How to approach castration-resistant prostate cancer?

Year 2015, Special Issue :1 Oncology, 24 - 34, 30.09.2015

Sevil Bavbek

https://doi.org/10.5472/mmj.80248

Abstract

The therapeutic landscape of castration-resistant prostate
cancer (CRPC) has changed dramatically in the last decade.
Previously, limited to castration, second-line hormonal
manipulations, and palliative treatment with mitoxantrone
plus prednisone, median overall survival (OS) remained
in the 9-18 months range. With multiple lines of survival
improving chemotherapies, AR-directed drugs, as well as
new immunotherapy and bone-directed therapies, median
OS increased to more than 30 months and quality of life
increased accordingly. The question remains, as how to
sequence, and choose the best therapeutic option for each
individual patient with the current data.
Keywords: Prostatic neoplasms, Castration-resistant,
Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy, Antineoplastic agents,
Hormonal, Radioimmunotherapy

Keywords

Prostatic neoplasms, Castration-resistant, median overall survival (OS) remained in the 9-18

References

• 1. Damber JE. Endocrine therapy for prostate cancer. Acto Oncol 2005; 44: 605–9.
• 2. Scher HI, Halabi S, Tannock I, et al. Design and end points of clinical trials for patients with progressive prostate cancer and castrate levels of testosterone: recommendations of the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:1148–59. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2007.12.4487.
• 3. Kirby M, Hirst C, Crawford ED. Characterising the castration-resistant prostate cancer population: a systematic review. Int J Clin Pract 2011; 65; 1180–92. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02799.x.
• 4. Saad F, Gleason DM, Murray R, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of zoledronic acid in patients with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94: 1458–68.
• 5. Tannock IF, de Wit R, Berry WR, et al. Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1502–12.
• 6. Petrylak DP, Tangen CM, Hussain MH, et al. Docetaxel and estra-mustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1513–20.
• 7. Kantoff PW, Higano CS, Shore ND, et al. Sipuleucel-T immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2010; 36:, 411–22. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa1001294.
• 8. de Bono JS, Oudard S, Ozguroglu M, et al. Prednisone plus cabazitaxel or mitoxantrone for metastatic castrationresistant prostate cancer progressing after docetaxel treatment: a randomised open-label trial. Lancet 2010; 376: 1147–54. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61389-X
• 9. Fizazi K, Carducci M, Smith M, et al. Denosumab versus zoledronic acid for treatment of bone metastases in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer: a randomised, double-blind study. Lancet 2011; 377(9768): 813–22. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62344-6.
• 10. de Bono JS, Logothetis CJ, Molina A, et al. Abiraterone and increased survival in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 1995–2005. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa1014618.
• 11. Scher HI, Fizazi K, Saad F, et al. Increased survival with enzalutamide in prostate cancer after chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 1187-97. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1207506
• 12. Parker C, Nilsson S, Heinrich D, et al. Alpha emitter radium-223 and survival in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: 213–23. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa1213755.
• 13. Huggins C. Effect of orchiectomy and irradiation on cancer of the prostate. Ann Surg 1942; 115: 1192–200. 14. Mohler Jl. Castration-recurrent prostate cancer is not androgen independent. Adv Exp Med Biol 2008;617: 223–34.
• 15. Debes JD, Tindall DJ. Mechanisms of androgen-refractory prostate cancer. N Engl J Med N 2004; 351: 1488–90. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp048178
• 16. Hu R, Dunn TA, Wei S, et al. Ligand-independent androgen receptor variants derived from splicing of cryptic exons signify hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2009; 69: 16–22. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2764.
• 17. Stanbrough M, Bubley GJ, Ross K, et al. Increased expression of genes converting adrenal androgens to testosterone in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 2815–25.
• 18. Holzbeierlein J, Lal P, LaTulippe E, et al. Gene expression analysis of human prostate carcinoma during hormonal therapy identifies androgen-responsive genes and mechanisms of therapy resistance. Am J Pathol 2004; 164: 217–27.
• 19. Sonpavde G, Attard G, Bellmunt J, et al. The role of abiraterone acetate in the management of prostate cancer: a critical analysis of the literature. Eur Urol 2011; 60: 270– 8. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.04.032.
• 20. Attard G, Reid AH, Auchus RJ, et al. Clinical and biochemical consequences of CYP17A1 inhibition with abiraterone given with and without exogenous glucocorticoids in castrate men with advanced prostate cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97: 507–16. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-2189.
• 21. Pia A, Vignani F, Attard G, et al. Strategies for managing ACTH dependent mineralocorticoid excess induced by abiraterone. Cancer Treat Rev 2013; 39: 966–73. doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.03.003.
• 22. Fizazi K, Scher HI, Molina A, et al. Abiraterone acetate for treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: final overall survival analysis of the COU-AA-301 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13: 983–92. doi: 10.1016/ S1470-2045(12)70379-0.
• 23. Ryan CJ, Smith MR, de Bono JS et al. Abiraterone in metastatic prostate cancer without previous chemotherapy.N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 138–48. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1209096.
• 24. Rathkopf DE, Smith RE, de Bono JS, et al. Updated interim efficacy analysis and long-term safety of abiraterone acetate in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients without prior chemotherapy (COU-AA-302). Eur Urol 2014; 66:815-25. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.02.056.
• 25. Dreicer R, Maclean D, Suri A, et al. Phase 1/2 trial of orteronel (TAK-700) – an investigational 17,20-lyase inhibitor – in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20: 1335–44. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-2436.
• 26. Dreicer R, Jones R, Oudard S, et al. Results from a Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebocontrolled trial of orteronel (TAK-700) plus prednisone in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) that has progressed during or following docetaxel-based therapy (ELM-PC 5 trial). J Clin Oncol 2014;32(suppl 4):7.
• 27. De Wit R FK, Jinga V, Efstathiou E, et al. Phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of orteronel (TAK- 700) plus prednisone in patients with chemotherapy-naive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) (ELM-PC4 trial). J Clin Oncol 2014;32(suppl 5):5008.
• 28. Scher HI, Beer TM, Higano CS, Anand A, Taplin ME, Efstathiou E, Rathkopf D, Shelkey J, Yu EY, Alumkal J, Hung D, Hirmand M, Seely L, Morris MJ, Danila DC, Humm J, Larson S, Fleisher M, Sawyers CL, Prostate Cancer Foundation/Department of Defense Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium: Antitumour activity of MDV3100 in castration-resistant prostate cancer: a phase 1–2 study. Lancet 2010, 375(9724):1437–46. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60172-9.
• 30. Scher HI, Fizazi K, Saad F, Taplin ME, Sternberg CN, Miller K, de Wit R, Mulders P, Chi KN, Shore ND, Armstrong AJ, Flaig TW, Fléchon A, Mainwaring P, Fleming M, Hainsworth JD, Hirmand M, Selby B, Seely L, de Bono JS, AFFIRM Investigators: Increased survival with enzalutamide in prostate cancer after chemotherapy.N EngL J Med 2012, 367:1187–97. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1207506
• 31. Beer TM, Armstrong AJ, Sternberg CN, Higano CS, Iversen P, Loriot Y, Rathkopf DE, Bhattacharya S, Carles J, De Bono JS, Evans CP, Joshua AM, Kim C-S, Kimura G, Mainwaring PN, Mansbach HH, Miller K, Noonberg SB, Venner PM, Tombal B: Enzalutamide in men with chemotherapy-naive metastatic prostate cancer (mCRPC): Results of phase III PREVAIL study. J Clin Oncol 2014, 32(4 Suppl):LBA1.
• 32. Vasaitis T, Belosay A, Schayowitz A, et al. Androgen receptor inactivation contributes to antitumor efficacy of 17{alpha}-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase inhibitor 3betahydroxy-17-(1H-benzimidazole-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:2348–57. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08-0230.
• 33. Taplin M, Chu F, Morrison J, et al. ARMOR1: safety of galeterone (TOK-001) in a phase 1 clinical trial in chemotherapy naïve patients with castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Cancer Res 2012; 72(8 Supplement):CT-07.
• 34. Taplin ME, Montgomery RB, ARMOR2 Group. ARMOR2: galeterone in progressive CRPC patients who have failed oral therapy. Presented at: 2014 Genitourinary Cancers Symposium. San Francisco, CA, USA, 29 January–2 February 2014.
• 35. Clegg NJ, Wongvipat J, Joseph JD, Tran C, Ouk S, Dilhas A, Chen Y, Grillot K, Bischoff ED, Cai L, Aparicio A, Dorow S, Arora V, Shao G, Qian J, Zhao H, Yang G, Cao C, Sensintaffar J, Wasielewska T, Herbert MR, Bonnefous C, Darimont B, Scher HI, Smith-Jones P, Klang M, Smith ND, De Stanchina E, Wu N, Ouerfelli O, et al.: ARN-509: a novel antiandrogen for prostate cancer treatment. Cancer Res 2012, 72:1494–1503. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN- 11-3948.
• 36. Smith MR. ARN-509 in men with high-risk nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). J Clin Oncol 2013; 31(6 Suppl):7.
• 37. Berthold DR, Pond GR, Soban F, de Wit R, Eisenberger M, Tannock IF. Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer: updated survival in the TAX 327 study. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 242–5. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2007.12.4008
• 38. Di Lorenzo G, Buonerba C, Faiella A, et al. Phase II study of docetaxel re-treatment in docetaxel-pretreated castration-resistant prostate cancer. BJU Int 2011; 107: 234–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09498.x.
• 39. Sweeney CJ. Insights into E3805: the CHAARTED trial. Future Oncol 2015; 11: 897-9. doi: 10.2217/fon.14.310.
• 40. Bouchet BP, Galmarini CM. Cabazitaxel. A new taxane with favorable properties. Drugs Today (Barc.) 2010; 46: 735–42. doi: 10.1358/dot.2010.46.10.1519019.
• 41. Mita AC, Denis LJ, Rowinsky EK, et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of XRP6258 (RPR 116258A), a novel taxane, administered as a 1-hour infusion every 3 weeks in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15: 723–30. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08- 0596.
• 42. Antonarakis ES, Lu C, Wang H, et al. AR-V7 and resistance to enzalutamide and abiraterone in prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2014;371:1028-38. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa1315815.
• 43. Tucci M, Mosca A, Lamanna G et al. Prognostic significance of disordered calcium metabolism in hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients with metastatic bone disease. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2009; 12: 94–9. doi: 10.1038/pcan.2008.10.
• 44. Baron R, Ferrari S, Russell RGG. Denosumab and bisphosphonates: different mechanisms of action and effects. Bone 2011; 48: 677–92. doi: 10.1016/j. bone.2010.11.020.
• 45. Pinto A, Cruz P. Radium-223 chloride. A new treatment option for metastatic castration-resistant prostate carcinoma. Drugs RD 2013;12: 227–33. doi: 10.2165/11636250-000000000-00000.
• 46. Joniau S, Abrahamsson PA, Bellmunt J, et al. Current vaccination strategies for prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2012; 61: 290–306. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.09.020.
• 47. Higano CS, Schellhammer PF, Small EJ et al. Integrated data from 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase 3 trials of active cellular immunotherapy with sipuleucel-T in advanced prostate cancer. Cancer 2009; 115: 3670–9. doi: 10.1002/cncr.24429.
• 48. Kantoff PW, Schuetz TJ, Blumenstein BA, et al. Overall survival analysis of a Phase II randomized controlled trial of a poxviral-based PSA-targeted immunotherapy in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 1099–105. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2009.25.0597.
• 49. Slovin SF, Higano CS, Hamid O, et al. Ipilimumab alone or in combination with radiotherapy in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: results from an openlabel, multicenter Phase I/II study. Ann Oncol 2013; 24: 1813–21. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdt107.
• 50. Kwon ED, Drake CG, Scher HI, et al. Ipilimumab versus placebo after radiotherapy in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer that had progressed after docetaxel chemotherapy (CA184-043): a multicenter, randomized, double blind, Phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2014; 15: 700–12. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70189-5.
• 51. van Soest RJ, van Royen ME, de Morree ES , et al. Crossresistance between taxanes and new hormonal agents abiraterone and enzalutamide may affect drug sequence choices in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3821–30. doi: 10.1016/j. ejca.2013.09.026.
• 52. Mezynski J, Pezaro C, Bianchini D, et al. Antitumour activity of docetaxel following treatment with the CYP17A1 inhibitor abiraterone: clinical evidence for cross-resistance? Ann Oncol 2012; 23: 2943–7. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mds119.
• 53. Schweizer MT, Zhou XC, Wang H, et al. The influence of prior abiraterone treatment on the clinical activity of docetaxel in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2014; 66: 646–52. doi: 10.1016/j. eururo.2014.01.018