INCREASED CORD-BLOOD EOSINOPHIL COUNTS AND PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO TOBACCO SMOKE: A CONCERN FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ATOPY EARLY IN CHILDHOOD

Year 2002, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 86 - 91, 03.12.2016

Su Gülsün Berrak Eren Özek Dilşad Cebeci Fazilet Karakoç Müjdat Başaran Elif Dağlı

Abstract

Objective: In adults several reports indicate that eosinophil counts and serum IgE levels increase in tandem with the number of cigarettes smoked. Several conflicting results have also been reported regarding prenatal cigarette smoke exposure and its effects on fetal immunoglobulin levels. Thus we surveyed cord-blood cotinine, IgE concentrations and eosinophil counts in 142 neonates in relation to parental smoking during pregnancy.
Methods: This study was performed at Marmara University Hospital between July 1995 and May 1996. Pregnant women were selected at random. Cord-blood was collected at delivery and maternal urine samples were collected within the first hour after delivery. Complete blood count and differential counts were measured in the cord-blood samples within the first hour after delivery. Serum was separated from the cord-
blood within 2 hours of collection and the specimens were stored at -30°C until assay, for cotinine and IgE.
Results: Maternal urinary cotinine/creatinine ratio (UCCR) was used as a biologic marker of passive smoke exposure. Maternal UGCR and cord-blood cotinine levels were significantly correlated, and both were highest in the active smokers and their infants. Cord-blood eosinophil counts rose in tandem with maternal UCCR. Cord-blood IgE levels were correlated with maternal UCCR only for nonatopic mothers. No relationship was found between cord-blood cotinine, IgE levels, and eosinophil counts.
Conclucion: We conclude that, maternal smoking, whether active and/or passive, affects cord-blood eosinophil counts in women without atopy. The implication of these findings in the development of atopy later in life have yet to be identified.

Key Words: Atopy, Eosinophil, Smoking, IgE, Newborn, Cord-blood, Cotinine

References

• Rauffmann F, Heukirch F, Rorobaeff M, Marne MJ, Claude JR, Lellouch J. Eosinophils, smoking, and lung function. Am Rev Respir Dis 1 986; 134:1 I 72-1 I 75.
• Barbee RA, Halonen M, Kaltenborn W, Lebowitz 11', Burrows B. A longitudinal study of serum IgE in a community cohort: Correlations with age, sex, smoking status, and atopic status. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987;79:919-927.
• Magnusson CO. Maternal smoking influences cord serum IgE and IgD levels and increases the risk for subsequent infant allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1986;78:898-904.
• Oryszczyn M, Godin J, Anncssi I, flellier G, liaulimann F. In utero exposure to parental smoking, cotinine measurements, and blood IgE. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991;87:1 169- 1174.
• Ownby DR, Johnson CC, Peterson EL. Maternal smoking does not influence cord serum IgE or IgD concentrations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991 ,-88:550-560.
• Halonen M, Stem D, Lyle S, Wright A, Taussig L, Martinez FD. Relationship of total serum IgE levels in cord and 9-month sera of infants. Clin Exp Allergy 1991 ;21:235-241.
• Etzel RA, Greenberg RA, Haley HJ, Loda FA. Urine cotinine excretion in neonates exposed to tobacco smoke products in utero. J Paedlatr 1985; 107:146-148.
• Donnenfeld AE, Pulkkinen A, Palomaki GE, Rnight GJ, Haddow JE. Simultaneous fetal and maternal cotinine levels in pregnant women smokers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:781-782
• Luck W, Hau H, Hansen R, Steldinger R. Extent of nicotine and cotinine transfer to the human fetus, placenta and amniotic fluid of smoking
• Increased cord-blood eosinophil counts and prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke
• mothers. Dev Pharmacol Ther 1985:8:384- 395.
• Van Wye J. Passive smoking. In: Hilman BC, ed. Paediatric Respiratory Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1993:794-806.
• Jarvis MJ, Tunstall-Pedoe H, Peyerabend C, Saloojee Y. Comparison of tests used to distinguish smokers from nonsmokers. Am J Public Health 1987:77:1435-1438.
• ¡2. Taylor RG. Ruyt F, Joyce H, Pride HB. Smoking, allergy, and differential white blood cell count. Thorax 1985:40:17-22.
• Mercelina-Roumans PE, Breukers RB, Ubachs JM, van Wersch JW. Hematological variables in cord-blood of neonates of smoking and nonsmoking mothers. J Clin Epidemiol 1996;49:449-454.
• Odd ram II, Bjorksten B, Leander E, Kjellman HI. Predictors of atopy in newborn babies. Allergy 1995:50:585-592.
• Borres MP, Odelram H, Irander R, Kjellman HI, Bjorsten B. Peripheral Blood eosinophilia in infants at 3 months of age with subsequent development of atopic disease in early childhood. J Allergy din Immunol 1995:95:694-698.
• Lodrup Carlsen KC, Halvorsen R, Ahlstedt S, Carlsen KI1. Eosinophil cationic protein and tidal flow volume loops in children 0-2 years of age. Eur Respir J 1995:8:1148-1154.
• I 7. Pohunek P, Pokorna H, Striz I. Comparison of cell profiles in separately evaluated fractions
• of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in children. Thorax 1996;51:615-618.
• Halonen M, Stern D, Lebowitz HID, Burrows B. An epidemiologic study of the interrelationship of total serum immunglobulin E, allergy skin-test reactivity, and eosinophilia. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1982;69:221-228.
• Cedcrqvist LL, Eddey G, Abdel-Latif H, Litivin SD. The effect of smoking during pregnancy on cord-blood and maternal serum immunoglobulin levels. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984:148:1 123-1 126.
• Cervi PL, Peighery C. IgG subclasses in foetal cord and maternal serum: Associations with infections in infancy and smoking in pregnancy. J Clin Lab Immunol 1991:34:23-
• Martinez FD, Wright AL, Taussig LM, Holberg M, Morgan WJ. Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life, Group Heath Medical Assocates. H Eng J Med 1995:332:133-138.
• Ronchetti R, Macri F, Cutera G, et al. Increased serum IgE and increased prevalence of eosinophilia in 9-year old children of smoking parents. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990:86:400-407.
• Karakaoc F, Bakac S, Dagli E, Bekiroglu H. Determination of associated risk factors for the development of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in children exposed to cigarette smoke. Eur Resp J I996;9 Supp. 23:386s.