OBESITY, LEPTIN, AND CORONARY HEART DISEASE

Year 1999, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 152 - 158, 03.12.2016

Gülay Hergenf

Abstract

Obesity is an important health problem both in developed and developing countries. Obesity is an abnormal increase in body weight due to fat deposition. The real cause of obesity is unknown but genetic, environmental factors and family eating habits, hormonal, and psychological factors have roles. Regardless of the origin of the disease, obesity develops when caloric intake exceeds the caloric needs of the individual. Adipose tissue is not merely a fat store, it is metabolically active and also has a secretory role. Leptin, synthesized and secreted by adipose tissue, regulates the size of adipose tissue. Obesity is highly associated with the adult onset of diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, and hypertension. Extensive efforts must be made and measures must be taken to educate people in adapting to healthy lifestyles.

Keywords

Obesity, Adipose tissue, Leptin

References

• Mandrup S, Lane ML). Regulating adipogenesis. J Biol Chem 1997; Minireview Compendium: 5367- 5370.
• Champe PC, Harvey RA. Lippincott's illustrated reviews. Philedelpia JB: Lippincott Comp, 1994: 291-302.
• Mayes PA. Lipid transport and storage. In: Murray RR, Granner DK, Mayes PA, Rodwell VW. eds. Harper's Biochemistry. Connecticut: Appleton 6r Lange, 1993: 250-265.
• McGarry JD. Lipid metabolism I: Utilization and storage of energy in lipid form. In Devlin TM, ed. Textbook of Biochemistry. Hew York: Wiley-Liss, 1992: 387-417.
• Berkow R, Fletcher AJ. The Merck Manuel of Diagnosis and Therapy. Rahway: Merck Research Lab, 1992: 981-986.
• Kathtryn Senior. Obesity: how it can be controlled. Mol Med Today. 1997; 5: 204-206.
• Malloy MJ, Kane JP. Obesity. In: Greenspan FS, ed. Basic and clinical endocrinology. Horwalk: Lange, 1991: 694-700.
• Leibel RL, Chung WK, Chua SC, Jr. The molecular genetics of rodent single gene obesities. J Biol Chem 1997; Minireview Compendium: 31937- SI 940.
• Dominiczak MH. Apoproteins and lipoproteins in human plasma. In: Rrfai H, Warnick OR, Dominiczak MH, ed. Handbook of lipoprotein testing. Washington DC: AACC Press, 1997: 1-25.
• Groscolas R, Herzberg GH. Fasting-induced selective mobilization of brown adipose tissue fatty acids. J Lipid Res 1997;8:228-238.
• Hoffstedt J, Arner P, Hellers G, Lonnqvist F. Variation in adrenergic regulation of lipolysis between omental and subcutaneaous adipocytes from obese and non-obese men. J Lipid Res 1997;38:795-804.
• Voet D, Voet JG. Biochemistr. Hew York: John Wiley Sf Sons, 1990: 643.
• Maslowska M, Scantlebury T, Germinario R, Cianflone K. Acute in vitro production of acylation
• stimulating protein in differentiated human adipocytes. J Lipid Resy 1997;38(l): 1-11.
• Steinberg HO, Chaker H, Learning R, Johnson A, Brechtel G, Baron AD. Obesity/insulin resistance is associated with endothelial dysfunction. Implications for the syndrome of insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 1996;97:2601-2610.
• Schmidt Ml, Watson RL, Duncan BB, et al. Clustering of dyslipidemia, hyperuricemia, diabetes, and hypertension and its association with fasting insulin and central obesity and overall obesity in a general population. Atherosclerosis risk in Communities Study Investigators. Metabolism. 1996;45:699-706.
• Hall JE, Barnds MW, Zappa DH, Alonso-Gaicia M.
• Cardiovascular actions of insulin: are they
• important in long term blood pressure regulation? Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1995;22:89-700.
• Vaisse C, Halaas JL, Horvath CM, Darnell JE Jr, Stoffel M, Friedman JM. Leptin activation of Stat3 in the hypothalamus of wild-type and ob/ob mice but not db/db mice. Hat Genet 1996; 14:95-97.
• Saad MF, Damani S, Gingerich RL, et at. Sexual dimorphism in plasma leptin concentration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:579-584.
• Larson H, Ahren B. Short term dexamethasone treatment increases plasma leptin independently of changes in insulin sensitivity in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996:81 -.4428-4432.
• Havel PJ, Kasim-Karakas S, Mueller W, Johnson PR, Gingerich RL, Stern JS. Relationship of plasma leptin to plasma insulin and adiposity in normal weight and overweight women: effects of dietary fat content and sustained weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996:81:4406-44 13,
• Muscelli B, Camastra S, Masoni A, et al. Acute insulin administration does not affect plasma leptin levels in lean or obese patients. Eur J Clin lnves 1996;26:940-943.
• Baumann H, Morelia KK, White DW, et aL The full lenght leptin receptor has signaling capabilities of interleukin 6-type cytokine receptors. Proc Hat Acad Sci USA. 1996;93:8374-8378.
• Hergenç G. Heuropeptide Y. Cerrahpaşa Med J 1994;25:461-465.
• Banks WA, Kastin AJ, Huang W, Jaspan JB, Maness LM. Leptin enters brain by a saturable system independent of insulin. Peptides 1996;17:305-311.
• Schwartz MW, Baskin DG, Bukowski TR, et al. Specificity of leptin in action on elevated blood glucose levels and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression in ob/ob mice. Diabetes 1996;45:531-535.
• Schwartz MW, Peskind E, Raskind M, Boyko EJ, Porte D Jr. Cerebrospinal fluid leptin levels: relationship to plasma levels and to adiposity in humans. Hat Med 1996;2:589-593.
• Heini AF, Lara-Castro C, Kirk KA, Considine RV, Caro JF, Weinsier RL. Association of leptin and hunger- satiety ratings in obese women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998;22:1084-1087.
• Touminen JA, Ebeling P, Stenman UH, Heiman ML, Stephens TW, Koivisto VA. Leptin synthesis is resistant to acute effects of insulin in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patient. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:381-382.
• Schubring C, Kiess W, Englaro P, et al. Levels of leptln in maternal serum, amnniotic fluid and arterial and venous cord blood relation to neonatal and placental weight. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:1480-1483.
• Remesar X, Rafecas I, Pernandez-Lopez JA, Alemany Id. Is Leptin an insulin counter-regulatory hormone? FEBS Lett 1997:402:9-11.
• Widjaja A, Stratton lid, Morn R, Molman RR, Turner R, Brabant O. Plasma leptin, obesity, and plasma insulin in Type II Diabetic subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:654-657.
• Mickey IdS, Israel RO, Gardiner SM, et al. Gender differences in serum leptin levels in humans. Biochem Idol Ided 1996;59:1-6.
• Ostlund RE Jr, Yang JW, Klein S, Gingerich R. Relation between plasma leptin concentration and body fat, genderdiet, age and metabolic covariates. J Clin Endocrinol Idetab 1996;81:3909-3913.
• Barash IA, Cheung CC, Weigle DS, et al. Leptin is a metabolic signal to the reproductive system. Endocrinology 1996; 13 7:3144-3147.
• Perry AC, Applegate EB, Allison ML, Miller PC, Signorille JF. Relation between anthropometric measures of fat distribution and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight pre-and postmenopausal women. Am J Clin fiutr 1997;66:829-386.
• Lamon-Fava S, Wilson WF, Schaefer EJ. Impact of BM1 on CMD risk factors in men and women. The Framingham Offspring Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol 1996;16:1509-1515.
• Robinson JG, Leon /ÎS. The prevention of cardiovascular disease. In: Munninghake DB, ed. Lipid Disorders The Medical Clinics of north America. London: WB Saunders Comp. 1994;78:69- 98.
• Seidell JC. Time trends in obesity. Morm Metab Res 1997:29:155-158.
• Kahn CR, Araki E, Saad MJ, Folli F, Zoppini G, Huertas P. Molecular aspects of insulin action, insulin resistance, and their relationship to atherosclerosis reviews Volume 25. Atherosclerosis Cellular Interactions, Growth Factors, and Lipids. Mew York: Raven Press 1993:209-224.
• Rexode, Manson JAE, Mennekens CH. Obesity and cardiovascular disease. Curr Opinion Card 1996.11:490-495.
• Harris TB, Savage TelIGS, Haan M, Kumanyika S, Lynch. Carrying the burden of cardiovascular risk in old age: associations of weight and weight change with prevalent cardiovascular disease, risk factors, and health status in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Am J Clin fiutr 1997:66:837-844.
• Svacina S, Sonka J, Haas T. Dehydroepiandrosterone and insulinaemia. SB Lek 1995:96:303-306.
• Yamashita S, fiakamura T, Shimomura I, et al. Insulin and body fat distribution. Diabetes Care 1996;19:287-91.
• Assmann G,Schulte H. Results and conclusions of the PROCAM Study. In Assmann. ed. Lipid metabolism disorders and coronary heart disease. Viewig: MMV Medizin Verlag, 1993; 19-68.
• Kirshmair R, Ebenbichler CF, Patsch JR. Postprandial lipemia. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;9:705-719.
• Standi E. Metabolische Syndrom und tödliches Quartet. Internist Bed 1996; 37: 698-704.
• 7. Mahaney MC, Blangero J, Comuzzie AG, VandeBerg JL, Stern MP, MacCluer JW. Plasma HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and adiposity. A qualitative genetic test of the conjoint trait hypothesis in the San Antonio Family Heart Study. Circulation 1995; 92: 3240-3248.
• Broda G, Davis CE, Pajak A, et al. Poland and United States Collaborative Study on cardiovascular epidemiology. A comparison of HDL cholesterol and its subfractions in populations covered by the US Atherosclerosis Risk Communities Study and the Pol MOntCA Project. Arterioscler-Thromb Vase Biol 1996; 16: 339-349.
• Flancbaum L, Choban SP. Surgical implications of obesity. Annu Rev Med 1998; 49: 215-234.
• Uusitupa M. Hew aspects in the management of obesity: operation and the impact of lipase inhibitors. Curr Opin Lipidol 1999; 10: 3-7.