Immune mechanisms in chronic viral hepatitis

Filiz Türe Özdemir

doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5472/MMJsi.2901.02

Immune mechanisms in chronic viral hepatitis

Year 2016, Special Issue :2 Gastroenterology and Hepatology Viral Hepatitis, 2 - 5, 01.08.2016

Filiz Türe Özdemir

Abstract

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) arethe major causes of chronic liver inflammation worldwide.Although both viruses induce immune-mediated acute andchronic inflammatory liver diseases, the natural history andoutcome of HBV and HCV infections are different. Thisis because of both viruses and host features, like genetic,immunologic and environmental. Hereby, we present theimmune mechanisms and immunopathogenesis involved inchronic viral hepatitis.Keywords: HBV, HCV, Innate immunity, Adaptiveimmunity

References

Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology
34: 1225–41.
Ganem D, Prince AM. Hepatitis B virus infection – natural
history and clinical consequences. N Engl J Med 2004; 350
–29.
Guidotti LG, Rochford R,Chung J, Shapiro M, Purcell R
Chisari FV. Viral clearance without destruction of infected
cells during acute HBV infection. Science 1999; 284: 825–9.
Rosenberg W. Mechanisms of immune escape in viral
hepatitis. Gut 1999; 44: 759–64.
McClary H, Koch R, Chisari FV, Guidotti LG. Relative
sensitivity of hepatitis B virus and other hepatotropic viruses
to the antiviral effects of cytokines. J. Virol 2000; 74: 2255–
Wieland S F, Guidotti LG,M Chisari FV. Intrahepatic
induction of α/β interferon eliminates viral RNA-containing
capsids in hepatitis B virus transgenic mice. J. Virol 2000
4165–73.
Robek MD, Wieland SF, Chisari FV. Inhibition of hepatitis
B virus replication by interferon requires proteasome activity.
J. Virol 2002; 76: 3570–4.
Kakimi K, Lane E, Chisari FV, Guidotti LG. Inhibition of
hepatitis B virus replication by activated NK T cells does not
require inflammatory cell recruitment to the liver. J Immunol
167: 6701–5.
Baron JL, Gardiner L, Nishimura S, Shinkai K, Locksley
R, Ganem D. Activation of a nonclassical NKT cell subset
in a transgenic mouse model of hepatitis B virus infection.
Immunity 2002; 16: 583–94.
Guidotti LG, Ishikawa T, Hobbs MV, Matzke B, Schreiber R
Chisari FV. Intracellular inactivation of the hepatitis B virus
by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Immunity 1996; 4: 35-6.
Guidotti LG, Isogawa M, Chisari FV. Host–virus interactions
in hepatitis B virus infection. Current Opinion in Immunology
36: 61–6.
Schurich A, Khanna P, Lopes AR, et al. Role of the
coinhibitory receptor cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 on
apoptosis-Prone CD8 T cells in persistent hepatitis B virus
infection. Hepatology 2011; 53: 1494-503.
Nebbia G, Peppa D, Schurich A, et al. Upregulation of the
Tim-3/galectin-9 pathway of T cell exhaustion in chronic
hepatitis B virus infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47648.
Ferrari C. HBV and the immune response. Liver Int 2015
(Suppl. 1): 121-8.
Billerbeck E, Bottler T, Thimme R. Regulatory T cells in
viral hepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 4858-64.
Pallett LJ, Gill US, Quaglia A, et al. Metabolic regulation of
hepatitis B immunopathology by myeloid-derived suppressor
cells. Nat Med 2015; 21: 591-600.
Das A, Ellis G, Pallant C, et al. IL-10-producing regulatory B
cells in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B virus infection.J Immunol 2012; 189: 3925-35.
Dustin LB, Rice CM. Flying under the radar: The
immunobiology of hepatitis C. Ann Rev Immunol 2007; 25
-99.
Smith DB, Bukh J, Kuiken C, etal. Expanded classification of
hepatitis C virus into 7 genotypes and 67 subtypes: updated
criteria and genotype as signment web resource. Hepatology
59: 318-27.
Helle F, Dubuisson J. Hepatitis C virus entry into host cells.
Cell Mol Life Sci 2008; 65: 100-12.
Von Hahn T, Rice CM. Hepatitis C virus entry. J Biol Chem
283: 3689-93.
Missale G, Bertoni R, Lamonaca V, et al. Different clinical
behaviors of acute hepatitis C virus infection are associated
with different vigor of the anti-viral cell-mediated immune
response. J Clin Invest 1996; 98: 706-14.
Tsai SL, Liaw YF, Chen MH, et al. Detection of type 2-like
T-helper cells in hepatitis C virus infection: implications for
hepatitis C virus chronicity. Hepatology 1997; 25: 449-58.
Kaneko T, Moriyama T, Udaka K, et al. Impaired induction
of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by antagonism of a weak agonist
borne by a variant hepatitis C virus epitope. Eur J Immunol
27: 1782-7.
Hoffmann RM, Diepolder HM, Zachoval R, et al. Mapping of
immunodominant CD4+ T lymphocyte epitopes of hepatitis
C virus antigens and their relevance during the course of
chronic infection. Hepatology 1995; 21: 632-8.
Diepolder HM, Gerlach JT, Zachoval R, et al.
Immunodominant CD4+ T-cell epitope within nonstructural
protein 3 in acute hepatitis C virus infection. J Virol 1997
6011–19.
Koziel MJ, Walker BD. Characteristics of the intrahepatic
cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in chronic hepatitis C virus
infection. Springer Semin Immunopathol 1997; 19: 69–83.
Wong DK, Dudley DD, Afdhal NH, et al. Liver-derived
CTL in hepatitis C virus infection: breadth and specificity
of responses in a cohort of persons with chronic infection. J
Immunol 1998; 160: 1479–88.
Cashman SB, Marsden BD, Dustin LB. The humoral
immune response to HCV: understanding is key to vaccine
development. Front Immunol. 2014; 5: 550.
Rehermann B. Hepatitis C virus versus innate and adaptive
immune responses: a tale of coevolution and coexistence. J
Clin Invest 2009; 119: 1745-54.
Cella M, Jarrossay D, Facchetti F, et al. Plasmacytoid
monocytes migrate to inflamed lymph nodes and produce
large amounts of type I interferon. Nat Med 1999; 5: 919-23.
Khakoo SI, Thio CL, Martin MP, et al. HLA and NK cell
inhibitory receptor genes in resolving hepatitis C virus
infection. Science 2004; 305: 872-4.
Jinushi M, Takehara T, Tatsumi T, et al. Negative regulation of
NK cell activities by inhibitory receptor CD94/NKG2Aleads
to altered NK cell-induced modulation of dendritic cell
functions in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J. Immunol.
173: 6072-81.
Shimakami T, Yamane D, Jangra RK, et al. Stabilization of
hepatitis C virus RNA by an Ago2-miR-122 complex. Proc
Natl Acad Sci USA 2012; 109: 941-6.
Chen Y, Chen J, Wang H, et al. HCV-induced miR-21
contributes to evasion of host immune system by targeting
MyD88 and IRAK1. PloS Pathog 2013; 9: e1003248.
Park SH, Rehermann B. Immune response to HCV and other
hepatitis viruses. Immunity 2014; 40; 13-24.
Heim MH, Thimme R. Innate and adaptive immune responses
in HCV infections. J Hepatol 2014; 61:14-25.
Mehta SH, Cox A, Hoover DR, et al. Protection against
persistence of hepatitis C. Lancet 2002; 359: 1478-83.
Abdel-Hakeem MS, Shoukry NH. Protective immunity
against hepatitis C many shades

Immune mechanisms in chronic viral hepatitis

Year 2016, Special Issue :2 Gastroenterology and Hepatology Viral Hepatitis, 2 - 5, 01.08.2016

Filiz Türe Özdemir

Abstract

References

Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology
34: 1225–41.
Ganem D, Prince AM. Hepatitis B virus infection – natural
history and clinical consequences. N Engl J Med 2004; 350
–29.
Guidotti LG, Rochford R,Chung J, Shapiro M, Purcell R
Chisari FV. Viral clearance without destruction of infected
cells during acute HBV infection. Science 1999; 284: 825–9.
Rosenberg W. Mechanisms of immune escape in viral
hepatitis. Gut 1999; 44: 759–64.
McClary H, Koch R, Chisari FV, Guidotti LG. Relative
sensitivity of hepatitis B virus and other hepatotropic viruses
to the antiviral effects of cytokines. J. Virol 2000; 74: 2255–
Wieland S F, Guidotti LG,M Chisari FV. Intrahepatic
induction of α/β interferon eliminates viral RNA-containing
capsids in hepatitis B virus transgenic mice. J. Virol 2000
4165–73.
Robek MD, Wieland SF, Chisari FV. Inhibition of hepatitis
B virus replication by interferon requires proteasome activity.
J. Virol 2002; 76: 3570–4.
Kakimi K, Lane E, Chisari FV, Guidotti LG. Inhibition of
hepatitis B virus replication by activated NK T cells does not
require inflammatory cell recruitment to the liver. J Immunol
167: 6701–5.
Baron JL, Gardiner L, Nishimura S, Shinkai K, Locksley
R, Ganem D. Activation of a nonclassical NKT cell subset
in a transgenic mouse model of hepatitis B virus infection.
Immunity 2002; 16: 583–94.
Guidotti LG, Ishikawa T, Hobbs MV, Matzke B, Schreiber R
Chisari FV. Intracellular inactivation of the hepatitis B virus
by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Immunity 1996; 4: 35-6.
Guidotti LG, Isogawa M, Chisari FV. Host–virus interactions
in hepatitis B virus infection. Current Opinion in Immunology
36: 61–6.
Schurich A, Khanna P, Lopes AR, et al. Role of the
coinhibitory receptor cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 on
apoptosis-Prone CD8 T cells in persistent hepatitis B virus
infection. Hepatology 2011; 53: 1494-503.
Nebbia G, Peppa D, Schurich A, et al. Upregulation of the
Tim-3/galectin-9 pathway of T cell exhaustion in chronic
hepatitis B virus infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47648.
Ferrari C. HBV and the immune response. Liver Int 2015
(Suppl. 1): 121-8.
Billerbeck E, Bottler T, Thimme R. Regulatory T cells in
viral hepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 4858-64.
Pallett LJ, Gill US, Quaglia A, et al. Metabolic regulation of
hepatitis B immunopathology by myeloid-derived suppressor
cells. Nat Med 2015; 21: 591-600.
Das A, Ellis G, Pallant C, et al. IL-10-producing regulatory B
cells in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B virus infection.J Immunol 2012; 189: 3925-35.
Dustin LB, Rice CM. Flying under the radar: The
immunobiology of hepatitis C. Ann Rev Immunol 2007; 25
-99.
Smith DB, Bukh J, Kuiken C, etal. Expanded classification of
hepatitis C virus into 7 genotypes and 67 subtypes: updated
criteria and genotype as signment web resource. Hepatology
59: 318-27.
Helle F, Dubuisson J. Hepatitis C virus entry into host cells.
Cell Mol Life Sci 2008; 65: 100-12.
Von Hahn T, Rice CM. Hepatitis C virus entry. J Biol Chem
283: 3689-93.
Missale G, Bertoni R, Lamonaca V, et al. Different clinical
behaviors of acute hepatitis C virus infection are associated
with different vigor of the anti-viral cell-mediated immune
response. J Clin Invest 1996; 98: 706-14.
Tsai SL, Liaw YF, Chen MH, et al. Detection of type 2-like
T-helper cells in hepatitis C virus infection: implications for
hepatitis C virus chronicity. Hepatology 1997; 25: 449-58.
Kaneko T, Moriyama T, Udaka K, et al. Impaired induction
of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by antagonism of a weak agonist
borne by a variant hepatitis C virus epitope. Eur J Immunol
27: 1782-7.
Hoffmann RM, Diepolder HM, Zachoval R, et al. Mapping of
immunodominant CD4+ T lymphocyte epitopes of hepatitis
C virus antigens and their relevance during the course of
chronic infection. Hepatology 1995; 21: 632-8.
Diepolder HM, Gerlach JT, Zachoval R, et al.
Immunodominant CD4+ T-cell epitope within nonstructural
protein 3 in acute hepatitis C virus infection. J Virol 1997
6011–19.
Koziel MJ, Walker BD. Characteristics of the intrahepatic
cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in chronic hepatitis C virus
infection. Springer Semin Immunopathol 1997; 19: 69–83.
Wong DK, Dudley DD, Afdhal NH, et al. Liver-derived
CTL in hepatitis C virus infection: breadth and specificity
of responses in a cohort of persons with chronic infection. J
Immunol 1998; 160: 1479–88.
Cashman SB, Marsden BD, Dustin LB. The humoral
immune response to HCV: understanding is key to vaccine
development. Front Immunol. 2014; 5: 550.
Rehermann B. Hepatitis C virus versus innate and adaptive
immune responses: a tale of coevolution and coexistence. J
Clin Invest 2009; 119: 1745-54.
Cella M, Jarrossay D, Facchetti F, et al. Plasmacytoid
monocytes migrate to inflamed lymph nodes and produce
large amounts of type I interferon. Nat Med 1999; 5: 919-23.
Khakoo SI, Thio CL, Martin MP, et al. HLA and NK cell
inhibitory receptor genes in resolving hepatitis C virus
infection. Science 2004; 305: 872-4.
Jinushi M, Takehara T, Tatsumi T, et al. Negative regulation of
NK cell activities by inhibitory receptor CD94/NKG2Aleads
to altered NK cell-induced modulation of dendritic cell
functions in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J. Immunol.
173: 6072-81.
Shimakami T, Yamane D, Jangra RK, et al. Stabilization of
hepatitis C virus RNA by an Ago2-miR-122 complex. Proc
Natl Acad Sci USA 2012; 109: 941-6.
Chen Y, Chen J, Wang H, et al. HCV-induced miR-21
contributes to evasion of host immune system by targeting
MyD88 and IRAK1. PloS Pathog 2013; 9: e1003248.
Park SH, Rehermann B. Immune response to HCV and other
hepatitis viruses. Immunity 2014; 40; 13-24.
Heim MH, Thimme R. Innate and adaptive immune responses
in HCV infections. J Hepatol 2014; 61:14-25.
Mehta SH, Cox A, Hoover DR, et al. Protection against
persistence of hepatitis C. Lancet 2002; 359: 1478-83.
Abdel-Hakeem MS, Shoukry NH. Protective immunity
against hepatitis C many shades

There are 118 citations in total.

Details

Subjects	Clinical Sciences
Other ID	JA38MG24DA
Journal Section	Reviews
Authors	Filiz Türe Özdemir
Publication Date	August 1, 2016
Published in Issue	Year 2016 Special Issue :2 Gastroenterology and Hepatology Viral Hepatitis

Cite

APA	Özdemir, F. T. (2016). Immune mechanisms in chronic viral hepatitis. Marmara Medical Journal, 29(2), 2-5. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.5472/MMJsi.2901.02
AMA	Özdemir FT. Immune mechanisms in chronic viral hepatitis. Marmara Med J. August 2016;29(2):2-5. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5472/MMJsi.2901.02
Chicago	Özdemir, Filiz Türe. “Immune Mechanisms in Chronic Viral Hepatitis”. Marmara Medical Journal 29, no. 2 (August 2016): 2-5. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.5472/MMJsi.2901.02.
EndNote	Özdemir FT (August 1, 2016) Immune mechanisms in chronic viral hepatitis. Marmara Medical Journal 29 2 2–5.
IEEE	F. T. Özdemir, “Immune mechanisms in chronic viral hepatitis”, Marmara Med J, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 2–5, 2016, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5472/MMJsi.2901.02.
ISNAD	Özdemir, Filiz Türe. “Immune Mechanisms in Chronic Viral Hepatitis”. Marmara Medical Journal 29/2 (August 2016), 2-5. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.5472/MMJsi.2901.02.
JAMA	Özdemir FT. Immune mechanisms in chronic viral hepatitis. Marmara Med J. 2016;29:2–5.
MLA	Özdemir, Filiz Türe. “Immune Mechanisms in Chronic Viral Hepatitis”. Marmara Medical Journal, vol. 29, no. 2, 2016, pp. 2-5, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5472/MMJsi.2901.02.
Vancouver	Özdemir FT. Immune mechanisms in chronic viral hepatitis. Marmara Med J. 2016;29(2):2-5.