The American Christian Right and George Bush's Foreign Policy Towards Sudan

Mohd Afandısalleh; Mohd Abu-hussın; Abdul Mohamed

-

Year 2013, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 9 - 24, 25.10.2013

Mohd Afandısalleh , Mohd Abu-hussın Abdul Mohamed

Abstract

The paper explores the role and activities of the American Christian Right in pursuing its interest in Sudan during the George W. Bush administration . The campaign for global religious freedom and subsequently the introduction of the International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA) in 1998 has stimulated the Christian Right movement to become more focused on broader US foreign policy especially international humanitarian issues in Sudan. Consequently, the Christian Right was seen to successfully raise the awareness of human rights abuses and the humanitarian crisis in Sudan, thus it contributed significantly to the development of US’s global humanitarianism agenda. The issues, such as of the persecution of Sudanese Christians and animists in former Southern Sudan and the humanitarian crisis in Darfur, became important aspects of the Christian Right’s engagement on global humanitarian issues. The paper reveals the aspects of the Christian Right international humanitarian engagement in Sudan and it capability to exert its influence in US foreign policy towards Sudan

Keywords

Christian Right, Evangelicals, George W. Bush’s administration, Humanitar

References

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HERTZKE, A. D. (2004). Freeing God’s Children: The Unlikely Alliance for Global Human Rights. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
HERTZKE, A. D., FARR, T. F., PRODROMOU, E. H., & SULLIVAN, W. F. (2006). Legislating Interna- tional Religious Freedom. Available at http://pewforum.org/events/index.php?EventID=133.
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La FRANCHI, H. (2006). “Evangelized Foreign Policy”, The Christian Science Monitor.
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MAMDANI, M. (2009). Saviors and Survivors: Darfur, Politics and the War on Terror. London: Verso.
MARSDEN L. (2008). For God’s Sake: The Christian Right and U.S. Foreign Policy, London Zed Books.
MARTIN W. (1999). “The Christian Right and American Foreign Policy”, Foreign Policy, Spring, 66.
MOEN M.C. (1988). “Status Politics and the Political Agenda of the Christian Right”, The Sociological Quarterly, 29, 429-437.
MOEN M.C. (1989). The Christian Right and Congress, Tuscaloosa, The University of Alabama Press.
MOOSE, G.E. (1997). U.S. Counterterrorism Policy Toward Sudan, Subcommittee on Africa, Senate For- eign Relations Committee, U.S. Department of State.
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PENKETH, A. (2005). “White House Described Darfur as ‘Genocide’ to Please Christian Right”, The Independent , July 2.
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The American Christian Right and George Bush's Foreign Policy Towards Sudan

Year 2013, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 9 - 24, 25.10.2013

Mohd Afandısalleh , Mohd Abu-hussın Abdul Mohamed

Abstract

Bu makale, Amerika Hristiyan Sağ’ının George W. Bush yönetimi (2001-2009) boyunca,
Sudan’da kovaladığı çıkarların rolü ve faaliyetlerini konu almaktadır. Küresel dini reform kampanyasını
takiben 1998’de tanıtılan Uluslararası Dini Özgürlük Hareketi (IRFA), Hristiyan Sağ hareketinin ABD’nin Sudan’da izlediği uluslararası insani konularda yürüttüğü dış politikaya
daha kapsamlı odaklanmasını sağladı. Sonuç olarak, Hristiyan Sağ Hareketi Sudan’daki insan
hakları ihlalleri ve insani krizler konusunda farkındalığının artmasında başarılı oldu, böylelikle
ABD’nin küresel insani gündeminin geliştirilmesine önemli katkı sağladı. Sudanlı Hristiyanların
gördüğü zulüm ve Eski Güney Sudan’daki animistler, Darfur’daki insani krizler gibi
konular Hristiyan Sağ’ın küresel insani konulara ilişkin önemli sorumlulukları haline geldi.
Bu makale, Hristiyan Sağ’ın Sudan’daki uluslararası insani sorumluluğu ve ABD’nin Sudan’a
yönelik dış politikasını etkilemedeki kapasitesini ortaya koyar.

Keywords

Hristiyan sağ, Evanjelistler, George W. Bush yönetimi, insani sorumluluk, ABD dış politikası, Sudan.

References

A Faith-Based Partisan Divide, (2005). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, Pew Research Center.
ALBRIGHT, M. (2006). The Mighty and the Almighty: Reflections on America, God and World Affairs, New York, Harper Collins Publisher.
AMSTUTZ, M. R. (2008). Evangelicals and U.S. Foreign Policy: From Humanitarianism to Political Advo- cacy. Paper presented at the American Political Science Association Annual Meeting.
Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. (2002). Commission on International Religious Freedom, Department of States.
BERLET, C. and AZIZ, N. (2003). Culture, Religion, Apocalypse and the Middle East Foreign Policy Inter- hemispheric Resource Centre. Available at http://www/irc-online.org
BOSTON R. (1996). The Most Dangerous Man in America?: Pat Robertson and the Rise of the Christian Coalition, Amherst, New York, Prometheus Books.
BOYER P.S. (2005). “Biblical Prophecy and Foreign Policy”, in BADARACO, C. H. (ed.) Quoting God, Waco: Baylor University Press.
BRISCOE, D. (2000). US Impose Sanctions on Sudan. Available at http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/ sanctions/sudan2.htm
BUTLER J.S. (2006). Born Again: The Christian Right Globalized, London, Pluto Press.
CANTOR D. (1994). The Religious Right: The Assault on Tolerance and Pluralism in America, New York, Anti-Defamation League.
CHISMAR, J. (2001). “Sudan’s Holy War”, Religion Today, 8 June.
CLARKSON F. (1997). Eternal Hostility: The Struggle Between Theocracy and Democracy, Monroe, LA, Common Courage Press.
COOPERMAN, A. (2004). “Evangelicals Urge Bush to Do More for Sudan” Washington Post, 3 August.
DAGNE, T. (2003). Sudan: Humanitarian Crisis, Peace Talks, Terrorism, and U.S. Foreign Policy: Con- gressional Research Service.
DAGNE, T. (2004). Sudan: Humanitarian Crisis, Peace Talks, Terrorism, and U.S. Policy: Congessional Research Service.
DAGNE, T. (2006). Sudan: Humanitarian Crisis, Peace Talk, Terrorism, and U.S. Policy: Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division.
DAGNE, T. (2009). Sudan: The Crisis in Darfur and Status of the North-South Peace Agreement: Congres- sional Research Service.
DURHAM M. (2000). The Christian Right, the Far Right and the Boundaries of American Conservatism, Manchester, Manchester University Press.
DURHAM M. (2004). “Evangelical Protestantism and Foreign Policy in the United States after Septem- ber 11”, Patterns of Prejudice, 38.
EDOZIE, R. K. (2009). “Global Citizens and Sudanese Subjects: Reading Mamdani’s Saviours and Survi- vors”, African Affairs, 108 (433), 661-667.
Financial Times (2001, 27 September).
FORE, M. L. (2001). “Shall Weigh Your God and You: Assessing the Imperialistic Implications of the International Religious Freedom Act in Muslim Countries”, Duke Law Journal, 52.
GERHARDT, H. (2008). “Geopolitics, Ethics, and the Evangelicals’ Commitment to Sudan”, Environ- ment and Planning D: Society and Space, 26, 911-928.
GETZ, A. (2007). “Packaging a Tragedy: What the Save Darfur Movement Did Right, where it went wrong - and What Its Strategy Can Teach Us About the Future of Political Advocacy”, News- week, 26 October
GREEN J.C., GUTH J.L., SMIDT C.E. and KELLSTEDT L.A. (1996). Religion and the Culture Wars, Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield.
GREEN J.C., ROZEL M.J. and WILCOX C. (2003). The Christian Right in American Politics, Washington D.C, Georgetown University Press.
GUTH J.L., GREEN J.C., KELLSTEDT L.A. and SMIDT C.E. (1995). “Onward Christian Soldiers: Reli- gious Activist Groups in American Politics”, in CIGLER A.J. and LOOMIS B.A. (eds.) Interest Group Politics, 4 ed. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
HEDGES C. (2006). American Fascists: The Christian Right and the War on America, New York, Free Press.
HERTZKE, A. D. (2004). Freeing God’s Children: The Unlikely Alliance for Global Human Rights. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
HERTZKE, A. D., FARR, T. F., PRODROMOU, E. H., & SULLIVAN, W. F. (2006). Legislating Interna- tional Religious Freedom. Available at http://pewforum.org/events/index.php?EventID=133.
HIRSCH, S. (2001). “Why Sudan Matters”, National Law Journal (1640).
HUFBAUER, G. C., & OEGG, B. (2002). Capital-Market Access: A New Frontier in the Sanctions Debate. Policy Brief 02-06 Available at http://www.piie.com/publications/pb/pb.cfm?ResearchID=57
HULIARAS, A. (2006). “Evangelist, Oil Companies, and Terrorists: The Bush Administration’s Policy towards Sudan”, Orbis, fall.
International Trade Reporter, (2002).
KESSLER, G. (2004). “Powell, in Sudan, Presses for Action”, The Washington Post, July1 .
La FRANCHI, H. (2006). “Evangelized Foreign Policy”, The Christian Science Monitor.
LANZ, D. (2009). “Save Darfur: A Movement and Its Discontents”, African Affairs, 108(433), 669-677.
MAMDANI, M. (2009). Saviors and Survivors: Darfur, Politics and the War on Terror. London: Verso.
MARSDEN L. (2008). For God’s Sake: The Christian Right and U.S. Foreign Policy, London Zed Books.
MARTIN W. (1999). “The Christian Right and American Foreign Policy”, Foreign Policy, Spring, 66.
MOEN M.C. (1988). “Status Politics and the Political Agenda of the Christian Right”, The Sociological Quarterly, 29, 429-437.
MOEN M.C. (1989). The Christian Right and Congress, Tuscaloosa, The University of Alabama Press.
MOOSE, G.E. (1997). U.S. Counterterrorism Policy Toward Sudan, Subcommittee on Africa, Senate For- eign Relations Committee, U.S. Department of State.
MUINDI, M. (2001). “Christian Right Might Inflame War”, Observer Fear, May.
NEUBAUER, C. (2006). “Thousands Rally to Stop the Violence in Darfur”, The Los Angeles Times, May 1.
OLDFIELD D.M. (2004). “The Evangelical Roots of American Unilateralism: The Christian Right’s In- fluence and How to Counter it”, Foreign Policy in Focus.
“Official Pariah Sudan Valuable to America’s War on Terrorism: Despite Once Harboring Bin Laden, Khartoum Regime Has Supplied Key Intelligence” (2005). The Los Angeles Times, 29 April.
PAGE S. (2005). “Christian Right’s Alliances Bend Political Spectrum”, USA TODAY, June 14.
PASTOR, E. R. (2005). “The Flawed Implementation of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998: A European Perspective”, Brigham Young University Law Review, 711-746.
PENKETH, A. (2005). “White House Described Darfur as ‘Genocide’ to Please Christian Right”, The Independent , July 2.
PHARES, W. (1998). “The Sudanese Battle for American Opinion”, Middle East Quarterly (March).
PHILLIPS K. (2005). American Theocracy : The Peril and Politics of Radical Religion, Oil, and Borrowed Money in the 21st Century, New York, Viking Press.
“Religious Freedom” (2008). Available at http://www.state.gov/g/drl/irf
“Religious Right Had Run of Bush White House” (2009). Americans United for Separation of Church and State. Available at http://www/au.org/media/church-and-state/archieves/2009/10/reli- gious-right-had-run-of.html
ROBERTS, K. (2003). “The United States and the World: Changing Approaches to Human Rights Diplo- macy”, Berkeley Journal of International Law, 631.
ROME, J. (2003). “Sudan: Oil and War”, Review of African Political Economy, 30(97), 504-510.
SHIELDS J.A. (2007). “Between Passion and Deliberation: The Christian Right and Democratic Ideals”, Political Science Quarterly, 122, 89-114.
STEELE, J. (2005). “US Neocons, Christian Right and Sudan Conflicts”, Arab News, October 8.
STONE, B. (2006). “The Logic of Human Intervention” Available at htpp://politics.humanbeams.com/ index.php/politics/comments/p1206st
“Strike Hard, But Strike Sure: The Lesson of Sudan 1998” (2001). Available at http://www/espac.org/ usa_sudan_pages/strikes_hard.asp
“Sudan” (2010). Samaritan Purse, Sudan. Available at http://www.samaritanspurse.org/index.php/ Where_We_Work/sudan/
“Sudan Peace Act” (2002). CSI Press Released. Available at http://www.csi-int.org
“Sudan Peace Act H.R. 2052” (2001). Available at http:www.state.gov/documents/organization/19897. pdf.
TAMM, I.J. (2004). Dangerous Appetites: Human Rights Activism and Conflict Commodities. Human Rights Quarterly, 26(3), 687-704.
“Testimony of Richard S. Williamson, The President’s Special Envoy to Sudan” (2008). Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. State Department.
“Testimony of Secretary Collin Powell on the Current Situation in Sudan and Prospect for Peace” (2004). Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. State Department.
WAAL, Ad (2007). “Reflections on the Difficulties of Defining Darfur’s Crisis as Genocide”, Harvard Human Rights Journal, 20.
WATANABE, T. (2000). “Sudan’s Abuse of Religious Freedom Assailed”, Times, B6, May 13.
“What You Need To Know About U.S. Sanctions: An Overview of the Sudanese Sanctions Regulations” (2008). Available at http://www.treas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/programs/sudan/sudan/ pdf
WILCOX C. (1989). “Evangelicals and the Moral Majority”, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28, 400-414.
WILCOX C. (1992). God’s Warrior: The Christian Right in Twentieth-Century America, Baltimore, The John Hopkins University Press.
WILCOX C. and GOMEZ, L. (1990). “The Christian Right and the Pro-Life Movement: An Analysis of the Sources of Political Support”, Review of Religious Research, 31, 380-389.
WISDOM, A. (2009). Personal Interview with Author. Washington D.C.
ZOLL, R. (2006). “Evangelicals Lobby Bush on Sudan Crisis”, Washington Post, October 18.

There are 74 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	Turkish
Subjects	Political Science
Journal Section	Makaleler
Authors	Mohd Afandısalleh Mohd Abu-hussın This is me Abdul Mohamed This is me
Publication Date	October 25, 2013
Published in Issue	Year 2013 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

APA	Afandısalleh, M., Abu-hussın, M., & Mohamed, A. (2013). The American Christian Right and George Bush’s Foreign Policy Towards Sudan. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 9-24.
AMA	Afandısalleh M, Abu-hussın M, Mohamed A. The American Christian Right and George Bush’s Foreign Policy Towards Sudan. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi. October 2013;1(1):9-24.
Chicago	Afandısalleh, Mohd, Mohd Abu-hussın, and Abdul Mohamed. “The American Christian Right and George Bush’s Foreign Policy Towards Sudan”. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi 1, no. 1 (October 2013): 9-24.
EndNote	Afandısalleh M, Abu-hussın M, Mohamed A (October 1, 2013) The American Christian Right and George Bush’s Foreign Policy Towards Sudan. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi 1 1 9–24.
IEEE	M. Afandısalleh, M. Abu-hussın, and A. Mohamed, “The American Christian Right and George Bush’s Foreign Policy Towards Sudan”, Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 9–24, 2013.
ISNAD	Afandısalleh, Mohd et al. “The American Christian Right and George Bush’s Foreign Policy Towards Sudan”. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi 1/1 (October 2013), 9-24.
JAMA	Afandısalleh M, Abu-hussın M, Mohamed A. The American Christian Right and George Bush’s Foreign Policy Towards Sudan. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi. 2013;1:9–24.
MLA	Afandısalleh, Mohd et al. “The American Christian Right and George Bush’s Foreign Policy Towards Sudan”. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 1, no. 1, 2013, pp. 9-24.
Vancouver	Afandısalleh M, Abu-hussın M, Mohamed A. The American Christian Right and George Bush’s Foreign Policy Towards Sudan. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi. 2013;1(1):9-24.

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Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi’nin hakemli akademik yayınıdır. Altı ayda bir yayınlanır. Dergide yayınlanan makalelerdeki görüşler yazarlarına aittir. Yayın Kurulu tarafından benimsendiği anlamına gelmez. Yayın Kurulu, yazının özüne dokunmaksızın gerekli yazım ve cümle değişikliklerini yapma hakkını saklı tutar. Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, ulusal (TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM Sosyal ve Beşerî Bilimler Veri Tabanı) ve uluslararası (EBSCO, ULRICH) alan endekslerinde taranmaktadır.

Journal of Political Science is a peer-reviewed academic journal of Marmara University Faculty of Political Science. The journal is a biannual publication. All the views and opinions expressed in the articles are those of the authors and they do not necessarily reflect the views or opinions of the editor, the editorial board, or the publisher. The editorial board reserves the right to make necessary changes in spelling and sentences without changing content. The journal is indexed by EBSCO International Index, ULRICH's and the ULAKBİM Social and Human Sciences Database.