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Assessment of Bad Loans in Turkey: What Role do Financial Conditions have?

Year 2018, Volume: 10 Issue: 18, 137 - 152, 01.01.2018
https://doi.org/10.14784/marufacd.460673

Abstract

This paper analyzes non-performing loans in the Turkish banking sector with a special focus on the role
of financial conditions after the global crisis. In doing so, the empirical framework shows that the determinants
of non-performing loans have changed after the crisis. In particular, non-performing loans are mostly
shaped by bank-specific factors before the crisis, whereas these variables have a reduced effect after the
global crisis. This finding is attributed to global developments in this period, which certainly had effects on
both global and domestic financial conditions. The inclusion of financial conditions index as an additional
regressor in the post-crisis episode also confirms this finding by yielding a statistically significant coefficient
while the sign of the coefficient implies that tighter financial conditions cause higher non-performing loans.
This supports our view that financial conditions take account for the dynamics of bad loans after the crisis.
In the upcoming period, the course of global policy normalization may affect and even tighten financial
conditions, thereby causing non-performing loans to gain momentum. All these analysis results signal challenges
and prospects regarding the maintenance of financial stability and the conduct of monetary policy.

References

  • AFŞAR, M., 2011, Küresel Kriz ve Türk Bankacılık Sektörüne Yansımaları (in Turkish), Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 6(2): 143‐171. ARELLANO, M. and O. BOVER, 1995, Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models, Journal of Econometrics, 68(1): 29-51. BAŞÇI, E. and H. KARA, 2011, Finansal İstikrar ve Para Politikası (in Turkish), İktisat İşletme ve Finans, 26(302): 9-25. BERGE, T.O. and K.G. Boye, 2007, An analysis of bank’s problem loans, Norges Bank Economic Bulletin, 78(2): 65-76. BERGER, A.N. and R. DE YOUNG, 1997, Problem loans and cost efficiency in commercial banks, Journal of Banking & Finance, 21(6): 849-870. BLUNDELL, R. and S. BOND, 1998, Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models, Journal of Econometrics, 87(1): 115-143. BOFONDI, M. and T. ROPELE, 2011, Macroeconomic Determinants of Bad Loans: Evidence from Italian Banks, Bank of Italy Occasional Paper No. 89. CBRT, 2010, Financial Stability Report, December, available at http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/93f51ef9-f063-4496-b3ad-e7e83121eb87/fulltext11.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=93f51ef9-f063-4496-b3ad-e7e83121eb87. , 2014, Financial Stability Report, November, available at http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/02ac065c-64df-499c-a5cb-c7aca359c21d/fulltext19.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-02ac065c-64df-499c-a5cb-c7aca359c21d-kNaQgOz. DICKEY, D.A. and W.A. FULLER, 1979, Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366): 427-431. ESPINOZA, R. and A. PRASAD, 2010, Nonperforming Loans in the GCC Banking Systems and their Macroeconomic Effects, IMF Working Paper No. 10/224. ESTRELLA, A. and G.A. HARDOUVELIS, 1991, The Term Structure as a Predictor of Real Economic Activity, The Journal of Finance, 46(2): 555-576. ESTRELLA, A. and F. MISHKIN, 1998, Predicting U.S. Recessions: Financial Variables as Leading Indicators, Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(1): 45-61. FOFACK, H., 2005, Non-Performing Loans in Sub-Saharan Africa: Causal Analysis and Macroeconomic Implications, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3769. GANİOĞLU, A. and V. US, 2014, The Structure of the Turkish Banking Sector Before and After the Global Crisis, CBRT Working Paper No. 14/29. GARCÍA-MARCO, T. and M.D. ROBLES-FERNÁNDEZ, 2008, Risk-taking behavior and ownership in the banking industry: The Spanish evidence, Journal of Economics and Business, 60(4): 332-354. GILCHRIST, S., V. YANKOV and E. ZAKRAJSEK, 2009, Credit Market Shocks and Economic Fluctuations: Evidence from Corporate Bond and Stock Markets, Journal of Monetary Economics, 56(4): 471-493. GUMATA, N., N. KLEIN and E. NDOU, 2012, A Financial Conditions Index for South Africa, IMF Working Paper No. 12/196. HARVEY, C., 1988, The Real Term Structure and Consumption Growth, Journal of Financial Economics, 22(2): 305-333. HATZIUS, J., P. HOOPER, F.S. MISHKIN, K.L. SCHOENHOLTZ and M.W. WATSON, 2010, Financial Conditions Indexes: A Fresh Look after the Financial Crisis, NBER Working Papers No. 16150. HAUSMAN, J.A., 1978, Specification Tests in Econometrics, Econometrica, 46(6): 1251-1271. IM, K.S., M.H. PESARAN and Y. SHIN, 2003, Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels, Journal of Econometrics, 115(1): 53-74. JIMÉNEZ, G. and J. SAURINA, 2006, Credit cycles, credit risk, and prudential regulation, International Journal of Central Banking, 2(2): 65-98. KALLUCI, I. and O. KODRA, 2010, Macroeconomic Determinants of Credit Risk: The case of Albania, in A. Fullani (ed.), Economic Policies in SEE: Design, Performance and Challenges, Bank of Albania. KARA, H., P. ÖZLÜ and D. ÜNALMIŞ, 2012, Financial Conditions Indices for the Turkish Economy, CBT Research Notes in Economics No. 12/31. , 2015, Türkiye için Finansal Koşullar Endeksi (in Turkish), Central Bank Review, 15(3): 41-73. KARA, H. and S.T. TİRYAKİ, 2013, Kredi İvmesi ve İktisadi Konjonktür (in Turkish), CBT Research Notes in Economics No. 13/10. KEETON, W.R. and C.S. MORRIS, 1987, Why Do Banks’ Loan Losses Differ?, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Economic Review, 72(5): 3-21. KHEMRAJ, T. and S. PASHA, 2009, The determinants of non-performing loans: An econometric case study of Guyana, MPRA Paper No. 53128. KLEIN, N., 2013, Non-Performing Loans in CESEE: Determinants and Impact on Macroeconomic Performance, IMF Working Paper No. 13/72. KOEHN, M. and A. SANTOMERO, 1980, Regulation of bank capital and portfolio risk, Journal of Finance, 35(5): 1235-1244. KÜÇÜKSARAÇ, D. and Ö. ÖZEL, 2012, Rezerv Opsiyonu Mekanizması ve Optimal Rezerv Opsiyonu Katsayılarının Hesaplanması (in Turkish), CBRT Working Paper No. 12/3. LAURENT, R., 1989, Testing the Spread, Economic Perspectives, 13(4): 22-34. LEVIN, A., C.F. LIN and C.S.J. CHU, 2002, Unit root tests in panel data: Asymptotic and finite-sample properties, Journal of Econometrics, 108(1): 1-24. LOUZIS, D.P., A.T. VOUILDIS and V.L. METAXAS, 2012, Macroeconomic and bank-specific determinants of non-performing loans in Greece: A comparative study of mortgage, business and consumer loan portfolios, Journal of Banking & Finance, 36(4): 1012-1027. MAKRI, V., A. TSAGKANOS and A. BELLAS, 2014, Determinants of Non-Performing Loans: The Case of Eurozone, Panoeconomicus, 61(2): 193-206. MOINESCU, B. and A. CODIRLAŞU, 2012, Assessing the Sectoral Dynamics of Non-performing Loans: Signs from Financial and Real Economy, Theoretical and Applied Economics, XIX(2): 69-80. PHILLIPS, P.C.B. and P. PERRON, 1988, Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression, Biometrika, 75(2): 335-346. PODPIERA, J. and L. WEILL, 2008, Bad Luck or Bad Management? Emerging Banking Market Experience, Journal of Financial Stability, 4(2): 135-148. REINHART, C. and K. ROGOFF, 2011, From Financial Crash to Debt Crisis, American Economic Review, 101(5): 1676-1706. RIME, B., 2001, Capital requirements and bank behaviour: empirical evidence for Switzerland, Journal of Banking & Finance, 25(5): 789-805. RINALDI, L. and A. SANCHIS-ARELLANO, 2006, Household Debt Sustainability: What Explains Household Non-Performing Loans? An Empirical Analysis, ECB Working Paper No. 570. SALAS, V. and J. SAURINA, 2002, Credit Risk in Two Institutional Regimes: Spanish Commercial and Savings Banks, Journal of Financial Services Research, 22(3): 203-224. SELÇUK, B., 2010, Küresel Krizin Türk Finans Sektörü Üzerindeki Etkileri (in Turkish), Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2): 21-27. SINKEY, J.F. and M.B. GREENAWALT, 1991, Loan-Loss Experience and Risk-Taking Behavior at Large Commercial Banks, Journal of Financial Services Research, 5(1): 43-59. STERN, G.H. and R.J. FELDMAN, 2004, Too Big To Fail: The Hazards of Bank Bailouts, Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA. US, V., 2016a, Determinants of Non-Performing Loans in the Turkish Banking Sector: What Has Changed after the Global Crisis, CBT Research Notes in Economics No. 16/27. , 2016b, A Dynamic Approach to Analysing the Effect of the Global Crisis on Non-Performing Loans: Evidence from the Turkish Banking Sector, Applied Economics Letters, 24(3): 186-192. VITHESSONTHI, C., 2016, Deflation, bank credit growth, and non-performing loans: Evidence from Japan, International Review of Financial Analysis, 45(2016): 295-305. WILLIAMS, J., 2004, Determining Management Behaviour in European Banking, Journal of Banking & Finance, 28(10): 2427-2460.
Year 2018, Volume: 10 Issue: 18, 137 - 152, 01.01.2018
https://doi.org/10.14784/marufacd.460673

Abstract

References

  • AFŞAR, M., 2011, Küresel Kriz ve Türk Bankacılık Sektörüne Yansımaları (in Turkish), Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 6(2): 143‐171. ARELLANO, M. and O. BOVER, 1995, Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models, Journal of Econometrics, 68(1): 29-51. BAŞÇI, E. and H. KARA, 2011, Finansal İstikrar ve Para Politikası (in Turkish), İktisat İşletme ve Finans, 26(302): 9-25. BERGE, T.O. and K.G. Boye, 2007, An analysis of bank’s problem loans, Norges Bank Economic Bulletin, 78(2): 65-76. BERGER, A.N. and R. DE YOUNG, 1997, Problem loans and cost efficiency in commercial banks, Journal of Banking & Finance, 21(6): 849-870. BLUNDELL, R. and S. BOND, 1998, Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models, Journal of Econometrics, 87(1): 115-143. BOFONDI, M. and T. ROPELE, 2011, Macroeconomic Determinants of Bad Loans: Evidence from Italian Banks, Bank of Italy Occasional Paper No. 89. CBRT, 2010, Financial Stability Report, December, available at http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/93f51ef9-f063-4496-b3ad-e7e83121eb87/fulltext11.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=93f51ef9-f063-4496-b3ad-e7e83121eb87. , 2014, Financial Stability Report, November, available at http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/02ac065c-64df-499c-a5cb-c7aca359c21d/fulltext19.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-02ac065c-64df-499c-a5cb-c7aca359c21d-kNaQgOz. DICKEY, D.A. and W.A. FULLER, 1979, Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366): 427-431. ESPINOZA, R. and A. PRASAD, 2010, Nonperforming Loans in the GCC Banking Systems and their Macroeconomic Effects, IMF Working Paper No. 10/224. ESTRELLA, A. and G.A. HARDOUVELIS, 1991, The Term Structure as a Predictor of Real Economic Activity, The Journal of Finance, 46(2): 555-576. ESTRELLA, A. and F. MISHKIN, 1998, Predicting U.S. Recessions: Financial Variables as Leading Indicators, Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(1): 45-61. FOFACK, H., 2005, Non-Performing Loans in Sub-Saharan Africa: Causal Analysis and Macroeconomic Implications, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3769. GANİOĞLU, A. and V. US, 2014, The Structure of the Turkish Banking Sector Before and After the Global Crisis, CBRT Working Paper No. 14/29. GARCÍA-MARCO, T. and M.D. ROBLES-FERNÁNDEZ, 2008, Risk-taking behavior and ownership in the banking industry: The Spanish evidence, Journal of Economics and Business, 60(4): 332-354. GILCHRIST, S., V. YANKOV and E. ZAKRAJSEK, 2009, Credit Market Shocks and Economic Fluctuations: Evidence from Corporate Bond and Stock Markets, Journal of Monetary Economics, 56(4): 471-493. GUMATA, N., N. KLEIN and E. NDOU, 2012, A Financial Conditions Index for South Africa, IMF Working Paper No. 12/196. HARVEY, C., 1988, The Real Term Structure and Consumption Growth, Journal of Financial Economics, 22(2): 305-333. HATZIUS, J., P. HOOPER, F.S. MISHKIN, K.L. SCHOENHOLTZ and M.W. WATSON, 2010, Financial Conditions Indexes: A Fresh Look after the Financial Crisis, NBER Working Papers No. 16150. HAUSMAN, J.A., 1978, Specification Tests in Econometrics, Econometrica, 46(6): 1251-1271. IM, K.S., M.H. PESARAN and Y. SHIN, 2003, Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels, Journal of Econometrics, 115(1): 53-74. JIMÉNEZ, G. and J. SAURINA, 2006, Credit cycles, credit risk, and prudential regulation, International Journal of Central Banking, 2(2): 65-98. KALLUCI, I. and O. KODRA, 2010, Macroeconomic Determinants of Credit Risk: The case of Albania, in A. Fullani (ed.), Economic Policies in SEE: Design, Performance and Challenges, Bank of Albania. KARA, H., P. ÖZLÜ and D. ÜNALMIŞ, 2012, Financial Conditions Indices for the Turkish Economy, CBT Research Notes in Economics No. 12/31. , 2015, Türkiye için Finansal Koşullar Endeksi (in Turkish), Central Bank Review, 15(3): 41-73. KARA, H. and S.T. TİRYAKİ, 2013, Kredi İvmesi ve İktisadi Konjonktür (in Turkish), CBT Research Notes in Economics No. 13/10. KEETON, W.R. and C.S. MORRIS, 1987, Why Do Banks’ Loan Losses Differ?, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Economic Review, 72(5): 3-21. KHEMRAJ, T. and S. PASHA, 2009, The determinants of non-performing loans: An econometric case study of Guyana, MPRA Paper No. 53128. KLEIN, N., 2013, Non-Performing Loans in CESEE: Determinants and Impact on Macroeconomic Performance, IMF Working Paper No. 13/72. KOEHN, M. and A. SANTOMERO, 1980, Regulation of bank capital and portfolio risk, Journal of Finance, 35(5): 1235-1244. KÜÇÜKSARAÇ, D. and Ö. ÖZEL, 2012, Rezerv Opsiyonu Mekanizması ve Optimal Rezerv Opsiyonu Katsayılarının Hesaplanması (in Turkish), CBRT Working Paper No. 12/3. LAURENT, R., 1989, Testing the Spread, Economic Perspectives, 13(4): 22-34. LEVIN, A., C.F. LIN and C.S.J. CHU, 2002, Unit root tests in panel data: Asymptotic and finite-sample properties, Journal of Econometrics, 108(1): 1-24. LOUZIS, D.P., A.T. VOUILDIS and V.L. METAXAS, 2012, Macroeconomic and bank-specific determinants of non-performing loans in Greece: A comparative study of mortgage, business and consumer loan portfolios, Journal of Banking & Finance, 36(4): 1012-1027. MAKRI, V., A. TSAGKANOS and A. BELLAS, 2014, Determinants of Non-Performing Loans: The Case of Eurozone, Panoeconomicus, 61(2): 193-206. MOINESCU, B. and A. CODIRLAŞU, 2012, Assessing the Sectoral Dynamics of Non-performing Loans: Signs from Financial and Real Economy, Theoretical and Applied Economics, XIX(2): 69-80. PHILLIPS, P.C.B. and P. PERRON, 1988, Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression, Biometrika, 75(2): 335-346. PODPIERA, J. and L. WEILL, 2008, Bad Luck or Bad Management? Emerging Banking Market Experience, Journal of Financial Stability, 4(2): 135-148. REINHART, C. and K. ROGOFF, 2011, From Financial Crash to Debt Crisis, American Economic Review, 101(5): 1676-1706. RIME, B., 2001, Capital requirements and bank behaviour: empirical evidence for Switzerland, Journal of Banking & Finance, 25(5): 789-805. RINALDI, L. and A. SANCHIS-ARELLANO, 2006, Household Debt Sustainability: What Explains Household Non-Performing Loans? An Empirical Analysis, ECB Working Paper No. 570. SALAS, V. and J. SAURINA, 2002, Credit Risk in Two Institutional Regimes: Spanish Commercial and Savings Banks, Journal of Financial Services Research, 22(3): 203-224. SELÇUK, B., 2010, Küresel Krizin Türk Finans Sektörü Üzerindeki Etkileri (in Turkish), Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2): 21-27. SINKEY, J.F. and M.B. GREENAWALT, 1991, Loan-Loss Experience and Risk-Taking Behavior at Large Commercial Banks, Journal of Financial Services Research, 5(1): 43-59. STERN, G.H. and R.J. FELDMAN, 2004, Too Big To Fail: The Hazards of Bank Bailouts, Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA. US, V., 2016a, Determinants of Non-Performing Loans in the Turkish Banking Sector: What Has Changed after the Global Crisis, CBT Research Notes in Economics No. 16/27. , 2016b, A Dynamic Approach to Analysing the Effect of the Global Crisis on Non-Performing Loans: Evidence from the Turkish Banking Sector, Applied Economics Letters, 24(3): 186-192. VITHESSONTHI, C., 2016, Deflation, bank credit growth, and non-performing loans: Evidence from Japan, International Review of Financial Analysis, 45(2016): 295-305. WILLIAMS, J., 2004, Determining Management Behaviour in European Banking, Journal of Banking & Finance, 28(10): 2427-2460.
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Primary Language English
Journal Section Makaleler
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Publication Date January 1, 2018
Submission Date July 10, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 10 Issue: 18

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APA Us, V. (2018). Assessment of Bad Loans in Turkey: What Role do Financial Conditions have?. Finansal Araştırmalar Ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 10(18), 137-152. https://doi.org/10.14784/marufacd.460673