Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: pathogenesis and assessing the impact of dietary bioactive compounds on the liver

Year 2024, Volume: 37 Issue: 2, 115 - 120, 31.05.2024

Esma Oguz Berna Karakoyun

https://doi.org/10.5472/marumj.1479280

Abstract

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a pathological condition ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,
cirrhosis, and liver cancer. NAFLD is a complex disease mediated by metabolic, environmental, and genetic mechanisms. Many factors
such as insulin resistance, lipotoxicity, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, circadian rhythm,
genetics, epigenetics, dietary factors, and gut microbiota play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Lifestyle changes such as
healthy diet, physical activity, avoiding alcohol and smoking are involved in the NAFLD treatment. Dietary bioactive compounds
including curcumin, resveratrol, catechins, quercetin, sulforaphane, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, alkaloids, vitamins, and peptides have
many health promoting effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, chemopreventive, and hepatoprotective. In
this review, the pathophysiology of NAFLD and the effects of dietary bioactive compounds on this disease will be discussed in detail
with updated information.

Keywords

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Pathogenesis, Dietary Bioactive Compounds

References

• Cohen JC, Horton JD, Hobbs HH. Human fatty liver disease: old questions and new insights. Science 2011; 332:1519-23. doi:10.1126/science.1204265.
• Çolak Y, Tuncer İ. Nonalkolik karaciğer yağlanması ve steatohepatit. İst Tıp Fak Derg 2010; 73:85-9.
• Fazel Y, Koenig AB, Sayiner M, Goodman ZD, Younossi ZM. Epidemiology and natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Metab 2016; 65:1017-25. doi: 10.1016/j. metabol.2016.01.012.
• EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2016; 64:1388-402. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.004.
• Cecchini M, Sassi F, Lauer JA, Lee YY, Guajardo – Barron V, Chisholm D. Tackling of unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and obesity: health effects and cost-effectiveness. Lancet 2010; 376:1775-84. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61514-0.
• Guaadaoui A, Benaicha S, Elmajdoub N, Bellaoui M, Hamal A. What is a bioactive compound? A combined definition for a preliminary consensus. Int J Nutr Food Sci 2014; 3:74-9. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20140303.16.
• Gil-Chavez JG, Villa JA, Ayala-Zavala JF, et al. Technologies for extraction and production of bioactive compounds to be used as nutraceuticals and food ingredients: An overview. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013; 12:5-23. doi: 10.1111/1541- 4337.12005.
• Peverill W, Powell LW, Skoien R. Evolving concepts in the pathogenesis of NASH: beyond steatosis and inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:8591-638. doi: 10.3390/ijms15058591.
• Fabbrini E, Mohammed BS, Magkos F, Korenblat KM, Patterson BW, Klein S. Alterations in adipose tissue and hepatic lipid kinetics in obese men and women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2008; 134:424-31. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.11.038.
• Angulo P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:1221-31. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra011775.
• Schultz JR, Tu H, Luk A, et al. Role of LXRs in control of lipogenesis. Genes Dev 2000; 14:2831-8. doi: 10.1101/ gad.850400.
• Musso G, Gambino R, Cassader M. Cholesterol metabolism and the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:175-91. doi: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.11.002.
• Tyagi S, Gupta P, Saini AS, Kaushal C, Sharma S. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor: A family of nuclear receptors role in various diseases. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2011; 2:236. doi: 10.4103/2231-4040.90879.
• Ferramosca A, Zara V. Modulation of hepatic steatosis by dietary fatty acids. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:1746-755. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i7.1746.
• Farrell GC, Larter CZ. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: from steatosis to cirrhosis. Hepatology 2006; 43:99-112. doi: 10.1002/hep.20973.
• Puntarulo S. Iron, oxidative stress and human health. Mol Aspects Med 2005; 26:299-312. doi: 10.1016/j. mam.2005.07.001.
• Adolph TE, Grander C, Grabherr F, Tilg H. Adipokines and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: multiple interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:1649. doi: 10.3390/ijms18081649.
• Polyzos SA, Kountouras J, Mantzoros CS. Leptin in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a narrative review. Metabolism 2015; 64:60-78. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.012.
• Saxena NK, Anania FA. Adipocytokines and hepatic fibrosis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:153-61. doi: 10.1016/j. tem.2015.01.002.
• Pessayre D, Fromenty B. NASH: a mitochondrial disease. J Hepatol 2005; 42:928-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.03.004.
• Begriche K, Igoudjil A, Pessayre D, Fromenty B. Mitochondrial dysfunction in NASH: causes, consequences and possible means to prevent it. Mitochondrion 2006; 6:1-28. doi: 10.1016/j.mito.2005.10.004.
• Seki S, Kitada T, Sakaguchi H. Clinicopathological significance of oxidative cellular damage in non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Hepatol Res 2005; 33:132-4. doi: 10.1016/j. hepres.2005.09.020.
• Yung, JHM, Giacca, A. Role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Cells 2020; 9:706. doi: 10.3390/ cells9030706.
• Mazzoccoli G, De Cosmo S, Mazza T. The biological clock: A pivotal hub in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1-16. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00193.
• Ip E, Farrell G, Hall P, Robertson G, Leclercq I. Administration of the potent PPAR alpha agonist, Wy-14,643, reverses nutritional fibrosis and steatohepatitis in mice. Hepatology 2004; 39:1286-96. doi: 10.1002/hep.20170.
• Anstee QM, Daly AK, Day CP. The Genetics of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Spotlight on PNPLA3 and TM6SF2. Semin Liver Dis 2015; 35:270-90. doi: 10.1055/s-0035.156.2947.
• Anstee QM, Day CP. The genetics of NAFLD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 10:645-55. doi: 10.1038/ nrgastro.2013.182.
• Zeybel M, Mann DA, Mann J. Epigenetic modifications as new targets for liver disease therapies. J Hepatol 2013; 59:1349-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.05.039.
• Dongiovanni P, Valenti LA. Nutrigenomic approach to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:1534. doi: 10.3390/ijms18071534.
• Musso G, Gambino R, De Michieli F, et al. Dietary habits and their relations to insulin resistance and postprandial lipemia in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2003; 37:909-16. doi: 10.1053/jhep.2003.50132.
• Zelber-Sagi S, Nitzan-Kaluski D, Goldsmith R, et al. Long term nutritional intake and the risk for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A population based study. J. Hepatol 2007; 47:711-7. doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50132.
• Bischoff SC, Bernal W, Dasarathy S, et al. ESPEN practical guidline: Clinical nutrition in liver disease. Clin Nut 2020; 39:3533-62. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.09.001.
• Bashiardes S, Shapiro H, Rozin S, Shibolet O, Elinav E. Nonalcoholic fatty liver and the gut microbiota. Mol Metab 2016; 5:782-94. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.06.003.
• Chakaroun RM, Massier L, Kovacs P. Gut microbiome, intestinal permeability, and tissue bacteria in metabolic disease: perpetrators or bystanders? Nutrients 2020; 12:1082. doi: 10.3390/nu12041082.
• Suárez M, Boqué N, Del Bas JM, Mayneris-Perxachs J, Arola L, Caimari A. Mediterranean Diet and Multi-Ingredient- Based Interventions for the Management of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2017; 9:1052. doi: 10.3390/ nu9101052.
• Ortega AMM, Campos MRS. Bioactive compounds as therapeutic alternatives. In: Bioactive compounds, Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing, 2019:247-64. ISBN: 978.012.8147757.
• Yang Z, Zhu MZ, Zhang YB, et al. Coadministration of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and caffeine in low dose ameliorates obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in obese rats. Phytother Res 2019;33:1019-1026. doi: 10.1002/ ptr.6295.
• Uçar K, Kahramanoğlu K, Göktaş Z. Association between caffeine intake and liver biomarkers in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Cukurova Med J 2023; 48:177-86. doi: 10.17826/ cumj.1171396.
• Rostampour N, Kasiri KA, Hashemi-Dehkordi E, et al. Therapeutic effects of green tea on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in 10 – 16-year-old children. J Clin Diagn Res 2019; 13:4-7. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2019/35236.12986.
• Kobyliak N, Falalyeyeva T, Bodnar P, Beregova T. Probiotics supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids are more effective for hepatic steatosis reduction in an animal model of obesity. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2017; 9:123-30. doi: 10.1007/s12602.016.9230-1.
• Popescu LA, Vîrgolici B. Lixardu D, et al. Effect of diet and omega-3 fatty acids in NAFLD. Rom J Morphol Embryol 2013;54:785-90.
• Lee CH, Fu Y, Yang SJ, Chi CC. Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on non-alcoholic fatty liver: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 2020;12:9. doi: 10.3390/nu12092769.
• Alves CC, Waitzberg DL, de Andrade LS, et al. Prebiotic and synbiotic modifications of beta oxidation and lipogenic gene expression after experimental hypercholesterolemia in rat liver. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2010. doi:10.3389/ fmicb.2017.02010.
• Behrouz V, Aryaeian N, Zahedi MJ, Jazayeri S. Effects of probiotic and prebiotic supplementation on metabolic parameters, liver aminotransferases, and systemic inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized clinical trial. J Food Sci 2020; 85: 3611-17. doi: 10.1111/1750- 3841.15367.
• Hernandez-Ortega LD, Alcantar-Diaz BE, Ruiz-Corro LA, et al. Quercetin improves hepatic fibrosis reducing hepatic stellate cells and regulating pro-fibrogenic/anti-fibrogenic molecules balance. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27:1865-72. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07262.x
• Shen M, Chen K, Lu J, et al. Protective effect of astaxanthin on liver fibrosis through modulation of TGF-beta1 expression and autophagy. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:954502. doi: 10.1155/2014/954502.
• Feng Dan, Zou J, Mai H, et al. Curcumin prevents high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis in ApoE−/− mice by improving intestinal barrier function and reducing endotoxin and liver TLR4/NF-κB inflammation. Nutr Metab 2019; 16:79. doi: 10.1186/s12986.019.0410-3.
• Saberi-Karimian M, Keshvari M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, et al. Effects of curcuminoids on inflammatory status in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med 2020; 49:102322. doi: 10.1016/j. ctim.2020.102322.
• Asghari S, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Somi MH, Ghavami SM, Rafraf M. Comparison of calorie-restricted diet and resveratrol supplementation on anthropometric indices, metabolic parameters, and serum sirtuin-1 levels in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Am Coll Nutr 2018; 37:223-33 doi: 10.1080/07315.724.2017.1392264.