Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Neoliberal Yönetimsellik ve Konsolosluk Hizmetleri Dış Alımı: Vize İşlemleri Uygulamaları Üzerine bir Analiz

Year 2018, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 97 - 122, 04.04.2018
https://doi.org/10.14782/marusbd.412632

Abstract

2000’li yıllardan bu yana, konsolosluk hizmetleri sadece hükümetlerin sorumluluk alanında olmaktan
çıkmıştır. Bu çalışma, devletin vize hizmetlerini milyonlarca vize başvurusu alan özel firmalara

nasıl bıraktığını incelemektedir. Teorik yaklaşım olarak “yönetimsellik” kavramını benimseyen bu

çalışma konsolosluk hizmetlerinin dış alımı sürecindeki söylemleri şekillendiren anlamları, süreçleri
ve güç konfigürasyonlarını incelemektedir. İçerik analizine dayanan çalışma hükümetlerin küresel
vize politikalarına yönelik politik rasyonelliğinin söylemlerine göreceli olarak nasıl yansıdığını ve
bu söylemlerin devlet ve teknik dokümanlarda nasıl vücut bulduğunu analiz etmektedir. Çalışma,
ihale dokümanları, hizmet anlaşmaları ve hizmet sağlayıcıların feragat beyannamelerine dayanarak,
hükümetlerin ve hizmet sağlayıcıların rollerini, düşünce süreçlerini, mekanizmalarını, pratiklerini
ve aynı zamanda operasyonel süreçlerini araştırmaktadır. Çalışma üç sonucu ortaya koymaktadır.
Birincisi, vize politikalarına yönelik değişen politik rasyonellik (vize kısıtlamasından serbestleşmeye
yönelik) bir söylem değişikliğini işaret etse de bu söylem değişikliği ancak yeni aktörlerin, pratiklerin
ve süreçlerin ortaya çıkmasına yol açmaktan öteye gidememiştir. İkincisi, konsolosluk hizmetleri dış
kaynak kullanımı hükümetler, servis sağlayıcıları ve bireyler arasında ve dahilinde sorumluluk ve hesap
verilebilirlik alanlarında boşlukları ortaya çıkarmıştır. Üçüncüsü, bu boşluklar neoliberal bir biçimde
depolitizasyon, bireyselleştirme, güvensizleştirme yaratmakta ve sorumluluk ile hesap verilebilirlik
anlamında endişelere işaret etmektedir. Bu içerik analizi ışığında, neoliberal yönetimsellik ile birlikte
yeni bir siyaset alanı ortaya çıkmış ve bireyi yasal-siyasal alandan koparmış ve vize süreçlerindeki her
tür riskin sorumluluğunu üstlenecek girişimci bireyler üretmiştir. Bu süreç, devlet ve bireyin, piyasa
temeline dayandırılmış, politik-rasyonalitesini inşa eden bir siyaset alanını işaret emektedir. Böylelikle,
depolitizasyon, vize işlemleri sürecinde neoliberal yönetimselliğin bir stratejisi olarak, bireysel politikrasyonalitenin
merkezi oluşturucu aracı haline gelmiştir.

References

  • Almquist, R., Grossi, G., van Helden, G. J., & Reichard, C. (2013). Public sector governance and accountability. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 24(7-8), 479-487.
  • André, R. (2010). Assessing the accountability of government-sponsored enterprises and quangos. Journal of Business Ethics, 97(2), 271-289.
  • Araral, E. (2009). Privatization and regulation of public services: A framework for institutional analysis, Policy and Society, 27(3), 175-180.
  • Belgium Embassy. (2016). Tenders Documents. Retrieved on May 2, 2017, from http://ted. europa.eu/ udl?uri= TED:NOTICE:284048-2016:TEXT:EN:HTML.
  • Bigo, D., Carrera, S., Guild, E. (2016). Foreigners, refugees or minorities?: Rethinking people in thecontext of border controls and visas. Routledge.
  • Bilbil, E. T. (2017). The Role of the UNWTO in Visa Facilitation: The Diverse Impacts on Tourism Industries of China, Russia and Turkey. International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Management in the Digital Age (IJTHMDA), 1(1), 17-35.
  • BLS International Disclaimer. (2017). Retrieved on May 1, 2017, from https://turkey. blsspainvisa. com/ istanbul/ disclaimer.php.
  • Bovens, M., Goodin, R. E., & Schillemans, T. (2014). The Oxford handbook public accountability. Oxford University Press.
  • Callon, M., Lascoumes, P., & Barthe, Y. (2009). Acting in an uncertain world. MIT Press.
  • Callon, M. & Muniesa, F. (2005). Peripheral vision economic markets as calculative collective devices. Organization studies, 26(8), 1229-1250.
  • Caperchione, E., Demirag, I. & Grossi, G. (2017, April). Public sector reforms and public private partnerships: Overview and research agenda. Accounting Forum (Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 1-7). Elsevier.
  • Cavelty, M., & Suter, M. (2009). Public–private partnerships are no silver bullet: An expanded governance model for critical infrastructure protection. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, 2(4), 179-187.
  • CIBT Visas. (2017). Terms of use. Retrieved on June 11, 2017, from http://cibtvisas.com/ terms-of-use. Consulate General of India in the USA. (2013). Invitation for bids. Retrieved on June 6, 2017, from http:// www.cgihouston.org/ckfinder/userfiles/files/Invitation%20of%20bids% 20uploaded%20on%20 1-3-13(1).doc.
  • Consulate General of Italy in Scotland & Northern Ireland. (2016). Selection procedure for an external service provider. Retrieved on June 5, 2017, from http://www. consedimburgo.esteri.it/ consolato_ edimburgo/resource/doc/2017/01/bozza_bando_outsourcing.pdf.
  • CSC.com. (2010). CSC wins department of state visa application contract. Retrieved on September 4, 2016, from http://www.csc.com/newsroom/press_releases/42905-csc_wins_ department_of_state_visa_ application_contract.
  • Dijstelbloem, H. & Broeders, D. (2015). Border surveillance, mobility management and the shaping of nonpublics in Europe.European Journal of Social Theory, 18(1), 21-38.
  • Economist.com. (2016). A strange sort of welcome. Retrieved on September 4, 2016, from http://www. economist.com/news/business/21684791-governments-are-deterring-business-travellers-andtourists- cumbersome-visa-requirements.
  • Embassy of India, Kuwait. (2013). Invitation for bids. Retrieved on May 5, 2017, from http://www. indembkwt.org/Outsourcing_of_visas_Kuwait.pdf.
  • Embassy of India, Bangkok. (2014). Request for proposal. Retrieved on June 8, 2017, from http://www. indianembassy.in.th/pdf/Final-Revised-RFP-Bangkok-090816.doc.
  • Embassy of India, Netherlands. (2016). Tender for Outsourcing of CPV Services, Retrieved on June 1, 2017, from http://www.indianembassy.nl/eoi.php?id=CPV
  • Embassy of India, Tel Aviv. (2016). Retrieved on May 8, 2017, from https://www.indembassy. co.il/pdf/1_ RFP_Visa_Outsourcing_Tel_Aviv.pdf.
  • Ferguson, J. (1990). The anti-politics machine: ‘development’, depoliticization and bureaucratic power in Lesotho. CUP Archive.
  • Garland, D. (2001). The culture of control: Crime and social order in contemporary society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • German Embassy in New Delhi. (2012). Publication of a non-binding announcement regarding a competition. Retrieved on June 10, 2017, from http://www.india.diplo.de/contentblob/ 3570018/ Daten/2468354/.
  • Germany Embassy in Berlin. (2017). Tender document. Retrieved on May 8, 2017, from http://ted.europa. eu/udl?uri=TED:NOTICE:48333-2017:TEXT:EN:HTML&src=0.
  • Guardian. (2015). Users’ data compromised after technical glitch at home office contractor. Retrieved on September 4, 2016, from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/17/ users-datacompromised- after-technical-glitch-at-home-office-contractor.
  • Grossi, G. & Thomasson, A. (2015). Bridging the accountability gap in hybrid organizations: The case of Copenhagen Malmö Port. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 81(3), 604-620.
  • Gulf Times. (2016). Indian embassy plans to outsource consular services. Retrieved on May 25, 2017, from http://www.gulf-times.com/story/521770/Indian-embassy-plans-to-outsource-consular-service.
  • Hamilton, D. (2011). The transformation of consular affairs: The United States experience. In Melissen, J. & Fernández, A. M. (Eds.). (2011). Consular Affairs and Diplomacy (Vol. 7). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
  • Hobolt, S. B. & Tilley, J. (2014). Blaming Europe?: Responsibility without accountability in the European union. Oxford University Press.
  • Hood, C. (1997). Which contract state? Four perspectives on over‐outsourcing for public services. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 56(3), 120-131.
  • Indian Embassy in Belgium. (2016). Service level agreement, Retrieved on June 1, 2017, from http://www. indembassy.be/pdf/Annexure-1-and-Annexure-2.pdf.
  • Italian Embassy in Jordan. (2012). Call for tender proposal. Retrieved on May 10, 2017, from http://www. ambamman.esteri.it/resource/2012/02/55232_f_amb61Bandooutsourcingrev2.pdf.
  • Janssen, M. & Estevez, E. (2013). Lean government and platform-based governance: Doing more with less. Government Information Quarterly, 30, S1-S8.
  • Kuriyan, R. & Ray, I. (2009). Outsourcing the state? Public-private partnerships and information technologies in India. World Development, 37(10), 1663-1673.
  • Kurunmäki, L. & Miller: (2011). Regulatory hybrids: partnerships, budgeting and modernising government. Management Accounting Research, 22(4), 220-241.
  • Kuula, M., Putkiranta, A., & Tolokas: (2015). The effects of external changes on different actors in a service triad in the public sector: Finnish visa services in Russia. In Vastag, G. (2015). Research in the Decision Sciences for Global Business: Best Papers from the 2013 Annual Conference. Pearson Education.
  • Lazzarato, M. (2009). Neoliberalism in action: Inequality, insecurity and the reconstitution of the social. Theory, Culture, Society, 26, 109.
  • Lemke, T. (2001). The birth of bio-politics: Michel Foucault’s lecture at the Collège de France on neo-liberal governmentality. Economy and Society, 30, 2, 190–207
  • Lemke, T. (2013). Foucault, politics and failure. Foucault, biopolitics and governmentality, (p. 35-52). In Nilsson, J., & Wallenstein, S. O. (Eds.). (2013). Foucault, biopolitics, and governmentality. Södertörn University.
  • Margetts, H. (2009). Public management change and e-government: the emergence of digital-era governance. Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics, 119-131.
  • Miller, P. & Rose, N. (2008). Governing the present: Administering economic, social and personal life. Polity. NCOA. (2014). Outsourcing visa processing. Retrieved on May 20, 2017, from http://www.ncoa. gov.au/ report/appendix-vol-2/10-11-outsourcing-visa-processing.html.
  • Osborne, S. P. (Ed.). (2010). The new public governance: Emerging perspectives on the theory and practice of public governance. Routledge.
  • Raco, M. (2014). The post-politics of sustainability planning: Privatisation and the demise of democratic government (pp. 25-47). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • SC Magazine. (2015). Exclusive: Visa application portal closed following SC magazine investigation. Retrieved on September 4, 2016, from http://www.scmagazine.com/exclusive-visa-application-portal-closedfollowing- sc-magazine-investigation/article/427675/3/.
  • ScandAsia.com. (2016). Visa to Denmark not possible until further notice. Retrieved on September 4, 2016, from http://scandasia.com/visa-to-denmark-not-possible-until-further-notice/.
  • Sinclair, A. (1995). The chameleon of accountability: Forms and discourses. Accounting, organizations and Society, 20(2-3), 219-237.
  • T20 Merida Declaration. (2012). 4th T20 Meeting. merida: Mexico. Retrieved on January 8, 2016, from http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/final_declaration_t20_ merida.pdf.
  • TLS. (2013). Joint visa application center. Retrieved on May 3, 2017, from http://corp. tlscontact.com/ experiences/joint_visa_application_center.ip?locale=en .
  • TT Services Disclaimer. (2017). Retrieved on June 10, 2017, from http://www.ttsvisas.com/ privacy-policy/. UNWTO. (2012) Minister’s Debate. Retrieved on January 26, 2016, from http://media. unwto.org/pressrelease/ 2012-10-30/tourism-ministers-debate-barriers-travel.
  • Van Puymbroeck, N., & Oosterlynck, S. (2014). Opening up the post-political condition: Multiculturalism and the matrix of depoliticisation. The post-political and its discontents-Spaces of depoliticization, spectres of radical politics, 86-108.
  • Venn, C. (2009). Neoliberal Political Economy, Biopolitics and Colonialism: A Transcolonial genealogy of inequality. Theory, Culture, Society, 26, 206.
  • VFS Global Disclaimer. (2017). Retrieved on June 3, 2017, from http://www.vfsattestation.com/ disclaimer.asp. VFS Disclaimer to Germany in UK. (2017). Retrieved on June 3, 2017, from http://www. vfsglobal. com/ germany/uk/disclaimer.html.
  • VFS Disclaimer to Germany in Ukraine. (2017). Retrieved on June 3, 2017, from http://www.germanyvac-ua. com/english/disclaimer_and_privacy_policy.html.
  • VFS Global Disclaimer, Embassy of India in Moscow. (2017). Retrieved from http://www.vfsglobal.com/ netherlands/russia/english/disclaimer.html, June 3, 2017.
  • Wesseling, M., & Boniface, J. (2011). New Trends in European Consular Services: Visa Policy in the EU Neighbourhood. In Consular Affairs and Diplomacy (pp. 115-142). Brill.
  • ZeroPoint. (2010). Governments are outsourcing handling of visa applications to private companies, Retrieved on May 16, 2017, from https://zeropointfield.wordpress.com/2010/ 04/04/govermentsare- outsourcing-handling-of-visa-applications-to-private-companies/.

Neoliberal Governmentality and Consular Outsourcing: An Analysis on Visa Processing Arrangements

Year 2018, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 97 - 122, 04.04.2018
https://doi.org/10.14782/marusbd.412632

Abstract

Since the 2000s, consular services have not been the only arena that fits into the government’s
responsibility. This paper examines how the state transfers visa services to private companies that
manage millions of visa applications each year. A theoretical focus on “governmentality” was undertaken
by examining the discourses that shape the meaning, processes, and power configuration of consular
outsourcing. Employing a content analysis, this study examines how political rationalities of governments
are reflected in their discourses in terms of global visa policies, as well as how these discourses are
embodied in public documents as technical devices. Based on analysis of tender documents, service
level agreements, and the service providers’ disclaimer statements, this study examines the role of
governments and service providers, their thought processes, mechanisms, practices, and processes
in the operationalization of consular outsourcing. This paper reveals three main outcomes. First, the
change of political rationalities in visa policies pointed to a change in discourse (from visa restriction to
visa liberalization), yet the visa processes have not liberalized or facilitated, and this discourse change
only resulted in the inclusion of new actors, practices, and processes. Second, consular outsourcing
created gaps in/between responsibility and accountability of governments and service providers to
individuals. Third, these gaps entail depoliticization, individualization, and insecuritization in a
neoliberal form and create concerns regarding responsibility and accountability. In light of this content
analysis provided with this paper, a new area of politics that emerges with neoliberal governmentalism
detaches individuals from the legal-political sphere and produces enterprise individuals who will
become responsible for any risks associated with visa applications. This process signifies a policy that
constructs the political rationalities of the state and individual based on the market principles. As such,
depoliticization as a strategy of neoliberal governmentality becomes the central device of individual
political rationality that is established visa processing arrangements.

References

  • Almquist, R., Grossi, G., van Helden, G. J., & Reichard, C. (2013). Public sector governance and accountability. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 24(7-8), 479-487.
  • André, R. (2010). Assessing the accountability of government-sponsored enterprises and quangos. Journal of Business Ethics, 97(2), 271-289.
  • Araral, E. (2009). Privatization and regulation of public services: A framework for institutional analysis, Policy and Society, 27(3), 175-180.
  • Belgium Embassy. (2016). Tenders Documents. Retrieved on May 2, 2017, from http://ted. europa.eu/ udl?uri= TED:NOTICE:284048-2016:TEXT:EN:HTML.
  • Bigo, D., Carrera, S., Guild, E. (2016). Foreigners, refugees or minorities?: Rethinking people in thecontext of border controls and visas. Routledge.
  • Bilbil, E. T. (2017). The Role of the UNWTO in Visa Facilitation: The Diverse Impacts on Tourism Industries of China, Russia and Turkey. International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Management in the Digital Age (IJTHMDA), 1(1), 17-35.
  • BLS International Disclaimer. (2017). Retrieved on May 1, 2017, from https://turkey. blsspainvisa. com/ istanbul/ disclaimer.php.
  • Bovens, M., Goodin, R. E., & Schillemans, T. (2014). The Oxford handbook public accountability. Oxford University Press.
  • Callon, M., Lascoumes, P., & Barthe, Y. (2009). Acting in an uncertain world. MIT Press.
  • Callon, M. & Muniesa, F. (2005). Peripheral vision economic markets as calculative collective devices. Organization studies, 26(8), 1229-1250.
  • Caperchione, E., Demirag, I. & Grossi, G. (2017, April). Public sector reforms and public private partnerships: Overview and research agenda. Accounting Forum (Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 1-7). Elsevier.
  • Cavelty, M., & Suter, M. (2009). Public–private partnerships are no silver bullet: An expanded governance model for critical infrastructure protection. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, 2(4), 179-187.
  • CIBT Visas. (2017). Terms of use. Retrieved on June 11, 2017, from http://cibtvisas.com/ terms-of-use. Consulate General of India in the USA. (2013). Invitation for bids. Retrieved on June 6, 2017, from http:// www.cgihouston.org/ckfinder/userfiles/files/Invitation%20of%20bids% 20uploaded%20on%20 1-3-13(1).doc.
  • Consulate General of Italy in Scotland & Northern Ireland. (2016). Selection procedure for an external service provider. Retrieved on June 5, 2017, from http://www. consedimburgo.esteri.it/ consolato_ edimburgo/resource/doc/2017/01/bozza_bando_outsourcing.pdf.
  • CSC.com. (2010). CSC wins department of state visa application contract. Retrieved on September 4, 2016, from http://www.csc.com/newsroom/press_releases/42905-csc_wins_ department_of_state_visa_ application_contract.
  • Dijstelbloem, H. & Broeders, D. (2015). Border surveillance, mobility management and the shaping of nonpublics in Europe.European Journal of Social Theory, 18(1), 21-38.
  • Economist.com. (2016). A strange sort of welcome. Retrieved on September 4, 2016, from http://www. economist.com/news/business/21684791-governments-are-deterring-business-travellers-andtourists- cumbersome-visa-requirements.
  • Embassy of India, Kuwait. (2013). Invitation for bids. Retrieved on May 5, 2017, from http://www. indembkwt.org/Outsourcing_of_visas_Kuwait.pdf.
  • Embassy of India, Bangkok. (2014). Request for proposal. Retrieved on June 8, 2017, from http://www. indianembassy.in.th/pdf/Final-Revised-RFP-Bangkok-090816.doc.
  • Embassy of India, Netherlands. (2016). Tender for Outsourcing of CPV Services, Retrieved on June 1, 2017, from http://www.indianembassy.nl/eoi.php?id=CPV
  • Embassy of India, Tel Aviv. (2016). Retrieved on May 8, 2017, from https://www.indembassy. co.il/pdf/1_ RFP_Visa_Outsourcing_Tel_Aviv.pdf.
  • Ferguson, J. (1990). The anti-politics machine: ‘development’, depoliticization and bureaucratic power in Lesotho. CUP Archive.
  • Garland, D. (2001). The culture of control: Crime and social order in contemporary society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • German Embassy in New Delhi. (2012). Publication of a non-binding announcement regarding a competition. Retrieved on June 10, 2017, from http://www.india.diplo.de/contentblob/ 3570018/ Daten/2468354/.
  • Germany Embassy in Berlin. (2017). Tender document. Retrieved on May 8, 2017, from http://ted.europa. eu/udl?uri=TED:NOTICE:48333-2017:TEXT:EN:HTML&src=0.
  • Guardian. (2015). Users’ data compromised after technical glitch at home office contractor. Retrieved on September 4, 2016, from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/17/ users-datacompromised- after-technical-glitch-at-home-office-contractor.
  • Grossi, G. & Thomasson, A. (2015). Bridging the accountability gap in hybrid organizations: The case of Copenhagen Malmö Port. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 81(3), 604-620.
  • Gulf Times. (2016). Indian embassy plans to outsource consular services. Retrieved on May 25, 2017, from http://www.gulf-times.com/story/521770/Indian-embassy-plans-to-outsource-consular-service.
  • Hamilton, D. (2011). The transformation of consular affairs: The United States experience. In Melissen, J. & Fernández, A. M. (Eds.). (2011). Consular Affairs and Diplomacy (Vol. 7). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
  • Hobolt, S. B. & Tilley, J. (2014). Blaming Europe?: Responsibility without accountability in the European union. Oxford University Press.
  • Hood, C. (1997). Which contract state? Four perspectives on over‐outsourcing for public services. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 56(3), 120-131.
  • Indian Embassy in Belgium. (2016). Service level agreement, Retrieved on June 1, 2017, from http://www. indembassy.be/pdf/Annexure-1-and-Annexure-2.pdf.
  • Italian Embassy in Jordan. (2012). Call for tender proposal. Retrieved on May 10, 2017, from http://www. ambamman.esteri.it/resource/2012/02/55232_f_amb61Bandooutsourcingrev2.pdf.
  • Janssen, M. & Estevez, E. (2013). Lean government and platform-based governance: Doing more with less. Government Information Quarterly, 30, S1-S8.
  • Kuriyan, R. & Ray, I. (2009). Outsourcing the state? Public-private partnerships and information technologies in India. World Development, 37(10), 1663-1673.
  • Kurunmäki, L. & Miller: (2011). Regulatory hybrids: partnerships, budgeting and modernising government. Management Accounting Research, 22(4), 220-241.
  • Kuula, M., Putkiranta, A., & Tolokas: (2015). The effects of external changes on different actors in a service triad in the public sector: Finnish visa services in Russia. In Vastag, G. (2015). Research in the Decision Sciences for Global Business: Best Papers from the 2013 Annual Conference. Pearson Education.
  • Lazzarato, M. (2009). Neoliberalism in action: Inequality, insecurity and the reconstitution of the social. Theory, Culture, Society, 26, 109.
  • Lemke, T. (2001). The birth of bio-politics: Michel Foucault’s lecture at the Collège de France on neo-liberal governmentality. Economy and Society, 30, 2, 190–207
  • Lemke, T. (2013). Foucault, politics and failure. Foucault, biopolitics and governmentality, (p. 35-52). In Nilsson, J., & Wallenstein, S. O. (Eds.). (2013). Foucault, biopolitics, and governmentality. Södertörn University.
  • Margetts, H. (2009). Public management change and e-government: the emergence of digital-era governance. Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics, 119-131.
  • Miller, P. & Rose, N. (2008). Governing the present: Administering economic, social and personal life. Polity. NCOA. (2014). Outsourcing visa processing. Retrieved on May 20, 2017, from http://www.ncoa. gov.au/ report/appendix-vol-2/10-11-outsourcing-visa-processing.html.
  • Osborne, S. P. (Ed.). (2010). The new public governance: Emerging perspectives on the theory and practice of public governance. Routledge.
  • Raco, M. (2014). The post-politics of sustainability planning: Privatisation and the demise of democratic government (pp. 25-47). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • SC Magazine. (2015). Exclusive: Visa application portal closed following SC magazine investigation. Retrieved on September 4, 2016, from http://www.scmagazine.com/exclusive-visa-application-portal-closedfollowing- sc-magazine-investigation/article/427675/3/.
  • ScandAsia.com. (2016). Visa to Denmark not possible until further notice. Retrieved on September 4, 2016, from http://scandasia.com/visa-to-denmark-not-possible-until-further-notice/.
  • Sinclair, A. (1995). The chameleon of accountability: Forms and discourses. Accounting, organizations and Society, 20(2-3), 219-237.
  • T20 Merida Declaration. (2012). 4th T20 Meeting. merida: Mexico. Retrieved on January 8, 2016, from http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/final_declaration_t20_ merida.pdf.
  • TLS. (2013). Joint visa application center. Retrieved on May 3, 2017, from http://corp. tlscontact.com/ experiences/joint_visa_application_center.ip?locale=en .
  • TT Services Disclaimer. (2017). Retrieved on June 10, 2017, from http://www.ttsvisas.com/ privacy-policy/. UNWTO. (2012) Minister’s Debate. Retrieved on January 26, 2016, from http://media. unwto.org/pressrelease/ 2012-10-30/tourism-ministers-debate-barriers-travel.
  • Van Puymbroeck, N., & Oosterlynck, S. (2014). Opening up the post-political condition: Multiculturalism and the matrix of depoliticisation. The post-political and its discontents-Spaces of depoliticization, spectres of radical politics, 86-108.
  • Venn, C. (2009). Neoliberal Political Economy, Biopolitics and Colonialism: A Transcolonial genealogy of inequality. Theory, Culture, Society, 26, 206.
  • VFS Global Disclaimer. (2017). Retrieved on June 3, 2017, from http://www.vfsattestation.com/ disclaimer.asp. VFS Disclaimer to Germany in UK. (2017). Retrieved on June 3, 2017, from http://www. vfsglobal. com/ germany/uk/disclaimer.html.
  • VFS Disclaimer to Germany in Ukraine. (2017). Retrieved on June 3, 2017, from http://www.germanyvac-ua. com/english/disclaimer_and_privacy_policy.html.
  • VFS Global Disclaimer, Embassy of India in Moscow. (2017). Retrieved from http://www.vfsglobal.com/ netherlands/russia/english/disclaimer.html, June 3, 2017.
  • Wesseling, M., & Boniface, J. (2011). New Trends in European Consular Services: Visa Policy in the EU Neighbourhood. In Consular Affairs and Diplomacy (pp. 115-142). Brill.
  • ZeroPoint. (2010). Governments are outsourcing handling of visa applications to private companies, Retrieved on May 16, 2017, from https://zeropointfield.wordpress.com/2010/ 04/04/govermentsare- outsourcing-handling-of-visa-applications-to-private-companies/.
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Ebru Tekin Bilbil This is me

Publication Date April 4, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Tekin Bilbil, E. (2018). Neoliberal Governmentality and Consular Outsourcing: An Analysis on Visa Processing Arrangements. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(1), 97-122. https://doi.org/10.14782/marusbd.412632
AMA Tekin Bilbil E. Neoliberal Governmentality and Consular Outsourcing: An Analysis on Visa Processing Arrangements. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi. March 2018;6(1):97-122. doi:10.14782/marusbd.412632
Chicago Tekin Bilbil, Ebru. “Neoliberal Governmentality and Consular Outsourcing: An Analysis on Visa Processing Arrangements”. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi 6, no. 1 (March 2018): 97-122. https://doi.org/10.14782/marusbd.412632.
EndNote Tekin Bilbil E (March 1, 2018) Neoliberal Governmentality and Consular Outsourcing: An Analysis on Visa Processing Arrangements. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi 6 1 97–122.
IEEE E. Tekin Bilbil, “Neoliberal Governmentality and Consular Outsourcing: An Analysis on Visa Processing Arrangements”, Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 97–122, 2018, doi: 10.14782/marusbd.412632.
ISNAD Tekin Bilbil, Ebru. “Neoliberal Governmentality and Consular Outsourcing: An Analysis on Visa Processing Arrangements”. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi 6/1 (March 2018), 97-122. https://doi.org/10.14782/marusbd.412632.
JAMA Tekin Bilbil E. Neoliberal Governmentality and Consular Outsourcing: An Analysis on Visa Processing Arrangements. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi. 2018;6:97–122.
MLA Tekin Bilbil, Ebru. “Neoliberal Governmentality and Consular Outsourcing: An Analysis on Visa Processing Arrangements”. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 1, 2018, pp. 97-122, doi:10.14782/marusbd.412632.
Vancouver Tekin Bilbil E. Neoliberal Governmentality and Consular Outsourcing: An Analysis on Visa Processing Arrangements. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi. 2018;6(1):97-122.

Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi’nin hakemli akademik yayınıdır. Altı ayda bir yayınlanır. Dergide yayınlanan makalelerdeki görüşler yazarlarına aittir. Yayın Kurulu tarafından benimsendiği anlamına gelmez. Yayın Kurulu, yazının özüne dokunmaksızın gerekli yazım ve cümle değişikliklerini yapma hakkını saklı tutar. Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, ulusal (TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM Sosyal ve Beşerî Bilimler Veri Tabanı) ve uluslararası (EBSCO, ULRICH) alan endekslerinde taranmaktadır.  

 

Journal of Political Science is a peer-reviewed academic journal of Marmara University Faculty of Political Science. The journal is a biannual publication. All the views and opinions expressed in the articles are those of the authors and they do not necessarily reflect the views or opinions of the editor, the editorial board, or the publisher. The editorial board reserves the right to make necessary changes in spelling and sentences without changing content. The journal is indexed by EBSCO International Index, ULRICH's and the ULAKBİM Social and Human Sciences Database.