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Etodolac Thiosemicarbazides: A novel class of hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase inhibitors

Year 2013, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 138 - 146, 07.03.2014

Abstract

ABSTRACT: A novel series of new etodolac hydrazide derivatives, 1-[2-(1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-
tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-1-yl)acetyl]-4-alkyl/aryl thiosemicarbazides [3a-h] have been
synthesized in this study. The structures of the new compounds were determined by spectral
(FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and LC-MS) methods. Inhibition of hepatitis C virus NS5B RNA
dependent RNA polymerase activity by etodolac thiosemicarbazides was evaluated in vitro
by primer dependent elongation assays. The most active compounds of this series were
3a (SGK 224), 3d (SGK 227) and 3e (SGK 229) with IC50 values of 18.7 μM, 29.2 μM and 16.8
μM, respectively. Binding mode investigations of the most active compound 1-[2-(1,8-diethyl-
1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-1-yl)acetyl]-4-allyl thiosemicarbazide (3e) suggested
that TP-II of HCV NS5B polymerase may be the potential binding site for etodolac thiosemicarbazides
and provided clues for modifications to improve the potency of etodolac derivatives.
KEYWORDS: thiosemicarbazide, etodolac, Hepatit C NS5B polymerase, pyrano[3,4-b]indole.

References

  • Jones RA. Etodolac (Lodine®): Profile of an established selective COX-2 inhibitor Inflammopharmacology 2001; 9:63–70.
  • Gopalsamy A, Ciszewski GM, Shi M, Park K. Carbazole and cyclopentaindole derivatives to treat infection with hepatitis C virus. 2006; Patent No: US 2006/0063821.
  • LaPorte MG, Draper TL, Miller LE, Blackledge CW, Leister LK, Amparo E, Hussey AR, Young DC, Chunduru SK, Benetatos CA, Rhodes G, Gopalsamy A, Herbertz T, Burns CJ, Condon SM. The discovery and structure-activity relationships of pyrano[3,4-b]indole based inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:2968-73.
  • Gopalsamy A, Lim K, Ciszewski G, Park K, Ellingboe JW, Bloom J, Insaf S, Upeslacis J, Mansour TS, Krishnamurthy G, Damarla M, Pyatski Y, Ho D, Howe AY, Orlowski M, Feld B, O’Connell J. Discovery of pyrano[3,4b]indoles as potent and selective HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2004; 47:6603-8.
  • Durgun BB, Rollas S, Apaydin S, Öztürk R. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some new 1-[4-(4-fluorobenzoylamino)benzoyl]-4-substituted thiosemicarbazides. Drug Metabol Drug Interact 1995; 12: 145-50.
  • Plech T, Wujec M, Siwek A, Kosikowska U, Malm A. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of thiosemicarbazides, s-triazoles and their Mannich bases bearing 3-chlorophenyl moiety. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:241-8.
  • Siwek A, Stączek P, Stefańska J. Synthesis and structureactivity relationship studies of 4-arylthiosemicarbazides as topoisomerase IV inhibitors with Gram-positive antibacterial activity. Search for molecular basis of antibacterial activity of thiosemicarbazides. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:5717-26.
  • Kalyoncuoğlu N, Rollas S, Sür-Altiner D, Yeğenoğlu Y, Anğ O. 1-[p-(Benzoylamino)benzoyl]-4-substituted thiosemicarbazides: synthesis and antibacterial and antifungal activities. Pharmazie 1992; 47:796-7.
  • Rollas S, Karakuş S, Durgun BB, Kiraz M, Erdeniz H. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some 1,4-disubstituted thiosemicarbazide and 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives. Il Farmaco 1996; 51:811-4.
  • Terzioğlu Klip N, Çapan G, Gürsoy A, Uzun M, Satana D. Synthesis, structure, and antifungal evaluation of some novel 1,2,4-triazolylmercaptoacetylthiosemicarbazide and 1,2,4-triazolylmercaptomethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole analogs. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 25:126-31.
  • Cesur Z, Güner H, Ötük G. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of new imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 1994; 29:981-3.
  • Siwek A, Stefańska J, Dzitko K, Ruszczak A. Antifungal effect of 4-arylthiosemicarbazides against Candida species. Search for molecular basis of antifungal activity of thiosemicarbazide derivatives. J Mol Model 2012; 18:4159-70.
  • Şahin G, Palaska E, Kelicen P, Demirdamar R, Altinok G. Synthesis of some new 1-acylthiosemicarbazides, 1,3,4-oxadiazoles, 1,3,4-thiadiazoles and 1,2,4-triazole3-thiones and their anti-inflammatory activities. Arzneimittelforschung 2001; 51:478-84.
  • Rabea SM, El-Koussi NA, Hassan HY, Aboul-Fadl T. Synthesis of 5-phenyl-1-(3-pyridyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole3-carboxylic acid derivatives of potential anti-inflammatory activity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2006; 339:32-40.
  • Küçükgüzel ŞG, Kocatepe A, De Clercq E, Şahin F, Güllüce M. Synthesis and biological activity of 4-thiazolidinones, thiosemicarbazides derived from diflunisal hydrazide. Eur J Med Chem 2006; 41:353-9.
  • El-Sabbagh OI, Rady HM. Synthesis of new acridines and hydrazones derived from cyclic β-diketone for cytotoxic and antiviral evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:3680-6.
  • Xu K, Thornalley PJ. Antitumour activity of sphingoid base adducts of phenethyl isothiocyanate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:53-4.
  • He J, Wang X, Zhao X, Liang Y, He H, Fu L. Synthesis and antitumor activity of novel quinazoline derivatives containing thiosemicarbazide moiety. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 54:925-30.
  • Al-Saadi MS, Faidallah HM, Rostom SA. Synthesis and biological evaluation of some 2,4,5-trisubstituted thiazole derivatives as potential antimicrobial and anticancer agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2012; 341:424-34.
  • Çıkla P, Derya Özsavcı D, Bingöl-Özakpınar Ö, Şener A, Çevik Ö, Suna Özbaş-Turan S, Akbuğa J, Şahin F, Küçükgüzel ŞG. Synthesis, cytotoxicity and pro-apoptosis of etodolac hydrazide derivatives as anticancer agents. Arch. Pharm. Chem. Life Sci.2013; in press.
  • Chen Y, Bopda-Waffo A, Basu A, Krishnan R, Silberstein E, Taylor DR, Talele TT, Arora P, Kaushik-Basu N. Characterization of aurintricarboxylic acid as a potent hepatitis C virus replicase inhibitor. Antivir Chem Chemother 2009; 20:19-36.
  • Kaushik-Basu N, Bopda-Waffo A, Talele TT, Basu A, Chen Y, Küçükgüzel ŞG. 4-Thiazolidinones: a novel class of hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase inhibitors. Front Biosci 2008; 13:3857-68.
  • Kaushik-Basu N, Bopda-Waffo A, Talele TT, Basu A, Costa PR, da Silva AJ, Sarafianos SG, Noel F. Identification and characterization of coumestans as novel HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:1482-96.
  • Li H, Tatlock J, Linton A, Gonzalez J, Jewell T, Patel L, Ludlum S, Drowns M, Rahavendran SV, Skor H, Hunter R, Shi ST, Herlihy KJ, Parge H, Hickey M, Yu X, Chau F, Nonomiya J, Lewis C. Discovery of (R)-6-cyclopentyl-6-(2-(2,6-diethylpyridin-4-yl)ethyl)-3-((5,7-dimethyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-2-yl)methyl)-4-hydroxy-5,6-dihydropyran-2-one (PF-00868554) as a potent and orally available hepatitis C virus polymerase inhibitor. J Med Chem 2009; 52:1255-8.
  • Rollas S. Bazı 1-aroil-4-alkil/ariltiyosemikarbazitler. Doğa Bilim Dergisi Tıp 1983; 7:65-72
  • Palaska E, Şahin G, Kelicen P, Durlu NT, Altinok G. Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of 1-acylthiosemicarbazides, 1,3,4-oxadiazoles, 1,3,4-thiadiazoles and 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones. Il Farmaco 2002; 57:101-7.
  • Çapan G, Ulusoy N, Ergenç N, Kiraz M. New 6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole derivates: Synthesis and antifungal activity. Monatsh. für Chemie 1999; 130:1399-407.
  • Küçükgüzel ŞG, Oruç EE, Rollas S, Şahin F, Özbek A. Synthesis, characterisation and biological activity of novel 4-thiazolidinones, 1,3,4-oxadiazoles and some related compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2002; 37:197-206.
  • Wujec M, Stefańska J, Siwek A, Tatarczak M. Synthesis, lipophilicity and antimicrobial activity of new derivatives of thiosemicarbazides and 1,2,4-triazoline-5-thione. Acta Pol Pharm 2009; 66:73-82.
  • Tatar E, Küçükgüzel İ, De Clercq, Şahin F, Güllüce M. Synthesis, characterization and screening of antimicrobial, antituberculosis, antiviral and anticancer activity of novel 1,3-thiazolidine-4-ones derived from 1-[2-(benzoylamino)-4-(methylthio)butyryl]-4-alkyl/ arylalkyl thiosemicarbazides. Arkivoc 2008;, 14:191-210.
  • Gürsoy A, Karali N. Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of new acylthiosemicarbazides and thiazolidones. Il Farmaco 1995; 50:857-66.
  • Abdel-Aziz M, Abdel-Rahman HM. Synthesis and anti-mycobacterial evaluation of some pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45: 3384-8.
  • Salgın-Gökşen U, Gökhan-Kelekçi N, Göktaş Ö, Köysal Y, Kılıç E, Işik Ş, Aktay G, Özalp M.1-Acylthiosemicarbazides, 1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thiones, 1,3,4-thiadiazoles and hydrazones containing 5-methyl-2-benzoxazolinones: Synthesis, analgesic-anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:5738-51.
  • Howe AY, Cheng H, Thompson I, Chunduru SK, Herrmann S, O’Connell J, Agarwal A, Chopra R, Del Vecchio AM. Molecular mechanism of a thumb domain hepatitis C virus nonnucleoside RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:4103-113.

Etodolac Thiosemicarbazides: A novel class of hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase inhibitors

Year 2013, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 138 - 146, 07.03.2014

Abstract

References

  • Jones RA. Etodolac (Lodine®): Profile of an established selective COX-2 inhibitor Inflammopharmacology 2001; 9:63–70.
  • Gopalsamy A, Ciszewski GM, Shi M, Park K. Carbazole and cyclopentaindole derivatives to treat infection with hepatitis C virus. 2006; Patent No: US 2006/0063821.
  • LaPorte MG, Draper TL, Miller LE, Blackledge CW, Leister LK, Amparo E, Hussey AR, Young DC, Chunduru SK, Benetatos CA, Rhodes G, Gopalsamy A, Herbertz T, Burns CJ, Condon SM. The discovery and structure-activity relationships of pyrano[3,4-b]indole based inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:2968-73.
  • Gopalsamy A, Lim K, Ciszewski G, Park K, Ellingboe JW, Bloom J, Insaf S, Upeslacis J, Mansour TS, Krishnamurthy G, Damarla M, Pyatski Y, Ho D, Howe AY, Orlowski M, Feld B, O’Connell J. Discovery of pyrano[3,4b]indoles as potent and selective HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2004; 47:6603-8.
  • Durgun BB, Rollas S, Apaydin S, Öztürk R. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some new 1-[4-(4-fluorobenzoylamino)benzoyl]-4-substituted thiosemicarbazides. Drug Metabol Drug Interact 1995; 12: 145-50.
  • Plech T, Wujec M, Siwek A, Kosikowska U, Malm A. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of thiosemicarbazides, s-triazoles and their Mannich bases bearing 3-chlorophenyl moiety. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:241-8.
  • Siwek A, Stączek P, Stefańska J. Synthesis and structureactivity relationship studies of 4-arylthiosemicarbazides as topoisomerase IV inhibitors with Gram-positive antibacterial activity. Search for molecular basis of antibacterial activity of thiosemicarbazides. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:5717-26.
  • Kalyoncuoğlu N, Rollas S, Sür-Altiner D, Yeğenoğlu Y, Anğ O. 1-[p-(Benzoylamino)benzoyl]-4-substituted thiosemicarbazides: synthesis and antibacterial and antifungal activities. Pharmazie 1992; 47:796-7.
  • Rollas S, Karakuş S, Durgun BB, Kiraz M, Erdeniz H. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some 1,4-disubstituted thiosemicarbazide and 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives. Il Farmaco 1996; 51:811-4.
  • Terzioğlu Klip N, Çapan G, Gürsoy A, Uzun M, Satana D. Synthesis, structure, and antifungal evaluation of some novel 1,2,4-triazolylmercaptoacetylthiosemicarbazide and 1,2,4-triazolylmercaptomethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole analogs. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 25:126-31.
  • Cesur Z, Güner H, Ötük G. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of new imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 1994; 29:981-3.
  • Siwek A, Stefańska J, Dzitko K, Ruszczak A. Antifungal effect of 4-arylthiosemicarbazides against Candida species. Search for molecular basis of antifungal activity of thiosemicarbazide derivatives. J Mol Model 2012; 18:4159-70.
  • Şahin G, Palaska E, Kelicen P, Demirdamar R, Altinok G. Synthesis of some new 1-acylthiosemicarbazides, 1,3,4-oxadiazoles, 1,3,4-thiadiazoles and 1,2,4-triazole3-thiones and their anti-inflammatory activities. Arzneimittelforschung 2001; 51:478-84.
  • Rabea SM, El-Koussi NA, Hassan HY, Aboul-Fadl T. Synthesis of 5-phenyl-1-(3-pyridyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole3-carboxylic acid derivatives of potential anti-inflammatory activity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2006; 339:32-40.
  • Küçükgüzel ŞG, Kocatepe A, De Clercq E, Şahin F, Güllüce M. Synthesis and biological activity of 4-thiazolidinones, thiosemicarbazides derived from diflunisal hydrazide. Eur J Med Chem 2006; 41:353-9.
  • El-Sabbagh OI, Rady HM. Synthesis of new acridines and hydrazones derived from cyclic β-diketone for cytotoxic and antiviral evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:3680-6.
  • Xu K, Thornalley PJ. Antitumour activity of sphingoid base adducts of phenethyl isothiocyanate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:53-4.
  • He J, Wang X, Zhao X, Liang Y, He H, Fu L. Synthesis and antitumor activity of novel quinazoline derivatives containing thiosemicarbazide moiety. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 54:925-30.
  • Al-Saadi MS, Faidallah HM, Rostom SA. Synthesis and biological evaluation of some 2,4,5-trisubstituted thiazole derivatives as potential antimicrobial and anticancer agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2012; 341:424-34.
  • Çıkla P, Derya Özsavcı D, Bingöl-Özakpınar Ö, Şener A, Çevik Ö, Suna Özbaş-Turan S, Akbuğa J, Şahin F, Küçükgüzel ŞG. Synthesis, cytotoxicity and pro-apoptosis of etodolac hydrazide derivatives as anticancer agents. Arch. Pharm. Chem. Life Sci.2013; in press.
  • Chen Y, Bopda-Waffo A, Basu A, Krishnan R, Silberstein E, Taylor DR, Talele TT, Arora P, Kaushik-Basu N. Characterization of aurintricarboxylic acid as a potent hepatitis C virus replicase inhibitor. Antivir Chem Chemother 2009; 20:19-36.
  • Kaushik-Basu N, Bopda-Waffo A, Talele TT, Basu A, Chen Y, Küçükgüzel ŞG. 4-Thiazolidinones: a novel class of hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase inhibitors. Front Biosci 2008; 13:3857-68.
  • Kaushik-Basu N, Bopda-Waffo A, Talele TT, Basu A, Costa PR, da Silva AJ, Sarafianos SG, Noel F. Identification and characterization of coumestans as novel HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:1482-96.
  • Li H, Tatlock J, Linton A, Gonzalez J, Jewell T, Patel L, Ludlum S, Drowns M, Rahavendran SV, Skor H, Hunter R, Shi ST, Herlihy KJ, Parge H, Hickey M, Yu X, Chau F, Nonomiya J, Lewis C. Discovery of (R)-6-cyclopentyl-6-(2-(2,6-diethylpyridin-4-yl)ethyl)-3-((5,7-dimethyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-2-yl)methyl)-4-hydroxy-5,6-dihydropyran-2-one (PF-00868554) as a potent and orally available hepatitis C virus polymerase inhibitor. J Med Chem 2009; 52:1255-8.
  • Rollas S. Bazı 1-aroil-4-alkil/ariltiyosemikarbazitler. Doğa Bilim Dergisi Tıp 1983; 7:65-72
  • Palaska E, Şahin G, Kelicen P, Durlu NT, Altinok G. Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of 1-acylthiosemicarbazides, 1,3,4-oxadiazoles, 1,3,4-thiadiazoles and 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones. Il Farmaco 2002; 57:101-7.
  • Çapan G, Ulusoy N, Ergenç N, Kiraz M. New 6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole derivates: Synthesis and antifungal activity. Monatsh. für Chemie 1999; 130:1399-407.
  • Küçükgüzel ŞG, Oruç EE, Rollas S, Şahin F, Özbek A. Synthesis, characterisation and biological activity of novel 4-thiazolidinones, 1,3,4-oxadiazoles and some related compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2002; 37:197-206.
  • Wujec M, Stefańska J, Siwek A, Tatarczak M. Synthesis, lipophilicity and antimicrobial activity of new derivatives of thiosemicarbazides and 1,2,4-triazoline-5-thione. Acta Pol Pharm 2009; 66:73-82.
  • Tatar E, Küçükgüzel İ, De Clercq, Şahin F, Güllüce M. Synthesis, characterization and screening of antimicrobial, antituberculosis, antiviral and anticancer activity of novel 1,3-thiazolidine-4-ones derived from 1-[2-(benzoylamino)-4-(methylthio)butyryl]-4-alkyl/ arylalkyl thiosemicarbazides. Arkivoc 2008;, 14:191-210.
  • Gürsoy A, Karali N. Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of new acylthiosemicarbazides and thiazolidones. Il Farmaco 1995; 50:857-66.
  • Abdel-Aziz M, Abdel-Rahman HM. Synthesis and anti-mycobacterial evaluation of some pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45: 3384-8.
  • Salgın-Gökşen U, Gökhan-Kelekçi N, Göktaş Ö, Köysal Y, Kılıç E, Işik Ş, Aktay G, Özalp M.1-Acylthiosemicarbazides, 1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thiones, 1,3,4-thiadiazoles and hydrazones containing 5-methyl-2-benzoxazolinones: Synthesis, analgesic-anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:5738-51.
  • Howe AY, Cheng H, Thompson I, Chunduru SK, Herrmann S, O’Connell J, Agarwal A, Chopra R, Del Vecchio AM. Molecular mechanism of a thumb domain hepatitis C virus nonnucleoside RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:4103-113.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Pelin Çıkla This is me

Payal Arora This is me

Amartya Basu This is me

Tanaji Talele This is me

Neerja Kaushik-basu This is me

Şükriye Küçükgüzel This is me

Publication Date March 7, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 17 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çıkla, P., Arora, P., Basu, A., Talele, T., et al. (2014). Etodolac Thiosemicarbazides: A novel class of hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase inhibitors. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal, 17(2), 138-146. https://doi.org/10.12991/201317382
AMA Çıkla P, Arora P, Basu A, Talele T, Kaushik-basu N, Küçükgüzel Ş. Etodolac Thiosemicarbazides: A novel class of hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase inhibitors. Marmara Pharm J. October 2014;17(2):138-146. doi:10.12991/201317382
Chicago Çıkla, Pelin, Payal Arora, Amartya Basu, Tanaji Talele, Neerja Kaushik-basu, and Şükriye Küçükgüzel. “Etodolac Thiosemicarbazides: A Novel Class of Hepatitis C Virus NS5B Polymerase Inhibitors”. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal 17, no. 2 (October 2014): 138-46. https://doi.org/10.12991/201317382.
EndNote Çıkla P, Arora P, Basu A, Talele T, Kaushik-basu N, Küçükgüzel Ş (October 1, 2014) Etodolac Thiosemicarbazides: A novel class of hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase inhibitors. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal 17 2 138–146.
IEEE P. Çıkla, P. Arora, A. Basu, T. Talele, N. Kaushik-basu, and Ş. Küçükgüzel, “Etodolac Thiosemicarbazides: A novel class of hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase inhibitors”, Marmara Pharm J, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 138–146, 2014, doi: 10.12991/201317382.
ISNAD Çıkla, Pelin et al. “Etodolac Thiosemicarbazides: A Novel Class of Hepatitis C Virus NS5B Polymerase Inhibitors”. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal 17/2 (October 2014), 138-146. https://doi.org/10.12991/201317382.
JAMA Çıkla P, Arora P, Basu A, Talele T, Kaushik-basu N, Küçükgüzel Ş. Etodolac Thiosemicarbazides: A novel class of hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase inhibitors. Marmara Pharm J. 2014;17:138–146.
MLA Çıkla, Pelin et al. “Etodolac Thiosemicarbazides: A Novel Class of Hepatitis C Virus NS5B Polymerase Inhibitors”. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal, vol. 17, no. 2, 2014, pp. 138-46, doi:10.12991/201317382.
Vancouver Çıkla P, Arora P, Basu A, Talele T, Kaushik-basu N, Küçükgüzel Ş. Etodolac Thiosemicarbazides: A novel class of hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase inhibitors. Marmara Pharm J. 2014;17(2):138-46.