Neoliberal Yönetimsellik ve Konsolosluk Hizmetleri Dış Alımı: Vize İşlemleri Uygulamaları Üzerine bir Analiz

Year 2018, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 97 - 122, 04.04.2018

Ebru Tekin Bilbil

https://doi.org/10.14782/marusbd.412632

Abstract

2000’li yıllardan bu yana, konsolosluk hizmetleri sadece hükümetlerin sorumluluk alanında olmaktan
çıkmıştır. Bu çalışma, devletin vize hizmetlerini milyonlarca vize başvurusu alan özel firmalara

nasıl bıraktığını incelemektedir. Teorik yaklaşım olarak “yönetimsellik” kavramını benimseyen bu

çalışma konsolosluk hizmetlerinin dış alımı sürecindeki söylemleri şekillendiren anlamları, süreçleri
ve güç konfigürasyonlarını incelemektedir. İçerik analizine dayanan çalışma hükümetlerin küresel
vize politikalarına yönelik politik rasyonelliğinin söylemlerine göreceli olarak nasıl yansıdığını ve
bu söylemlerin devlet ve teknik dokümanlarda nasıl vücut bulduğunu analiz etmektedir. Çalışma,
ihale dokümanları, hizmet anlaşmaları ve hizmet sağlayıcıların feragat beyannamelerine dayanarak,
hükümetlerin ve hizmet sağlayıcıların rollerini, düşünce süreçlerini, mekanizmalarını, pratiklerini
ve aynı zamanda operasyonel süreçlerini araştırmaktadır. Çalışma üç sonucu ortaya koymaktadır.
Birincisi, vize politikalarına yönelik değişen politik rasyonellik (vize kısıtlamasından serbestleşmeye
yönelik) bir söylem değişikliğini işaret etse de bu söylem değişikliği ancak yeni aktörlerin, pratiklerin
ve süreçlerin ortaya çıkmasına yol açmaktan öteye gidememiştir. İkincisi, konsolosluk hizmetleri dış
kaynak kullanımı hükümetler, servis sağlayıcıları ve bireyler arasında ve dahilinde sorumluluk ve hesap
verilebilirlik alanlarında boşlukları ortaya çıkarmıştır. Üçüncüsü, bu boşluklar neoliberal bir biçimde
depolitizasyon, bireyselleştirme, güvensizleştirme yaratmakta ve sorumluluk ile hesap verilebilirlik
anlamında endişelere işaret etmektedir. Bu içerik analizi ışığında, neoliberal yönetimsellik ile birlikte
yeni bir siyaset alanı ortaya çıkmış ve bireyi yasal-siyasal alandan koparmış ve vize süreçlerindeki her
tür riskin sorumluluğunu üstlenecek girişimci bireyler üretmiştir. Bu süreç, devlet ve bireyin, piyasa
temeline dayandırılmış, politik-rasyonalitesini inşa eden bir siyaset alanını işaret emektedir. Böylelikle,
depolitizasyon, vize işlemleri sürecinde neoliberal yönetimselliğin bir stratejisi olarak, bireysel politikrasyonalitenin
merkezi oluşturucu aracı haline gelmiştir.

Keywords

Vize Hizmeti, Konsolosluk, Dış Kaynak Kullanımı, Sorumluluk, Hükümet, Hesap Verebilirlik

Neoliberal Governmentality and Consular Outsourcing: An Analysis on Visa Processing Arrangements

Abstract

Since the 2000s, consular services have not been the only arena that fits into the government’s
responsibility. This paper examines how the state transfers visa services to private companies that
manage millions of visa applications each year. A theoretical focus on “governmentality” was undertaken
by examining the discourses that shape the meaning, processes, and power configuration of consular
outsourcing. Employing a content analysis, this study examines how political rationalities of governments
are reflected in their discourses in terms of global visa policies, as well as how these discourses are
embodied in public documents as technical devices. Based on analysis of tender documents, service
level agreements, and the service providers’ disclaimer statements, this study examines the role of
governments and service providers, their thought processes, mechanisms, practices, and processes
in the operationalization of consular outsourcing. This paper reveals three main outcomes. First, the
change of political rationalities in visa policies pointed to a change in discourse (from visa restriction to
visa liberalization), yet the visa processes have not liberalized or facilitated, and this discourse change
only resulted in the inclusion of new actors, practices, and processes. Second, consular outsourcing
created gaps in/between responsibility and accountability of governments and service providers to
individuals. Third, these gaps entail depoliticization, individualization, and insecuritization in a
neoliberal form and create concerns regarding responsibility and accountability. In light of this content
analysis provided with this paper, a new area of politics that emerges with neoliberal governmentalism
detaches individuals from the legal-political sphere and produces enterprise individuals who will
become responsible for any risks associated with visa applications. This process signifies a policy that
constructs the political rationalities of the state and individual based on the market principles. As such,
depoliticization as a strategy of neoliberal governmentality becomes the central device of individual
political rationality that is established visa processing arrangements.

Keywords

Visa, Service, Consular, Outsourcing, Responsibility, Government, Accountability

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