Investigation of bacterial pollution in Ceyhan River (Turkey) and the resistance levels of gram (+) and gram (-) bacteria to antibiotics

Abstract

In this study, bacteriological pollution of Ceyhan River flowing into Iskenderun Bay (Northeast Mediterranean) and antibiotic resistance of Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria were investigated. Water samples were collected from May 2014 to April 2015 in monthly periods and 222 Gram (-) and 74 Gram (+) bacteria were isolated from collected water samples. The isolates were contained 8 different species (Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis) which have been identified with Vitek II automated culture system. Microorganism susceptibility tests were performed in accordance with CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2015) criteria. Resistance of the isolates to 15 different antibiotics (Amikacin, Meropenem, Levofloxacin, Imipenem, Piperacillin, Gentamycin, Cefepime, Ceftazidime Penicillin, Oxacillin, Clindamycin, Erythromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Vancomycin, Rifampin) was investigated. The highest antibiotic resistance was found in E. faecalis with 37% against Penicillin antibiotics. No resistance to vancomycin antibiotics has been observed. It was concluded that the Ceyhan River was exposed to fecal bacterial contamination, and it was revealed that this situation would adversely affect both the ecosystem and human health. Measures to protect and improve the ecological and microbiological qualities of rivers and lakes are key to preserving the quality and quantity of water resources for the future.

Keywords

• Ceyhan River
• Bacterial pollution
• Antibiotic resistance

Abstract

Bu çalışmada İskenderun Körfezi (Kuzeydoğu Akdeniz)’ne dökülen Ceyhan Nehri’nin bakteriyolojik kirliliği ve bu bakterilerin antibiyotik dirençliliği incelenmiştir. Çalışma Mayıs 2014 - Nisan 2015 ayları arasında yapılmış olup, su örnekleri aylık peryotlar halinde alınmıştır. Alınan su örneklerinden 222 adet Gram (-) ve 74 adet Gram (+) bakteri izole edilmiş olup izolatlar Vitek II otomatize kültür sistemi yardımıyla 8 farklı tür olarak (Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis) tanımlanmıştır. Mikroorganizma duyarlılık testleri CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standarts Institute,2015) kriterlerine uygun olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. İzolatların yaygın kullanılan 15 farklı antibiyotiğe (Amikasin, Meropenem, Levofloxacin, İmipenem, Piperasilin, Gentamisin, Sefepim, Seftazidim Penicillin, Oksasilin, Klindamisin, Eritromisin, Siprofloxacin, Vancomycin, Rifampin) karşı dirençlilikleri araştırılmıştır. En yüksek antibiyotik direnci Penicillin antibiyotiğine karşı % 37 olarak E. faecalis türünde bulunmuştur. Vancomycin antibiyotiğine dirençlilik gözlenmemiştir. Sonuç olarak İskenderun Körfezi’ne dökülen Ceyhan Nehri’nin fekal bakteri kirliliğine maruz kaldığı sonucuna varılmış olup bu durumun hem ekosistem hem de insan sağlığını olumsuz yönde etkileyeceği kanısı ortaya konmuştur. Nehirlerin ve göllerin ekolojik ve mikrobiyolojik kalitelerinin korunması ve iyileştirilmesi konusundaki önlemler, gelecek için su kaynaklarının kalite ve kantitelerinin korunmasında kilit öneme sahiptir.

Keywords

• Ceyhan Nehri
• Bakteriyel kirlilik
• Antibiyotik Direnci

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