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BARRETT’S ESOPHAGUS Current Approaches to Diagnosis and Management

Year 2001, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 53 - 62, 03.12.2016

Abstract

Since its first description, the definition of Barrett's esophagus (BE) has evolved from the macroscopic visualization of gastric-appearing mucosa in the esophagus to the histologic identification of goblet cells confirming the presence of intestinal metaplasia within the esophagus. BE develops as a consequence of chronic mucosal injury in patients with long- lasting gastroesophageal reflux disease. The clinical significance of BE is that it is the only known risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Endoscopy and biopsy is necessary for the diagnosis of BE as well as for observing the development of dysplasia. The optimal treatment for Barrett's metaplasia and dysplasia is still being debated. Neither aggressive medical acid suppression nor antireflux surgery can induce a predictable regression of BE or exert a protective effect against its malignant degeneration. There is no consensus on a particular guideline for endoscopic surveillance with the means of repeating period and biopsy protocol. In the presence of low-grade dysplasia, endoscopic ablation modalities including multipolar electrocautery, argon plasma coagulation, endoscopic mucosal resection, heater probe, a variety of lasers, cryotherapy and photodynamic therapy should be subjected. Cancer can occur
under the re-epitheliazed mucosa following ablation. None of these approaches can obviate the need for continued endoscopic surveillance. Since patients with high-grade dysplasia are at high risk for having a focus of adenocarcinoma, esophagectomy should be indicated to those who are medically fit.
Key Words: Barrett's esophagus,
Gastroesophageal reflux, Endoscopy, Dysplasia, Esophageal cancer, Endoscopic ablation, Esophagectomy.

References

  • Barrett HR. Chronic peptic ulcer of the oesophagus and oesophagitis. Br J Surg 1950; 38: 175-182.
  • Waring JP. Barrett's esophagus: current concepts in diagnosis and management. Medscape Gastroenterology 2000: 2.
  • Stein fIJ, Siewert JR. Barretts esophaus: pathogenesis, epidemiology, functional abnormalities, malignant degeneration, and surgical management. Dysphagia 1993; 8: 276-288.
  • Bartlesman JP, Hameeteman W, Tytgat GN. Barretts oesophagus. Eur J Cancer Prev 1992; I > 323-325.
  • Patti MG, Arcerito M, Peo CV, et al. Barrett's esophagus: a surgical disease. J Gastrointest Surg 1999; 3: 397-403.
  • Watson A. Barrett's esophagus - 50 years on. BrJ Surg 2000; 87: 529-531.
  • Smith AM, Maxwell-Armstrong CA, Welch NT, Scholefield Jfi. Surveillance for Barretts
  • Rasim Gençosmanoglu, et al
  • esophagus in the UK. BrJ Surg 1999; 86: 276- 280.
  • Tytgat GH, Hameeteman W. The neoplastic potential of columnar-lined (Barretts) esophagus. World J Surg 1992; 16:308-312.
  • Bremner CG, Bremner RM. Barretts esophagus. Surg Clin north Am 1997; 77: I I 15-1 137.
  • Pereira-Lima JC, Busnello JV, Saul C, et al. tligh power setting argon plasma coagulation for the eradication of Barretts esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 1661-1668.
  • Ell C, May A, Gossner L, et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection of early cancer and high- grade dysplasia in Barretts esophagus. Gastroenterology 2000; I 18: 670-677.
  • Lim tin, Waring PJ, Saidi R. Therapeutic options in patients with Barretts esophagus. Dig Dis 1999; 17: 145-152.
  • Ell C, Gossner L. Photodynamic therapy. Recent Results Cancer Res 2000; 155:175- 181.
  • May A, Gossner L, Gunter E, Stolte M, Ell C.
  • Local treatment of early cancer in short Barretts esophagus by means of argon plasma coagulation: inital experience.
  • Endoscopy 1999; 31: 497-500.
  • Bonavina L, Ceriani C, Carazzone A, Segalin A, Ferrero S. Peracchia /l. Endoscopic laser ablation of nondysplastic Barretts epithelium: is it worthwhile? J Gastrointest Surg 1999; 3: 194-199.
  • Montes CG, Brandalise nA, Deliza R, novais de Magalhaes AF, Ferraz JG. Antireflux surgery followed by bipolar electrocoagulation in the treatment of Barretts esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 50: 173-177.
  • Michopoulos S, Tsibouris P, Bouzakis fl, Sotiropoulou M, liralios H. Complete regression of Barretts esophagus with heat probe thermocoagulation: midterm results. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 50: 165-172.
  • Grade AJ, Shah IA, Medlin SM, Ramirez FC. The efficacy and safety of argon plasma coagulation therapy in Barretts esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 50: 18-22.
  • Sharma P, Jaffe PE, Bhattacharyya A,
  • Sampliner RE. Laser and multipolar electrocoagulation ablation of early Barretts adenocarcinoma: long-term follow-up.
  • Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 49: 442-446.
  • Byrne JP, Armstrong GR, Attwood SE. Restoration of the normal squamous lining in Barretts esophagus by argon beam plasma
  • coagulation. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93: 1810-1815.
  • Ireland AP, Clark GWB, DeMeester TR. The significance of p53 in clinical practice. Ann Surg 1997; 225: 1 7-30.
  • Pauli A, Trier JS, Dalton MD, et al. The histologic spectrum of Barretts esophagus. H Engl J Med 1976; 295: 476-480.
  • Hayward J. The tower end of the esophagus. Thorax 1961; 16: 36-41.
  • Hamilton SR, Smith RRL, Cameron JL. Prevalence and characteristics of Barretts esophagus in patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or esophagogastric junction. Hum Pathol 1988; 19: 942-948.
  • Spechler SJ, Zeroogian JM, Wang HH, et at The frequency of specialized intestinal metaplasia at the squamo-columnar junction varies with the extent of columnar epithelium lining the esophagus. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 224.
  • RindI G, Bishop AE, Daly MJ, et al. A mixed pattern of endocrine cells in metaplastic Barretts esophagus. Evidence that the epithelium derives from a pluripotent stem cell. Histochemistry 1987; 87: 377-383.
  • Shields HM, Zwas F, Antonioli DA, et al. Detection by scanning electron microscopy of a distinctive esophageal cell at the junction of the squamous and Barretts epithelium. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38: 97-108.
  • Sawhney RA, Shields HM, Allen CH, et al. Morphological characterization of the squamocolumnar junction of the esophagus in patients with and without Barrett's epithelium. Dig Dis Sci 1996; 41: 1088-1098.
  • Waring JP. What is Barrett's esophagus?
  • Program and abstract of the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons Annual Scientific Session & Postgraduate Course; March 30, 2000;
  • Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
  • Wright TA, Ringsnorth AH. Barrett's oesophagus and markers of malignant potential. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1994; 6: 656-662.
  • Tytgat GHJ, Hameeteman W, Onstenk R, et al. The spectrum of columnar-lined esophagus- Barrett's esophagus. Endoscopy 1989; 21: 177-185.
  • Chen YM, Gelfand DW, Ott DJ, et al. Barrett's esophagus as an extension of severe esophagitis: Analysis of radiologic signs in 29 cases. Am J Radiol 1985; 145: 275-281.
  • Barrett’s Esophagus
  • Levine MS, Kress el MY, Caroline DF, et al. Barrett s esophagus: Reticular pattern of the mucosa. Radiology 1983; 147: 663-667.
  • Ekberg O. How useful is a reticular mucosal pattern as a specific indicator of Barrett's mucosa. In: Ouili R, Tytgat GHJ, DeMeester TR, Galmiche JP, eds. The Esophageal Mucosa. Amsterdam; Elsevier, 1994: 856- 860.
  • Chernin MM, Amberg HR, Kogan EJ, et al. Efficacy of radiologic studies in the detection of Barrett s esophagus. AJR 1986; 14 7: 25 7- 260.
  • Yegelwel EJ, Bushnell DL, Fisher SG, et al. Technetium pertechnetate esophageal imaging for detection of Barrett's esophagus. Dig Dis Sci 1989; 34: 1075-1078.
  • Orlando RC. Transmural electrical potential
  • difference measurements in Barrett's esophagus. In: Spechler SJ, Goyal RK, eds. Barrett's Esophagus: Pathophysiology,
  • Diagnosis, and Management. Hew York:Elsevier, 1985:121-127.
  • Stein HJ, Hoeft SF, DeMeester TR. Functional foregut abnormalities in Barrett's esophagus. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993; 105: 107- 11 I.
  • McClave 5/1, Boyce tlW, Gottfried MR. Early diagnosis of columnar-lined esophagus: A new endoscopic diagnostic criterion. Gastrointest Endosc 1987; 33: 413-416.
  • Tytgat GHJ. Endoscopic diagnosis of columnar-lined esophagus. Motility 1989; 7: 14-15.
  • Tytgat GHJ. What are the endoscopic criteria for diagnosing columnar metaplasia? In: Guili R, Tytgat GHJ, DeMeester TR, Galmiche JP, eds. The Esophageal Mucosa. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1994:795-798.
  • Hishimaki T, Holsher AH, Schuler M, et al. Histopathologic characteristics of early adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus. Cancer 1991; 68: 1731-1736.
  • Schnell TG, Sontag SJ, Chejfer G. Adenocarcinomas arising in tongues or short segments of Barrett's esophagus. Dig Dis Sci 1992; 37: 137-143.
  • Clark GW, Smyrk TC, Burdiles P, et al. Barrett's metaplasia the source of adenocarcinoma of the cardia? Arch Surg 1994; 129: 609- 614.
  • Wallace MB, Perelman LT, Backman V, et al. Endoscopic detection of dysplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus using light-scattering
  • spectroscopy. Gastroenterology 2000; 119: 677-682.
  • Castell DO, Richter JE, Robinson M, et al. Efficacy and safety of Lansoprazole in the treatment of erosive reflux esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: I 749-1 75 7.
  • Sontag SJ, Kogut DG, Fleischman R, et at. Lansoprazole prevents recurrence of erosive reflux esophagitis previously resistant to H2- RA therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 1986; 91: 1758-1765.
  • Kuipers EJ, Lundell L, Klinkenberg-Knoll EC, et al. Atrophic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with reflux esophagitis treated with omeprazole or fundoplication. H Engl J Med 1996:334: 1018-1022.
  • Topart P, Deschamps C, Taille fer R, et al. Longterm effect of total fundoplication on the myotomized esophagus. Ann Thorac Surg 1992; 54: 1046-1052.
  • Kahrilas PJ, Dodds WJ, Hogan WJ. Effect of peristaltic dysfunction on esophageal volume clearance. Gastroenterology 1988; 94: 73-80.
  • McKenzie D, Grayson T, Polk HC. The impact of omeprazole and laparoscopy upon hiatal hernia and reflux esophagitis. J Am Coll Surg 1996; 183: 413-418.
  • Watson DL Jamieson GG, Baigrie RJ, et al. Laparoscopic surgery for gastroesophageal reflux: Beyond the learning cuve. Br J Surg 1996:83: 1284-1287.
  • Rice TW, Falk GW, Achkar E, Petras RE. Surgical management of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88: 1832-1836.
  • Heitmiller RF, Redmond M, Hamilton SR. Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia: An indication for prophylactic esophagectomy. Ann Surg 1996; 224: 66-71.
  • Ferguson MK, Haunheim KS. Resection for Barretts mucosa with high-grade dysplasia: implications for prophylactic photodynamic therapy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997; 114: 824-829.
  • Hguyen HT, Schauer P, Luketich JD. Minimally invasive esophagectomy for Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia. Surgery 2000; 127: 284-290.
  • Zaninotto G, Parenti AR, Ruol A, Costantini M, Mergliano S, Ancona E. Oesophageal resection for high-grade dysplasia in Barretts oesophagus. Br J Surg 2000; 87: II02-1105.
  • Bottger T, Dutkowski P, Kirkpatrick CJ, Junginger T. Prognostic significance of tumor
  • Rasim Gençosmanoglu, et al
  • ploidy and histomorphological parameters in adenocarcinoma of Barretts esophagus. Dig Surg 1999; 16: 180-185.
  • Dent J, Bremner CO, Collen MJ, Haggitt RC, Spechler SJ. Barretts esophagus. Working Party Report. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991 ; 6: 1-22.
  • Stein HJ and panel of experts. Esophageal cancer: Screening and surveillance. Dis Esoph 1996; 9: 3-19.
  • De Looze D. Endoscopic follow-up of Barrett 's esophagus: protocol and implications. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2000; 63: 29-35.
  • Morales TG, Sampliner RE. Barrett's esophagus. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 1998; 1: 35-39.
  • Krug E, Bergmeijer JH, Dees J, de Krijger R, Moo WJ, Hazerbroek FW. Gastroesophageal reflux and Barretts esophagus in adults born
  • with esophageal atresia. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 2825-2828.
  • Van Sandick JW, Bartelsman JF, van Lanschot JJ, Tytgat GH, Obertop H. Surveillance of Barrett's esophagus: physicians' practices and review of current guidelines. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000; 12: 111-117.
  • Berenson MM, Johnson TD, Markowitz HR, et al. Restoration of squamous mucosa after ablation of Barrett's esophageal epithelium. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 1686-1691.
  • Van Laetham JL, Peny MO, Salmon I, Cremer M, Deviere J. Intramucosal adenocarcinoma arising under squamous re-epithelialisation of Barrett's oesophagus. Gut 2000; 46: 574-577.
  • DeMeester SR, DeMeester TR. The diagnosis and management of Barrett's esophagus. Adv Surg 1999; 33: 29-68.
Year 2001, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 53 - 62, 03.12.2016

Abstract

References

  • Barrett HR. Chronic peptic ulcer of the oesophagus and oesophagitis. Br J Surg 1950; 38: 175-182.
  • Waring JP. Barrett's esophagus: current concepts in diagnosis and management. Medscape Gastroenterology 2000: 2.
  • Stein fIJ, Siewert JR. Barretts esophaus: pathogenesis, epidemiology, functional abnormalities, malignant degeneration, and surgical management. Dysphagia 1993; 8: 276-288.
  • Bartlesman JP, Hameeteman W, Tytgat GN. Barretts oesophagus. Eur J Cancer Prev 1992; I > 323-325.
  • Patti MG, Arcerito M, Peo CV, et al. Barrett's esophagus: a surgical disease. J Gastrointest Surg 1999; 3: 397-403.
  • Watson A. Barrett's esophagus - 50 years on. BrJ Surg 2000; 87: 529-531.
  • Smith AM, Maxwell-Armstrong CA, Welch NT, Scholefield Jfi. Surveillance for Barretts
  • Rasim Gençosmanoglu, et al
  • esophagus in the UK. BrJ Surg 1999; 86: 276- 280.
  • Tytgat GH, Hameeteman W. The neoplastic potential of columnar-lined (Barretts) esophagus. World J Surg 1992; 16:308-312.
  • Bremner CG, Bremner RM. Barretts esophagus. Surg Clin north Am 1997; 77: I I 15-1 137.
  • Pereira-Lima JC, Busnello JV, Saul C, et al. tligh power setting argon plasma coagulation for the eradication of Barretts esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 1661-1668.
  • Ell C, May A, Gossner L, et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection of early cancer and high- grade dysplasia in Barretts esophagus. Gastroenterology 2000; I 18: 670-677.
  • Lim tin, Waring PJ, Saidi R. Therapeutic options in patients with Barretts esophagus. Dig Dis 1999; 17: 145-152.
  • Ell C, Gossner L. Photodynamic therapy. Recent Results Cancer Res 2000; 155:175- 181.
  • May A, Gossner L, Gunter E, Stolte M, Ell C.
  • Local treatment of early cancer in short Barretts esophagus by means of argon plasma coagulation: inital experience.
  • Endoscopy 1999; 31: 497-500.
  • Bonavina L, Ceriani C, Carazzone A, Segalin A, Ferrero S. Peracchia /l. Endoscopic laser ablation of nondysplastic Barretts epithelium: is it worthwhile? J Gastrointest Surg 1999; 3: 194-199.
  • Montes CG, Brandalise nA, Deliza R, novais de Magalhaes AF, Ferraz JG. Antireflux surgery followed by bipolar electrocoagulation in the treatment of Barretts esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 50: 173-177.
  • Michopoulos S, Tsibouris P, Bouzakis fl, Sotiropoulou M, liralios H. Complete regression of Barretts esophagus with heat probe thermocoagulation: midterm results. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 50: 165-172.
  • Grade AJ, Shah IA, Medlin SM, Ramirez FC. The efficacy and safety of argon plasma coagulation therapy in Barretts esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 50: 18-22.
  • Sharma P, Jaffe PE, Bhattacharyya A,
  • Sampliner RE. Laser and multipolar electrocoagulation ablation of early Barretts adenocarcinoma: long-term follow-up.
  • Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 49: 442-446.
  • Byrne JP, Armstrong GR, Attwood SE. Restoration of the normal squamous lining in Barretts esophagus by argon beam plasma
  • coagulation. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93: 1810-1815.
  • Ireland AP, Clark GWB, DeMeester TR. The significance of p53 in clinical practice. Ann Surg 1997; 225: 1 7-30.
  • Pauli A, Trier JS, Dalton MD, et al. The histologic spectrum of Barretts esophagus. H Engl J Med 1976; 295: 476-480.
  • Hayward J. The tower end of the esophagus. Thorax 1961; 16: 36-41.
  • Hamilton SR, Smith RRL, Cameron JL. Prevalence and characteristics of Barretts esophagus in patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or esophagogastric junction. Hum Pathol 1988; 19: 942-948.
  • Spechler SJ, Zeroogian JM, Wang HH, et at The frequency of specialized intestinal metaplasia at the squamo-columnar junction varies with the extent of columnar epithelium lining the esophagus. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 224.
  • RindI G, Bishop AE, Daly MJ, et al. A mixed pattern of endocrine cells in metaplastic Barretts esophagus. Evidence that the epithelium derives from a pluripotent stem cell. Histochemistry 1987; 87: 377-383.
  • Shields HM, Zwas F, Antonioli DA, et al. Detection by scanning electron microscopy of a distinctive esophageal cell at the junction of the squamous and Barretts epithelium. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38: 97-108.
  • Sawhney RA, Shields HM, Allen CH, et al. Morphological characterization of the squamocolumnar junction of the esophagus in patients with and without Barrett's epithelium. Dig Dis Sci 1996; 41: 1088-1098.
  • Waring JP. What is Barrett's esophagus?
  • Program and abstract of the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons Annual Scientific Session & Postgraduate Course; March 30, 2000;
  • Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
  • Wright TA, Ringsnorth AH. Barrett's oesophagus and markers of malignant potential. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1994; 6: 656-662.
  • Tytgat GHJ, Hameeteman W, Onstenk R, et al. The spectrum of columnar-lined esophagus- Barrett's esophagus. Endoscopy 1989; 21: 177-185.
  • Chen YM, Gelfand DW, Ott DJ, et al. Barrett's esophagus as an extension of severe esophagitis: Analysis of radiologic signs in 29 cases. Am J Radiol 1985; 145: 275-281.
  • Barrett’s Esophagus
  • Levine MS, Kress el MY, Caroline DF, et al. Barrett s esophagus: Reticular pattern of the mucosa. Radiology 1983; 147: 663-667.
  • Ekberg O. How useful is a reticular mucosal pattern as a specific indicator of Barrett's mucosa. In: Ouili R, Tytgat GHJ, DeMeester TR, Galmiche JP, eds. The Esophageal Mucosa. Amsterdam; Elsevier, 1994: 856- 860.
  • Chernin MM, Amberg HR, Kogan EJ, et al. Efficacy of radiologic studies in the detection of Barrett s esophagus. AJR 1986; 14 7: 25 7- 260.
  • Yegelwel EJ, Bushnell DL, Fisher SG, et al. Technetium pertechnetate esophageal imaging for detection of Barrett's esophagus. Dig Dis Sci 1989; 34: 1075-1078.
  • Orlando RC. Transmural electrical potential
  • difference measurements in Barrett's esophagus. In: Spechler SJ, Goyal RK, eds. Barrett's Esophagus: Pathophysiology,
  • Diagnosis, and Management. Hew York:Elsevier, 1985:121-127.
  • Stein HJ, Hoeft SF, DeMeester TR. Functional foregut abnormalities in Barrett's esophagus. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993; 105: 107- 11 I.
  • McClave 5/1, Boyce tlW, Gottfried MR. Early diagnosis of columnar-lined esophagus: A new endoscopic diagnostic criterion. Gastrointest Endosc 1987; 33: 413-416.
  • Tytgat GHJ. Endoscopic diagnosis of columnar-lined esophagus. Motility 1989; 7: 14-15.
  • Tytgat GHJ. What are the endoscopic criteria for diagnosing columnar metaplasia? In: Guili R, Tytgat GHJ, DeMeester TR, Galmiche JP, eds. The Esophageal Mucosa. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1994:795-798.
  • Hishimaki T, Holsher AH, Schuler M, et al. Histopathologic characteristics of early adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus. Cancer 1991; 68: 1731-1736.
  • Schnell TG, Sontag SJ, Chejfer G. Adenocarcinomas arising in tongues or short segments of Barrett's esophagus. Dig Dis Sci 1992; 37: 137-143.
  • Clark GW, Smyrk TC, Burdiles P, et al. Barrett's metaplasia the source of adenocarcinoma of the cardia? Arch Surg 1994; 129: 609- 614.
  • Wallace MB, Perelman LT, Backman V, et al. Endoscopic detection of dysplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus using light-scattering
  • spectroscopy. Gastroenterology 2000; 119: 677-682.
  • Castell DO, Richter JE, Robinson M, et al. Efficacy and safety of Lansoprazole in the treatment of erosive reflux esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: I 749-1 75 7.
  • Sontag SJ, Kogut DG, Fleischman R, et at. Lansoprazole prevents recurrence of erosive reflux esophagitis previously resistant to H2- RA therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 1986; 91: 1758-1765.
  • Kuipers EJ, Lundell L, Klinkenberg-Knoll EC, et al. Atrophic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with reflux esophagitis treated with omeprazole or fundoplication. H Engl J Med 1996:334: 1018-1022.
  • Topart P, Deschamps C, Taille fer R, et al. Longterm effect of total fundoplication on the myotomized esophagus. Ann Thorac Surg 1992; 54: 1046-1052.
  • Kahrilas PJ, Dodds WJ, Hogan WJ. Effect of peristaltic dysfunction on esophageal volume clearance. Gastroenterology 1988; 94: 73-80.
  • McKenzie D, Grayson T, Polk HC. The impact of omeprazole and laparoscopy upon hiatal hernia and reflux esophagitis. J Am Coll Surg 1996; 183: 413-418.
  • Watson DL Jamieson GG, Baigrie RJ, et al. Laparoscopic surgery for gastroesophageal reflux: Beyond the learning cuve. Br J Surg 1996:83: 1284-1287.
  • Rice TW, Falk GW, Achkar E, Petras RE. Surgical management of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88: 1832-1836.
  • Heitmiller RF, Redmond M, Hamilton SR. Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia: An indication for prophylactic esophagectomy. Ann Surg 1996; 224: 66-71.
  • Ferguson MK, Haunheim KS. Resection for Barretts mucosa with high-grade dysplasia: implications for prophylactic photodynamic therapy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997; 114: 824-829.
  • Hguyen HT, Schauer P, Luketich JD. Minimally invasive esophagectomy for Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia. Surgery 2000; 127: 284-290.
  • Zaninotto G, Parenti AR, Ruol A, Costantini M, Mergliano S, Ancona E. Oesophageal resection for high-grade dysplasia in Barretts oesophagus. Br J Surg 2000; 87: II02-1105.
  • Bottger T, Dutkowski P, Kirkpatrick CJ, Junginger T. Prognostic significance of tumor
  • Rasim Gençosmanoglu, et al
  • ploidy and histomorphological parameters in adenocarcinoma of Barretts esophagus. Dig Surg 1999; 16: 180-185.
  • Dent J, Bremner CO, Collen MJ, Haggitt RC, Spechler SJ. Barretts esophagus. Working Party Report. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991 ; 6: 1-22.
  • Stein HJ and panel of experts. Esophageal cancer: Screening and surveillance. Dis Esoph 1996; 9: 3-19.
  • De Looze D. Endoscopic follow-up of Barrett 's esophagus: protocol and implications. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2000; 63: 29-35.
  • Morales TG, Sampliner RE. Barrett's esophagus. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 1998; 1: 35-39.
  • Krug E, Bergmeijer JH, Dees J, de Krijger R, Moo WJ, Hazerbroek FW. Gastroesophageal reflux and Barretts esophagus in adults born
  • with esophageal atresia. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 2825-2828.
  • Van Sandick JW, Bartelsman JF, van Lanschot JJ, Tytgat GH, Obertop H. Surveillance of Barrett's esophagus: physicians' practices and review of current guidelines. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000; 12: 111-117.
  • Berenson MM, Johnson TD, Markowitz HR, et al. Restoration of squamous mucosa after ablation of Barrett's esophageal epithelium. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 1686-1691.
  • Van Laetham JL, Peny MO, Salmon I, Cremer M, Deviere J. Intramucosal adenocarcinoma arising under squamous re-epithelialisation of Barrett's oesophagus. Gut 2000; 46: 574-577.
  • DeMeester SR, DeMeester TR. The diagnosis and management of Barrett's esophagus. Adv Surg 1999; 33: 29-68.
There are 83 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Review Article
Authors

Rasim Gençosmanoğlu This is me

Cem Kalaycı This is me

Publication Date December 3, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2001 Volume: 14 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Gençosmanoğlu, R., & Kalaycı, C. (2016). BARRETT’S ESOPHAGUS Current Approaches to Diagnosis and Management. Marmara Medical Journal, 14(1), 53-62.
AMA Gençosmanoğlu R, Kalaycı C. BARRETT’S ESOPHAGUS Current Approaches to Diagnosis and Management. Marmara Med J. June 2016;14(1):53-62.
Chicago Gençosmanoğlu, Rasim, and Cem Kalaycı. “BARRETT’S ESOPHAGUS Current Approaches to Diagnosis and Management”. Marmara Medical Journal 14, no. 1 (June 2016): 53-62.
EndNote Gençosmanoğlu R, Kalaycı C (June 1, 2016) BARRETT’S ESOPHAGUS Current Approaches to Diagnosis and Management. Marmara Medical Journal 14 1 53–62.
IEEE R. Gençosmanoğlu and C. Kalaycı, “BARRETT’S ESOPHAGUS Current Approaches to Diagnosis and Management”, Marmara Med J, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 53–62, 2016.
ISNAD Gençosmanoğlu, Rasim - Kalaycı, Cem. “BARRETT’S ESOPHAGUS Current Approaches to Diagnosis and Management”. Marmara Medical Journal 14/1 (June 2016), 53-62.
JAMA Gençosmanoğlu R, Kalaycı C. BARRETT’S ESOPHAGUS Current Approaches to Diagnosis and Management. Marmara Med J. 2016;14:53–62.
MLA Gençosmanoğlu, Rasim and Cem Kalaycı. “BARRETT’S ESOPHAGUS Current Approaches to Diagnosis and Management”. Marmara Medical Journal, vol. 14, no. 1, 2016, pp. 53-62.
Vancouver Gençosmanoğlu R, Kalaycı C. BARRETT’S ESOPHAGUS Current Approaches to Diagnosis and Management. Marmara Med J. 2016;14(1):53-62.