Effects of Different Carbon Sources on Growth and Some Innate Immune Responses of Russian Sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) in Biofloc Systems

Abstract

The Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) species is in high demand owing to its valuable caviar. Therefore, it is in danger of extinction. Since the Russian sturgeon reaches sexual maturity late in its life cycle, this species has a high economic cost for farmers. However, this high cost can be reduced with an environmentally friendly system called biofloc technology. This study compared the growth performance and health indicators of biofloc groups using different carbon sources such as starch (BS), molasses (BM) and dextrose (BD). In the 60-day study, fish with an average initial weight of 106.44±5.79 g were stocked in tanks at a density of 21 fish/tank (0.4 m3/tank). The water temperature was set at 19 ℃ degrees throughout the study. On the 30th and 60th days of the experiment, fish were weighted to measure the growth parameters and sampled for immune indices. No mortality was observed in any group throughout the study. A between group comparison of weight gain revealed that BS and BM (105.51±2.26; 100.50±2.18) performed better than the control (BC, without external carbon sources) and BD groups (95.90±2.09; 87.36±2.18) (P<0.05). Furthermore, FCR and SGR were calculated from the data obtained at the end of the experiment, and the data shows that the BS and BM groups were statistically more effective than the other groups. Moreover, a comparison of NBT, lysozyme and myeloperoxidase enzyme activities indicated that all BFT groups had a stronger immune system than the control group (P<0.05). According to the results, the immune-enhancing effect of BFT for sturgeon was determined, and it was reported that BS and BM are more suitable for use in this species in terms of FCR and SGR, as they result an economic and environmentally friendly production.

Keywords

• Aquaculture
• Biofloc
• Sturgeon
• Fish

References

1. Adineh, H., Naderi, M., Hamidi, M. K., & Harsij, M. (2019). Biofloc technology improves growth, innate immune responses, oxidative status, and resistance to acute stress in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) under high stocking density. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 95, 440-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.057
2. Aghabarari, M., Abdali, S., & Yousefi Jourdehi, A. (2021). The effect of Biofloc system on water quality, growth and hematological indices of Juvenile great sturgeon (Huso huso). Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 20(5), 1467-1482.
3. Ahmad, I., Babitha Rani, A. M., Verma, A. K., & Maqsood, M. (2017). Biofloc technology: An emerging avenue in aquatic animal healthcare and nutrition. Aquaculture International, 25(3), 1215-1226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-016-0108-8
4. Asaduzzaman, M., Wahab, M. A., Verdegem, M. C. J., Huque, S., Salam, M. A., & Azim, M. E. (2008). C/N ratio control and substrate addition for periphyton development jointly enhance freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii production in ponds. Aquaculture, 280(1-4), 117-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.04.019
5. Assefa, A., & Abunna, F. (2018). Maintenance of fish health in aquaculture: review of epidemiological approaches for prevention and control of infectious disease of fish. Veterinary Medicine International, 2018, 5432497. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5432497
6. Avnimelech, Y. (1999). Carbon/nitrogen ratio as a control element in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture, 176(3-4), 227-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00085-X
7. Avnimelech, Y. (2007). Feeding with microbial flocs by tilapia in minimal discharge bio-flocs technology ponds. Aquaculture, 264(1-4), 140-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.11.025
8. Avnimelech, Y. (2015). Biofloc technology: A practical hand book. World Aquaculture Society.

9. Bossier, P., & Ekasari, J. (2017). Biofloc technology application in aquaculture to support sustainable development goals. Microbial Biotechnology, 10(5), 1012-1016. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.12836
10. Bronzi, P., Chebanov, M., Michaels, J. T., Wei, Q., Rosenthal, H., & Gessner, J. (2019). Sturgeon meat and caviar production: Global update 2017. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 35(1), 257-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13870
11. Das, R., Raman, R. P., Saha, H., & Singh, R. (2015). Effect of Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Tulsi) extract on the immunity and survival of Labeo rohita (Hamilton) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquaculture Research, 46(5), 1111-1121. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12264
12. Dauda, A. B., Romano, N., Ebrahimi, M., Teh, J. C., Ajadi, A., Chong, C. M., Karim, M., Natrah, I., & Kamarudin, M. S. (2018). Influence of carbon/nitrogen ratios on biofloc production and biochemical composition and subsequent effects on the growth, physiological status and disease resistance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) cultured in glycerol-based biofloc systems. Aquaculture, 483, 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.10.016
13. Durigon, E. G., Lazzari, R., Uczay, J., de Alcântara Lopes, D. L., Jerônimo, G. T., Sgnaulin, T., & Emerenciano, M. G. C. (2020). Biofloc technology (BFT): Adjusting the levels of digestible protein and digestible energy in diets of Nile tilapia juveniles raised in brackish water. Aquaculture and Fisheries, 5(1), 42-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2019.07.001
14. Ekasari, J., Azhar, M. H., Surawidjaja, E. H., Nuryati, S., De Schryver, P., & Bossier, P. (2014). Immune response and disease resistance of shrimp fed biofloc grown on different carbon sources. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 41(2), 332-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2014.09.004
15. Ellis, R. H., Hong, T. D., & Roberts, E. H. (1990). An intermediate category of seed storage behaviour? I. Coffee. Journal of Experimental Botany, 41(9), 1167-1174. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/41.9.1167
16. Emerenciano, M. G. C., Martínez-Córdova, L. R., Martínez-Porchas, M., & Miranda-Baeza, A. (2017). Biofloc technology (BFT): A tool for water quality management in aquaculture (pp. 92-109). In Tutu, H. (Ed.)., Water quality. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/66416
17. Gupta, S. K., Pal, A. K., Sahu, N. P., Dalvi, R., Kumar, V., & Mukherjee, S. C. (2008). Microbial levan in the diet of Labeo rohita Hamilton juveniles: Effect on non‐specific immunity and histopathological changes after challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila. Journal of Fish Diseases, 31(9), 649-657. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2008.00939.x
18. Hoang, M. N., Nguyen, P. N., & Bossier, P. (2020). Water quality, animal performance, nutrient budgets and microbial community in the biofloc-based polyculture system of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei and gray mullet, Mugil cephalus. Aquaculture, 515, 734610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734610
19. Jeney, G. (Ed.). (2017). Fish diseases: prevention and control strategies. Academic Press.
20. Ju, Z. Y., Forster, I., Conquest, L., & Dominy, W. (2008). Enhanced growth effects on shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) from inclusion of whole shrimp floc or floc fractions to a formulated diet. Aquaculture Nutrition, 14(6), 533–543. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2007.00559.x
21. Khanjani, M. H., Sajjadi, M. M., Alizadeh, M., & Sourinejad, I. (2017). Nursery performance of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931) cultivated in a biofloc system: the effect of adding different carbon sources. Aquaculture Research, 48(4), 1491-1501. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12985
22. Khanjani, M. H., & Sharifinia, M. (2020). Biofloc technology as a promising tool to improve aquaculture production. Reviews in Aquaculture, 12(3), 1836-1850. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12412
23. Khanjani, M. H., Alizadeh, M., & Sharifinia, M. (2021). Effects of different carbon sources on water quality, biofloc quality, and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings in a heterotrophic culture system. Aquaculture International, 29(1), 307-321. https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2022-0025
24. Khanjani, M. H., Mohammadi, A., & Emerenciano, M. G. C. (2022). Microorganisms in biofloc aquaculture system. Aquaculture Reports, 26, 101300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2022.101300
25. Komara, A. M., El‐Sayed, A. F. M., Hamdan, A. M., & Makled, S. O. (2022). Use of two freshwater macrophytes, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum), as carbohydrate sources in biofloc system for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture Research, 53(8), 3112-3126. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15824
26. Korchunov A. A. (2012). Dynamics of the biochemical composition of the body and sex products of the sterlet (Acipencer ruthenus Linnaeus, 1758) from natural populations and cultivated fish (pp. 136-143). Series Fisheries No:1. Publishing House of ASTU. [in Russian].
27. Liu, H., Li, H., Wei, H., Zhu, X., Han, D., Jin, J., ... & Xie, S. (2019). Biofloc formation improves water quality and fish yield in a freshwater pond aquaculture system. Aquaculture, 506, 256-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.03.031
28. Mansour, A. T., & Esteban, M. Á. (2017). Effects of carbon sources and plant protein levels in a biofloc system on growth performance, and the immune and antioxidant status of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 64, 202-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.025
29. Maqsood, S., Samoon, M. H., & Singh, P. (2009). Immunomodulatory and growth promoting effect of dietary levamisole in Cyprinus carpio fingerlings against the challenge of Aeromonas hydrophila. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 9(1), 111-120.
30. Mirzakhani, N., Ebrahimi, E., Jalali, S. A. H., & Ekasari, J. (2019). Growth performance, intestinal morphology and nonspecific immunity response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry cultured in biofloc systems with different carbon sources and input C:N ratios. Aquaculture, 512, 734235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734235
31. Misra, C. K., Das, B. K., Mukherjee, S. C., & Pattnaik, P. (2006). Effect of long term administration of dietary β-glucan on immunity, growth and survival of Labeo rohita fingerlings. Aquaculture, 255(1-4), 82-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.12.009
32. Mugwanya, M., Dawood, M. A., Kimera, F., & Sewilam, H. (2021). Biofloc systems for sustainable production of economically important aquatic species: A review. Sustainability, 13(13), 7255. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137255
33. Najdegerami, E. H., Bakhshi, F., & Lakani, F. B. (2016). Effects of biofloc on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities and liver histology of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fingerlings in zero-water exchange system. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 42(2), 457-465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-015-0151-9
34. Ogello, E. O., Outa, N. O., Obiero, K. O., Kyule, D. N., & Munguti, J. M. (2021). The prospects of biofloc technology (BFT) for sustainable aquaculture development. Scientific African, 14, e01053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e01053
35. Panigrahi, A., Sundaram, M., Saranya, C., Swain, S., Dash, R. R., & Dayal, J. S. (2019). Carbohydrate sources deferentially influence growth performances, microbial dynamics and immunomodulation in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) under biofloc system. Fish & shellfish immunology, 86, 1207-1216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.040
36. Pérez-Rostro, C. I., Pérez-Fuentes, J. A., & Hernández-Vergara, M. P. (2014). Biofloc, a technical alternative for culturing Malaysian prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (pp. 267-283). In Hernandez-Vergara, M. (Ed.), Sustainable aquaculture techniques. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/57501
37. Quade, M. J., & Roth, J. A. (1997). A rapid, direct assay to measure degranulation of bovine neutrophil primary granules. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 58(3-4), 239-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2427(97)00048-2
38. Şener, E., Yıldız, M., & Savaş, E. (2006). Effect of vegetable protein and oil supplementation on growth performance and body composition of Russian sturgeon juveniles (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt, 1833) at low temperatures. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 6(1), 23-27.
39. Siwicki, A. K., & Anderson, D. P. (1993). Immunostimulation in fish: measuring the effects of stimulants by serological and immunological methods. Proceedings of The Nordic Symposium on Fish Immunology, Sweden, pp. 1-17.
40. Sytova, M. V. (2017). Security and information support for traceability of aquaculture products. VNIRO Publishing House (p. 157), Moscow, Russia. UDK 664.951: 658.562.6 [639.3/6: 004]. (In Russian).
41. Vasilyeva, L. M., Elhetawy, A. I. G., Sudakova, N. V., & Astafyeva, S. S. (2019). History, current status and prospects of sturgeon aquaculture in Russia. Aquaculture Research, 50(4), 979-993. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13997
42. Xu, W. J., & Pan, L. Q. (2012). Effects of bioflocs on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and body composition of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei in zero-water exchange tanks manipulating C/N ratio in feed. Aquaculture, 356, 147-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.05.022
43. Zhang, P., Cao, S., Zou, T., Han, D., Liu, H., Jin, J., Yang, Y., Zhu, X., Xie, S., & Zhou, W. (2018). Effects of dietary yeast culture on growth performance, immune response and disease resistance of gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio CAS Ⅲ). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 82, 400-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.044
44. Zhao, Y., Xue, B., Bi, C., Ren, X., & Liu, Y. (2022). Influence mechanisms of macro‐infrastructure on micro‐environments in the recirculating aquaculture system and biofloc technology system. Reviews in Aquaculture, 15(3), 991-1009. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12713