acquired infections (pp. 7-26). Cham: Springer International Publishing. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-08057-4_2
  • Li, H., Zhou, J., Shi, R., & Chen, W. (2011). Identification of fungi from children's shoes and application of a novel antimicrobial agent on shoe insole. Afr J Biotechnol., 10(65), 14493-14497. DOI: 10.5897/AJB11.2160
  • Miao, T., Wang, P., Zhang, N., & Li, Y. (2021). Footwear microclimate and its effects on the microbial community of the plantar skin. Sci. Rep., 11(1), 20356. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99865-x
  • Özcan Ateş G., Uyanık S., Uyanık M. (2023). Ayakkabı İçi Mikrobiyal Yük ve Küf Çeşitliliğinin Belirlenmesi [Tam metin bildiri]. 12th International Medicine and Health Sciences Researches Congress, 18 - 19 Mart 2023, Ankara, Türkiye (pp. 576–585).
  • Rashid, T., VonVille, H. M., Hasan, I., and Garey, K. W. (2016). Shoe soles as a potential vector for pathogen transmission: a systematic review. J. Appl. Microbiol., 121(5), 1223-1231. DOI: 10.1111/jam.13250
  • Rashid, T., Vonville, H., Hasan, I., & Garey, K. W. (2017). Mechanisms for floor surfaces or environmental ground contamination to cause human infection: a systematic review. Epidemiol Infect., 145(2), 347-357. DOI: 10.1017/S0950268816002193
  • Schoch, C. L., Seifert, K. A., Huhndorf, S., Robert, V., Spouge, J. L., Levesque, C. A., Chen, W., Fungal Barcoding Consortium, Bolchacova, E., Voigt, K., Crous, P. W., Miller, A. N., Wingfield, M. J., Aime, M. C., An, K.-D., Bai, F.-Y., Barreto, R. W., Begerow, D., Bergeron, M.-J., … Schindel, D. (2012). Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(16), 6241-6246. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1117018109
  • Sesli, E., Asan, A. ve Selçuk, F. (edlr.) Abacı Günyar, Ö., Akata, I., Akgül, H., Aktaş, S., Alkan, S., Allı, H., Aydoğdu, H., Berikten, D., Demirel, K., Demirel, R., Doğan, H.H., Erdoğdu, M., Ergül, C.C., Eroğlu, G., Giray, G., Halikî Uztan, A., Kabaktepe, Ş., Kadaifçiler, D., Kalyoncu, F., Karaltı, İ., Kaşık, G., Kaya, A., Keleş, A., Kırbağ, S., Kıvanç, M., Ocak, İ., Ökten, S., Özkale, E., Öztürk, C., Sevindik, M., Şen, B., Şen, İ., Türkekul, İ., Ulukapı, M., Uzun, Ya., Uzun, Yu.,Yoltaş, A. (2020). Türkiye Mantarları Listesi. İstanbul: Ali Nihat Gökyiğit Vakfı Yayınları. Syf 1177.
  • Stephens, B., Azimi, P., Thoemmes, M. S., Heidarinejad, M., Allen, J. G., and Gilbert, J. A. (2019). Microbial exchange via fomites and implications for human health. Curr. Pollut. Rep., 5(4), 198-213. DOI: 10.1007/s40726-019-00123-6
  • Tamura, K., Stecher, G., & Kumar, S. (2021). MEGA11: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11. Mol. Biol. Evol., 38(7), 3022-3027. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab120
  • URL 1. https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=803171 Accessed date: 10/08/2025.
  • Wang, P., Tong, X., Zhang, N., Miao, T., Chan, J. P., Huang, H., Lee, P. KH., and Li, Y. (2022). Fomite transmission follows invasion ecology principles. Msystems, 7(3), e00211-22. DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00211-22
  • Wu, C. Y., Liang, C. H., & Liang, Z. C. (2020). Evaluation of using spent mushroom sawdust wastes for cultivation of Auricularia polytricha. Agronomy, 10(12), 1892. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10121892
  • Wu, F., Tohtirjap, A., Fan, L. F., Zhou, L. W., Alvarenga, R. L., Gibertoni, T. B., and Dai, Y. C. (2021). Global diversity and updated phylogeny of Auricularia (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota). Journal of fungi, 7(11), 933. DOI: 10.3390/jof7110933
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Mycology
Journal Section RESEARCH ARTICLE
Authors

Gülçin Özcan Ateş 0000-0002-8467-2378

Publication Date October 24, 2025
Submission Date August 20, 2025
Acceptance Date October 8, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 16 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Özcan Ateş, G. (2025). First Report on Isolating Auricularia nigricans from Shoe Inner Surface: ITS-Based Molecular Identification. Mantar Dergisi, 16(2), 140-145. https://doi.org/10.30708/mantar.1769661

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