Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Ficus sycomorus fruit and leaf extracts

Year 2020, Volume: 33 Issue: 3, 133 - 140, 23.10.2020

Melis Sumengen Ozdenefe Feryal Tanoglu Kaya Suer Emrah Guler Hatice Aysun Mercımek Takcı

https://doi.org/10.5472/marumj.816301

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Ficus sycomorus fruit and leaf extracts
obtained from the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.
Materials and Methods: Fruits and leaves of F. sycomorus were collected from the Kyrenia region of Northern Cyprus in July 2018. The
leaf and fruit samples were extracted with the distilled water, methanol, ethanol, acetone and chloroform solvents (1:10 [w/v]). After
evaporation, samples were suspended in methanol at the final concentration of 100 mg/mL. The antimicrobial activity of the leaf and
fruit extracts was evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Method. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content
(TFC) of the extracts were determined using the methods reported by Stankovic in 2011 and Sharm and Vig in 2013. Antioxidant
activity of samples was tested using free radical scavenger method.
Results: The leaf extracts of F. sycomorus was active. The inhibition zone diameters ranged from 1.8mm to 13.00 mm. Fruit extracts
and methanol controls showed no inhibitory effect on strains. However, bacteriostatic activity against Enterococcus faecalis was
observed in fruit-water extract. The highest antimicrobial activity was shown against Staphylococcus aureus (13 mm) for ethanolic
extracts at 100 mg/mL concentration. Minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) for ethanolic extract was observed starting at 25
mg/mL concentration against S. aureus. Although, no antimicrobial activiy was observed in fruit extracts, the highest 2,2-diphenyl
1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activiy and phytochemical content were recorded in fruit extracts.
Conclusion: These results demonstrate that leaf extracts of F. sycomorus can be used as a curative agent for the treatment of S. aureus
and fungal infections and may be effective against pathogenic microorganisms that are resistant to antibiotics. Antioxidant content of
fruit and leaf extracts can be effective against the negative effects of free radicals.

Keywords

Antioxidant activity, F. sycomorus, S. aureus

References

• Al-Matani SK, Al-Wahaibi RNS, Hossain MA. In vitro evaluation of the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and the antimicrobial and cytotoxicity activities of crude fruit extracts with different polarities from Ficus sycomorus. Pac Sci Review A: Natural Sci Eng 2015; 17: 103-8. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.psra.2016.02.002.
• Hossain MA. A review on Ficus sycomorus: A potential indigenous medicinal plant in Oman. J King Saud Univ Sci 2018;30: 293-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2018.07.002.
• Bulut A. Cümbez’ e yazık ediyoruz. Kıbrıs Gazetesi 2018; August 27. Retrieved from https://www.kibrisgazetesi.com
• Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti Turizm ve Çevre Bakanlığı. North Cyprus 2016. Retrieved from http:// myislandnorthcyprus.com/ne-yapilir/lala-pasa-camisi-stnicholas- katedrali
• Ahmad AS, Dahiru A, Muhammad AT, Idris H, Gautam K. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Ficus sycomorus extracts of the stem bark and leaves on some pathogenic microorganisms. American Chem Sci J 2016; 13: 1-5. doi: 10.9734/ACSJ/2016/23654.
• Dluya T, Daniel D, Gaiuson Y. Comparative biochemical evaluation of leaf extracts of Ficus sycomorus and Piliostigma thonningii plant. J Med Plants Studies 2015; 3: 32-7.
• Kasnak C, Palamutoğlu R. Doğal antioksidanların sınıflandırılması ve insan sağlığına etkileri. Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 2015; 3: 226-34. doi: 10.24925/turjaf.v3i5.226-234.17.
• Braide W, Dokubo KO, Adeleye SA, Uzoh CV, Akobundu CI. Phytochemical properties, toxicological screening and antibacterial qualities of various parts extracts of Ficus sycomorus. J Med Plant Herbal Ther Res 2018; 6: 1-8.
• Saleh B, Hammoud R, Al-Mariri A. Antimicrobial activity of Ficus sycomorus L. (Moraceae) leaf and stem-bark extracts against multidrug resistant human pathogens. Herba Pol 2015; 61: 39-49. doi: 10.1515/hepo-2015-0009.
• Bauer AW, Kirby WMM, Sherris JC, Turck M. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American J Clin Pathol 1966; 45: 493-6.
• Büyüktuncel E. Toplam fenolik içerik ve antioksidan kapasite tayininde kullanılan başlıca spektrofotometrik yöntemler. Marmara Pharm J 2013; 17: 93-103. doi: 10.12991/201317377.
• Yılmaz OM. Determination of antioxidant activity and phenolic acid composition of main wheat varieties grown in Turkey and enrichment of bread with pomegranate husk extract. PhD Thesis, Ankara University 2011; Ankara, Turkey.
• Turkmen UF, Takcı MHA, Sekeroglu N. Total phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of homemade and industrial samples of breakfast zahter, herbal mixture. Akademik Gıda 2016; 14: 242-6.
• Sharma S, Vig AP. Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant properties of methanol and aqueous extracts of Parkinsonia aculeata L. leaves. The Scientific World J 2013; 1: 2-7. doi: 10.1155/2013/604865.
• Stanković MS. Total phenolic content, flavonoid concentration and antioxidant activity of Marrubium peregrinum l. extracts. Kragujevac J Sci 2011; 33: 63-72.
• Ghareeb MA, Refahy LA, Saad AM, Osman NS, Abdel- Aziz MS, ElShazly MA, Mohamed AS. In vitro antimicrobial activity of five Egyptian plant species. J Applied Pharm Sci 2015; 5: 045-049. doi: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.58.S7.
• Jouda MM, Elbashiti T, Masad A, Dardona Z. Synergistic effect of Ficus sycomorus (Moraceae) leaf and stem-bark extracts against some selected pathogens. Int J Sci Res Publications 2015; 5: 492-6.
• Saleh B, Al-Mariri A. Phytochemical constitutes of Ficus sycomorus L. and inhibitory effect of their crude extracts against bacterial pathogens. J Natural Products 2017; 10: 06-14.
• El-Beltagi HS, Mohamed HI, Abdelazeem AS, Youssef R, Safwat G. GC-MS analysis, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities of extracts from Ficus sycomorus fruits and leaves. Not Bot Horti Agrobo 2019; 47: 493-505. doi:10.15835/nbha47211405.
• El-Sayed MM, El-Hashash MM, El-Wakil EA, Ghareeb MA. Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of Ficus sycomorus and Azadirachta indica. Pharmacologyonline 2009; 3: 590-602.
• Samuel YT, Hayatu IG, Olufunke AS, Hamza HM. Antioxidant and phytochemical screening of ethanol extracts of Ficus sycomorus (moraceae) leaves and Faidherbia albida (fabaceae) stem-bark. Nigerian J Pharm Biomedical Res 2017; 2: 41-5.
• Abdel-Aty AM, Ahmed MB, Salama WH, Ali MM, Fahmy AS, Mohamed AS. Ficus carica, Ficus sycomorus and Euphorbia tirucalli latex extracts. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and cytotoxic properties. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 2019; 20: 101199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101199.