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An Evaluation of Stauffenberg's Actions in the Film Valkyrie (2008) from the Perspective of the Virtue of Altruism

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 187 - 224, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.47425/marifetname.vi.1271394

Abstract

Cinema is an effective means of cultural representation as it reaches all corners of the world through its narrative styles and products. Cinema portrays external realities and mental experiences in artistic, documentary, and dramatic forms, depicting various subjects with different themes. Therefore, every film in the information- flow medium of cinema has a conceptual and philosophical background. The film Valkyrie (2008), set during a period of war, depicts a character's efforts to alleviate pain by prioritizing others and endangering himself and his loved ones in the process. These efforts demonstrate his motivation for altruism. Cinema has benefited us by identifying, capturing, and examining altruism in a simulative sense. This study aims to reveal the contrast of altruism with "self-centeredness" and "egoism," which are seen as virtues by different philosophical thinkers, by discussing the characters in the film, especially Stauffenberg’s stance on these virtues. The theoretical framework regarding these concepts has been created in the first subheading, and in the second subheading, the position of the character(s) compared to Stauffenberg has been determined within this framework. The first subheading entails a semantic analysis of altruism from the perspective of different thinkers, summarizing the difference between the concept and "egoism" and "self-centeredness." The second subheading includes a framework related to the fictional dimension of the film reviewing critical articles on "Valkyrie." Stauffenberg's struggle against Nazis during World War II has been examined considering apparent virtue. Using the qualitative content analysis method, the film has been analyzed, and Stauffenberg's altruistic stance is interpreted based on philosophical and moral data. The conclusion is that Stauffenberg acted in accordance with altruism, not with self-centeredness or egoism.

References

  • Barton, Kristin M. “Altruism in Film and Fiction”. The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Literature. ed. Richard Eldridge. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
  • Batson, C. Daniel vd. “Empathy and the Collective Good: Caring for One of the Others in a Social Dilemma”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68/4 (1995), 619-631.
  • Batson, C. Daniel vd. “Is Empathic Emotion a Source of Altruistic Motivation?” journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40/2 (1981), 290-302.
  • Batson, C. Daniel vd. “Two Threats to the Common Good: Self- Interested Egoism and Empathy Induced Altruism”. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 25/1 (1999), 3-16.
  • Becker, Gary S. “Altruism in the Family and Selfishness in the Market Place”. Economica 48/189 (1981), 1-15.
  • Berardinelli, James. “Valkyrie (United States/Germany, 2008)”. Reel Views. Erişim 06 Şubat 2023.
  • https://www.reelviews.net/reelviews/valkyrie Bordwell, David - Thompson, Kristin. Film Art: An Introduction. New York: McGraw Hill Education, 2016.
  • Brooks, Xan. “Valkyrie”. The Guardian. Erişim 06 Şubat 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/jan/20/valkyrie-tomcruise- film-review
  • Carroll, Noël. “Art and Ethics”. A Companion to Aesthetics. ed. David Cooper. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 1992.
  • Carroll, Noël. The Philosophy of Motion Pictures. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2008.
  • Clavien, Christine - Chapuisat, Michel. “The evolution of utility functions and psychological altruism”. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (2015), 1-8.
  • Dixon, C. Scott. “Altruism in Contemporary Hollywood Film”. The Ethics of Contemporary Hollywood. ed. Robert Sinnerbrink. New York: Routledge, ts.
  • Ebert, Roger. “The good German”. Roger Ebert. Erişim 06 Şubat 2023. https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/valkyrie-2008
  • Edelstein, David. “Graphic Violence”. New York, 27 Aralık 2008. https://nymag.com/movies/reviews/53143/
  • Eggert, Brian. “Valkyrie”. Deep Focus Review, 2008. https://deepfocusreview.com/reviews/valkyrie/
  • Grant, Colin. Altruism & Christian Ethics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Greene, Kathryn - Krcmar. “Predicting Exposure to and Liking of Media Violence: a Uses and Gratifications Approach”. Communication Studies 56/1 (2005), 71-93.
  • Healy, Kieran. Last Best Gifts: Altruism and the Market for Human Blood and Organs. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2006.
  • Helms, Marilyn M. - Keilany, Ziad. “Beyond self-interest: A reexamination of neoclassical economics in group settings”. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 15/2 (1991), 187-200.
  • Hoffman, Martin L. (ed.). Altruism and Aggression: Biological and Social Origins. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
  • Khalil, Elias L. “What is altruism?” Journal of Economic Psychology 25/1 (2004), 97-123.
  • Kristjánsson, Kristján - Cunningham, Craig A. Virtues and Their Vices. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
  • Kubrak, Tina. “Impact of Films: Changes in Young People’s Attitudes after Watching a Movie”. Behavioral Sciences 10/5 (2020), 86.
  • Lane, Anthony. “Private Wars ‘Valkyrie’ and “Waltz with Bashir."”. The New Yorker, 28 Aralık 2008. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/01/05/private-wars LaSalle, Mick. “Movie review: ‘Valkyrie’”. SFGate, 25 Aralık 2008. https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Movie-review-Valkyrie- 3256736
  • Lisa, Schwarzbaum. “Valkyrie”. Entertainment Weekly, 24 Aralık 2008. https://ew.com/article/2008/12/24/valkyrie-2/ Mondello, Bob. “Third Reich Returns: ‘Valkyrie,’ ‘Defiance’ and ‘Good’”. NPR, 25 Aralık 2008. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9869983 2/?storyId=98699832
  • Monroe, Kristen Renwick. The Heart of Altruism: Perception of a Common Humanity. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1996. Nagel, Thomas. The Possibility of Altruism. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1970.
  • Nichols, Bill. Movies and Methods: An Anthology. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.
  • Niezink, Lidewij Welmoed. Considering Others in Need: On Altruism, Empathy and Perspective Taking. Ridderkerk: Offsetdrukkerij Ridderprint B.V., 2008.
  • Odom, Joel. “Review: Where Mavericks Dare: ‘Valkyrie’”. The Oregonian, 24 Aralık 2008. https://www.oregonlive.com/movies/2008/12/review_where_ma vericks_dare_va.html
  • Palmer, George Herbert. Altruism: Its Nature and Varieties. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1919.
  • Pauline, Greenhill - Tye, Diane. “Benevolent Warriors in Popular Culture”. Unsettling Assumptions: Tradition, Gender, Drag. ed. Rob Cover - Alison Lee. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014.
  • Pekman, Cem. Özgecilik ve Sinema. İstanbul: Literatür Yayıncılık, 2021. Perciful, Michael Shaun - Meyer, Cheryl. “The Impact of Films on Viewer Attitudes towards People with Schizophrenia”. Curr Psychol 36/3 (2016), 483-493.
  • Philips, Michael. “‘Valkyrie’ stars Tom Cruise, Bill Nighy, Tom Wilkinson”. Chicago Tribune, 16 Eylül 2014.
  • https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/movies/chivalkyrie- review-1224_dec24-story.html
  • Plantinga, Carl. “Film Theory”. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Erişim 18 Mart 2023. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/film-theory/
  • Post, Sephen G. Altruism & Altruistic Love: Science, Philosophy, & Religion in Dialogue. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Post, Sephen G. Unlimited Love: Altruism, Compassion and Service. Philadelphia: Templeton Foundation Press, 2003.
  • Puig, Claudia. “Tom Cruise fails to convince in sluggish ‘Valkyrie’”. USA Today, 23 Aralık 2008. https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/reviews/2008-12- 23-valkyrie_N.htm
  • Rainer, Peter. “Review: ‘Valkyrie’”. The Christian Science Monitor, 02 Ocak 2009. https://www.csmonitor.com/The- Culture/Movies/2009/0102/p25s02-almo.html
  • Rand, Ayn. Bencilliğin Erdemi. çev. Nejdet Kandemir. İstanbul: Plato Film Yayınları, 4. Baskı., 2013.
  • Rand, Ayn. Philosophy: Who Needs It. New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1982.
  • Rocchi, James. “Valkyrie”. Common Sense Media. Erişim 07 Mart 2023. https://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/valkyrie Rosenbaum, Roger. “Virtue and the Movies: The Ethics of Film Viewing”. Philosophy Now 98 (2014), 20-23.
  • Rushton, J. Philippe. “Urban Density and Altruism: Helping Strangers in a Canadian City, Suburb, and Small Town”. Psychological Reports 43 (1978), 987-990.
  • Scott, Niall - Seglow, Jonathan. Altruism. New York: Open University Press, 2007.
  • Sinnerbrink, Robert. “Aristotle on Virtue and Film”. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 70/1 (2012), 55-67.
  • Slater, Michael D. vd. “Violent Media Content and Aggressiveness in Adolescents: A Downward Spiral Model”. Communication Research 30/6 (2003), 713-736.
  • Smith, Kyle. “The Reich Stuff”. New York Post, 23 Aralık 2008. https://nypost.com/2008/12/23/the-reich-stuff/
  • Solomon, Robert C. The Big Question: A Short Introduction to Philosophy. London: Continuum, 2003.
  • Stevens, Dana. “Depressed Suburban Nazi Backward-Agers”. Slate, 23 Aralık 2008. https://slate.com/culture/2008/12/valkyrie-thecurious- case-of-benjamin-button-and-revolutionaryroadreviewed. html
  • Wartenberg, Thomas. “Philosophy and Film”. The Routledge Companion to Philosophy and Film. ed. Paisley Livingston - Carl Plantinga. New York: Routledge, 2008.
  • Westacott, Emrys. The Virtues of Our Vices: A Modest Defense of Gossip, Rudeness, and Other Bad Habits. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2011.
  • Winston, Brian. “Ethics and the Film Industry”. Film and Ethics: Foreclosed Encounters. ed. Lisa Downing - Libby Saxton. New York: Routledge, 2010.
  • Zuckerman, Phil. Society without God: What the least Religious Nations Can Tell Us about Contentment. New York: New York University Press, 2008.
  • “Film Review : Valkyrie”. Bookie. Erişim 06 Şubat 2023. https://www.booksie.com/posting/bookie/film-review-valkyrie- 154402
  • “Leni Riefenstahl (1902–2003)”. IMDb. Erişim 07 Mart 2023. https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0726166/
  • “Movie Review: Valkyrie (2008)”. Critical Movie Critics, 04 Ocak 2009.
  • https://thecriticalcritics.com/reviews/movie_review-valkyrie/ “Valkyrie”. haz. Brian Singer. Yayın Tarihi 2008.
  • https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0985699/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_2 “Valkyrie: Trivia”. IMDb. Erişim 07 Mart 2023.
  • https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0985699/trivia?ref_=tt_trv_trv

Stauffenberg’ün Valkyrie (2008) Filmindeki Eylemlerinin Diğerkâmlık Erdemi Perspektifinden Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 187 - 224, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.47425/marifetname.vi.1271394

Abstract

Sinema, anlatısal tarzları ve ürünleri aracılığıyla dünyânın her köşesine ulaşmasıyla kültürel temsîliyetin etkili bir aracıdır. Sinema sanatsal, belgesel ve dramatik şekillerde dışsal gerçeklikleri ve zihinsel deneyimleri tasvîr ederek farklı temalarla çeşitli konuları işler. Dolayısıyla sinemanın bilgi akışı ortamındaki her filmi bir kavramsal ve felsefî arka plana sâhiptir. Savaş döneminde geçen Valkyrie (2008) filmi, kendisi ve sevdiklerini tehlikeye atıp başkalarını öncelikli tutarak, yaşanan acıyı hafifletmek için çaba sarf eden bir karakteri tasvîr etmektedir. Bu çabaları, onun diğerkâm motivasyonunu gösterir. Çalışmada sinema, simülatif anlamda diğerkâmlığı tanımlama, sâbitleme ve inceleme yoluyla fayda sağlamıştır. Bu çalışma, diğerkâmlığın farklı felsefî düşünürler tarafından erdem olarak görülen “benmerkezcilik” ve “egoizm” ile karşılaştırmasını, özellikle Stauffenberg'in bu erdemlerle olan tutumu üzerine filmdeki karakterleri tartışarak ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu kavramlarla ilgili teorik çerçeve birinci bölümde oluşturulmuş ve ikinci bölümde karakterlerin (özellikle Stauffenberg) bu çerçevedeki durumları belirlenmiştir. Birinci bölüm, farklı düşünürlerin bakış açısından diğerkâmlığın bir semantik analizini
yaparak kavram ile “egoizm” ve “benmerkezcilik” arasındaki farkı özetlemektedir. İkinci bölüm, filmle ilgili
sinema kritiği yazılarını inceleyerek filmin kurgusal boyutuyla ilgili bir çerçeve sunmaktadır. Stauffenberg'in II. Dünyâ Savaşı'nda Nazilere karşı mücâdelesi, belirgin erdem göz önünde bulundurularak incelenmiştir. Nitel içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılarak film analiz edilmiş ve Stauffenberg'in diğerkâm duruşu felsefî ve ahlâkî verilerle yorumlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, Stauffenberg benmerkezcilik veyâ egoizme değil, diğerkâmlığa uygun davranmıştır.

References

  • Barton, Kristin M. “Altruism in Film and Fiction”. The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Literature. ed. Richard Eldridge. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
  • Batson, C. Daniel vd. “Empathy and the Collective Good: Caring for One of the Others in a Social Dilemma”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68/4 (1995), 619-631.
  • Batson, C. Daniel vd. “Is Empathic Emotion a Source of Altruistic Motivation?” journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40/2 (1981), 290-302.
  • Batson, C. Daniel vd. “Two Threats to the Common Good: Self- Interested Egoism and Empathy Induced Altruism”. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 25/1 (1999), 3-16.
  • Becker, Gary S. “Altruism in the Family and Selfishness in the Market Place”. Economica 48/189 (1981), 1-15.
  • Berardinelli, James. “Valkyrie (United States/Germany, 2008)”. Reel Views. Erişim 06 Şubat 2023.
  • https://www.reelviews.net/reelviews/valkyrie Bordwell, David - Thompson, Kristin. Film Art: An Introduction. New York: McGraw Hill Education, 2016.
  • Brooks, Xan. “Valkyrie”. The Guardian. Erişim 06 Şubat 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/jan/20/valkyrie-tomcruise- film-review
  • Carroll, Noël. “Art and Ethics”. A Companion to Aesthetics. ed. David Cooper. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 1992.
  • Carroll, Noël. The Philosophy of Motion Pictures. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2008.
  • Clavien, Christine - Chapuisat, Michel. “The evolution of utility functions and psychological altruism”. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (2015), 1-8.
  • Dixon, C. Scott. “Altruism in Contemporary Hollywood Film”. The Ethics of Contemporary Hollywood. ed. Robert Sinnerbrink. New York: Routledge, ts.
  • Ebert, Roger. “The good German”. Roger Ebert. Erişim 06 Şubat 2023. https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/valkyrie-2008
  • Edelstein, David. “Graphic Violence”. New York, 27 Aralık 2008. https://nymag.com/movies/reviews/53143/
  • Eggert, Brian. “Valkyrie”. Deep Focus Review, 2008. https://deepfocusreview.com/reviews/valkyrie/
  • Grant, Colin. Altruism & Christian Ethics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Greene, Kathryn - Krcmar. “Predicting Exposure to and Liking of Media Violence: a Uses and Gratifications Approach”. Communication Studies 56/1 (2005), 71-93.
  • Healy, Kieran. Last Best Gifts: Altruism and the Market for Human Blood and Organs. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2006.
  • Helms, Marilyn M. - Keilany, Ziad. “Beyond self-interest: A reexamination of neoclassical economics in group settings”. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 15/2 (1991), 187-200.
  • Hoffman, Martin L. (ed.). Altruism and Aggression: Biological and Social Origins. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
  • Khalil, Elias L. “What is altruism?” Journal of Economic Psychology 25/1 (2004), 97-123.
  • Kristjánsson, Kristján - Cunningham, Craig A. Virtues and Their Vices. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
  • Kubrak, Tina. “Impact of Films: Changes in Young People’s Attitudes after Watching a Movie”. Behavioral Sciences 10/5 (2020), 86.
  • Lane, Anthony. “Private Wars ‘Valkyrie’ and “Waltz with Bashir."”. The New Yorker, 28 Aralık 2008. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/01/05/private-wars LaSalle, Mick. “Movie review: ‘Valkyrie’”. SFGate, 25 Aralık 2008. https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Movie-review-Valkyrie- 3256736
  • Lisa, Schwarzbaum. “Valkyrie”. Entertainment Weekly, 24 Aralık 2008. https://ew.com/article/2008/12/24/valkyrie-2/ Mondello, Bob. “Third Reich Returns: ‘Valkyrie,’ ‘Defiance’ and ‘Good’”. NPR, 25 Aralık 2008. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9869983 2/?storyId=98699832
  • Monroe, Kristen Renwick. The Heart of Altruism: Perception of a Common Humanity. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1996. Nagel, Thomas. The Possibility of Altruism. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1970.
  • Nichols, Bill. Movies and Methods: An Anthology. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.
  • Niezink, Lidewij Welmoed. Considering Others in Need: On Altruism, Empathy and Perspective Taking. Ridderkerk: Offsetdrukkerij Ridderprint B.V., 2008.
  • Odom, Joel. “Review: Where Mavericks Dare: ‘Valkyrie’”. The Oregonian, 24 Aralık 2008. https://www.oregonlive.com/movies/2008/12/review_where_ma vericks_dare_va.html
  • Palmer, George Herbert. Altruism: Its Nature and Varieties. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1919.
  • Pauline, Greenhill - Tye, Diane. “Benevolent Warriors in Popular Culture”. Unsettling Assumptions: Tradition, Gender, Drag. ed. Rob Cover - Alison Lee. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014.
  • Pekman, Cem. Özgecilik ve Sinema. İstanbul: Literatür Yayıncılık, 2021. Perciful, Michael Shaun - Meyer, Cheryl. “The Impact of Films on Viewer Attitudes towards People with Schizophrenia”. Curr Psychol 36/3 (2016), 483-493.
  • Philips, Michael. “‘Valkyrie’ stars Tom Cruise, Bill Nighy, Tom Wilkinson”. Chicago Tribune, 16 Eylül 2014.
  • https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/movies/chivalkyrie- review-1224_dec24-story.html
  • Plantinga, Carl. “Film Theory”. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Erişim 18 Mart 2023. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/film-theory/
  • Post, Sephen G. Altruism & Altruistic Love: Science, Philosophy, & Religion in Dialogue. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Post, Sephen G. Unlimited Love: Altruism, Compassion and Service. Philadelphia: Templeton Foundation Press, 2003.
  • Puig, Claudia. “Tom Cruise fails to convince in sluggish ‘Valkyrie’”. USA Today, 23 Aralık 2008. https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/reviews/2008-12- 23-valkyrie_N.htm
  • Rainer, Peter. “Review: ‘Valkyrie’”. The Christian Science Monitor, 02 Ocak 2009. https://www.csmonitor.com/The- Culture/Movies/2009/0102/p25s02-almo.html
  • Rand, Ayn. Bencilliğin Erdemi. çev. Nejdet Kandemir. İstanbul: Plato Film Yayınları, 4. Baskı., 2013.
  • Rand, Ayn. Philosophy: Who Needs It. New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1982.
  • Rocchi, James. “Valkyrie”. Common Sense Media. Erişim 07 Mart 2023. https://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/valkyrie Rosenbaum, Roger. “Virtue and the Movies: The Ethics of Film Viewing”. Philosophy Now 98 (2014), 20-23.
  • Rushton, J. Philippe. “Urban Density and Altruism: Helping Strangers in a Canadian City, Suburb, and Small Town”. Psychological Reports 43 (1978), 987-990.
  • Scott, Niall - Seglow, Jonathan. Altruism. New York: Open University Press, 2007.
  • Sinnerbrink, Robert. “Aristotle on Virtue and Film”. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 70/1 (2012), 55-67.
  • Slater, Michael D. vd. “Violent Media Content and Aggressiveness in Adolescents: A Downward Spiral Model”. Communication Research 30/6 (2003), 713-736.
  • Smith, Kyle. “The Reich Stuff”. New York Post, 23 Aralık 2008. https://nypost.com/2008/12/23/the-reich-stuff/
  • Solomon, Robert C. The Big Question: A Short Introduction to Philosophy. London: Continuum, 2003.
  • Stevens, Dana. “Depressed Suburban Nazi Backward-Agers”. Slate, 23 Aralık 2008. https://slate.com/culture/2008/12/valkyrie-thecurious- case-of-benjamin-button-and-revolutionaryroadreviewed. html
  • Wartenberg, Thomas. “Philosophy and Film”. The Routledge Companion to Philosophy and Film. ed. Paisley Livingston - Carl Plantinga. New York: Routledge, 2008.
  • Westacott, Emrys. The Virtues of Our Vices: A Modest Defense of Gossip, Rudeness, and Other Bad Habits. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2011.
  • Winston, Brian. “Ethics and the Film Industry”. Film and Ethics: Foreclosed Encounters. ed. Lisa Downing - Libby Saxton. New York: Routledge, 2010.
  • Zuckerman, Phil. Society without God: What the least Religious Nations Can Tell Us about Contentment. New York: New York University Press, 2008.
  • “Film Review : Valkyrie”. Bookie. Erişim 06 Şubat 2023. https://www.booksie.com/posting/bookie/film-review-valkyrie- 154402
  • “Leni Riefenstahl (1902–2003)”. IMDb. Erişim 07 Mart 2023. https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0726166/
  • “Movie Review: Valkyrie (2008)”. Critical Movie Critics, 04 Ocak 2009.
  • https://thecriticalcritics.com/reviews/movie_review-valkyrie/ “Valkyrie”. haz. Brian Singer. Yayın Tarihi 2008.
  • https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0985699/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_2 “Valkyrie: Trivia”. IMDb. Erişim 07 Mart 2023.
  • https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0985699/trivia?ref_=tt_trv_trv
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Religious Studies
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Hamidullah Genç 0000-0002-8148-5841

Publication Date June 30, 2023
Submission Date March 29, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

ISNAD Genç, Hamidullah. “An Evaluation of Stauffenberg’s Actions in the Film Valkyrie (2008) from the Perspective of the Virtue of Altruism”. Marifetname 10/1 (June 2023), 187-224. https://doi.org/10.47425/marifetname.vi.1271394.

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