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Effect of diet on the fatty acids composition of cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) liver tissues and histology compared with wild sea bass caught in Eagean Sea.

Year 2013, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 15 - 21, 23.07.2013

Aslı Müge Bilen Soner Bilen

Abstract

In the present study, the effect of diet on the fatty acids composition of cultured European sea bass liver tissues and histology when compared with wild sea bass caught in Eagean Sea was determined. In the study, the fish were fed with commercial feed for 90 days. In the liver tissue samples the amount of total lipid was higher in farmed than in wild fish. Henicosanoic fatty acid was found in commercial feed but not in fish liver. Fatty acid profiles in the livers reflected the fatty acid profiles of the commercial feeds. The dominant fatty acids in livers of cultured and wild sea bass were 16:0, 18:1n9, 18:2n6, C20:5n3 and 22:6n3. The results showed that cultured fish contained a higher level of EPA⁄DHA ratio and oleic acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, whereas wild fish contained a higher level of saturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acids, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and n-3/n-6 ratio (P < 0.05). Commercial feed had effect on hepatic lipid droplets accumulation degree and pattern of vacuolization in the observed liver sections. The marked hepatic cell membrane degeneration and haemorrhagy on the liver observed in cultured sea bass was caused by the accumulation of very large lipid droplets. The hepatocyte nucleus size of fish was higher in farmed than in wild fish liver tissue (P < 0.05). Hepatocytes enlarged irregular nucleus located at the periphery of the cells. In conclusion, commercial feed had effect on farmed fish liver histomorphology. However, proper choice of dietary lipid would allow the fatty acid composition of cultured fish to be tailored to address the beneficial health aspects and consumer’s demands.

Keywords

sea bass feeding liver fatty acids lipid accumulation histopathology

References

  • Ackman, R. G. and T. Takeuchi. 1986. Comparison of Fatty Acid and Lipids of Smolting Hatchery-Fed and Wild Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). Lipids, 21: 117-120
  • Alasalvar, C. Taylor, K. D. A. Zubcov, E. Shahidi, F. and M. Alexis. 2002. Differentiation of Cultured and Wild Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): Total Lipid Content, Fatty Acid and Trace Mineral Composition. Food Chemistry, 79: 145-150.
  • AOAC International, 2000. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis (17th ed.). Washington DC. 2200 pp.
  • Caballero, M.J., Calero, G. L., Socorro, J., Roo, F.J., Izquierdo, M.S., A.J. Fernández. 1999. Combined effect of lipid level and fish meal quality in liver histology of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture, 179: 277–290.
  • Caballero, M.J., Izquierdo, M.S., Kjørsvik, E., Fernández, A.J., and G. Rosenlund. 2004. Histological alterations in the liver of sea bream, Sparus aurata L., caused by a short- or longterm feeding with vegetable oils. Recovery of normal morphology after feeding fish oil as the sole lipid source. Journal of Fish Disease, 27: 531–541.
  • Coz, R. R., Strunjak, P. I., Hacmanjek, M., Topic, P. N., Lipej, Z. and B. Sostaric. 2005. Blood Chemistry and Histological Properties of Wild and Cultured Sea Bass in the North Adriatic Sea. Veterinary Research Communications, 29: 677-687.
  • Dias, J., Alvarez, M. J., Diez, A., Arzel, J., Corraze, G., Bautista, J. M. and S. J. Kaushik. 1998. Regulation of Hepatic Lipogenesis by Dietary Protein/Energy in Juvenile European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture, 161: 169-186.
  • Figueiredo, S. A., Rocha, E., Dias, J., Silva, P., Rema, P., Gomes, E. and L. M. P. Valente. 2005. Partial Replacement of Fish Oil by Soybean Oil on Lipid Distribution and Liver Histology in European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Juveniles. Aquaculture Nutrition, 11: 147-155.
  • Folch, J., Lees, M. and S. G. H. Sloane. 1957. A Simple Method for the Isolation and Purification of Total Lipids from Animal Tissues. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 226: 497-509.
  • Furuita, H., Yamamoto, T., Shima, T., Suzuki, N., and T. Takeuchi. 2003. Effect of arachidonic acid levels in broodstock diet on larval and egg quality of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture, 220: 725–735.
  • Grigorakis, K., Alexis, M. N., Taylor, K. D. A. and M. Hole. 2002. Comparison of Wild and Cultured Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata): Composition, Appearance and Seasonal Variations. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 37: 477-484.
  • Horrocks, L. A. and Y. K. Yeo. 1999. Health benefits of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Pharmacological Research, 40: 211-225.
  • Izquierdo, M. S., Obach, A., Arantzamendi, L., Montero, D., Robaina, L. and G. Rosenlund. 2003. Dietary Lipid Sources for Sea Bream and Sea Bass: Growth Performance, Tissue Composition and Flesh Quality. Aquaculture Nutrition, 9: 397-407.
  • Izquierdo, M.S., Montero, D., Robaina, L., Caballero, M.J., Rosenlund, G. and R. Ginés 2005. Alterations in fillet fattyacid profile and flesh quality in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) fed vegetable oils for a long term period. Recovery of fatty acid profiles by fish oil feeding. Aquaculture, 250: 431–444.
  • Koven, W. M., Tandler, A., Skalan, D. and G. W. Kissil. 1993. The Association of Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic acids in the Main Phospholipids of Different-Age Sparus aurata Larvae with Growth. Aquaculture, 116: 71-82.
  • Krajnovic, O. M., Najdek, M., and B. Ozretic. 1994. Fatty acid in liver and muscle of farmed and wild sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 109(A): 611–617.
  • Mannerstrom, M., Soivio, A. and A. Salama. 2001. Intestinal Absorption and Tissue Distribution of Glucose and Isoleucine in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynhus mykiss). Aqaculture Nutrition, 7: 229-235.
  • Martínez, A. M. and B. P. C. Vázquez. 2001. Reproductive Activity and Condition Index of Holacanthus passer (Teleostei: Pomacanthidae) in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Revista De Biologia Tropical, 49(3-4): 939-943.
  • Miyashita, K., Inukai, N., Ota, T., Sasaki, S., and T. Ota. 1999. Antioxidant activity of water extracts from fish eggs on PC liposomes. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 65: 488–494.
  • Mnari, A., Bouhlel, I., Chraief, I., Hammami, M., Romdhane, M. S., El Cafsi M. and A. Chaouch. 2007. Fatty Acids in Muscles and Liver of Tunisian Wild and Farmed Gilthead Sea Bream, Sparus aurata. Food Chemistry, 100: 1393-1397.
  • Mourente, G., Dick, J. R., Bell, J. G. and D. R. Tocher. 2005. Effect of Partial Substitution of Dietary Fish Oil by Vegetable Oils on Desaturation and H-O xidation of [1-14C] 18:3n-3 (LNA) and [1-14C] 20:5n-3 (EPA) in Hepatocytes and Enterocytes of European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Aquaculture, 248: 173- 186.
  • Mourente, G., and J. G. Bell. 2006. Partial Replacement of Dietary Fish Oil With Blends of Vegetable Oils (Rapeseed, Linseed and Palm Oils) in Diets for European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) Over a Long Term Growth Study: Effects on Muscle and Liver Fatty Acid Composition and Effectiveness of a Fish oil Finishing Diet. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 145: 389-399.
  • Mourente, G., Good, J. E., Thompson, K. D., and J. G. Bell. 2007. Effects of Partial Substitution of Dietary Fish Oil With Blends of Vegetable Oils, on Blood Leucocyte Fatty Acid Compositions, Immune Function and Histology in European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). British Journal of Nutrition, 98: 770-779.
  • Pagliarani, A., Pirini, M., Trigari, G. and V. Ventrella. 1986. Effects of Diets Containing Different Oils on Brain Fatty Acid Composition in Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 83(B): 277-282.
  • Rodriguez, C., Perez, J. A., Lorenzo, A., Izquierdo, M. S. and J. R. Cejas. 1994. n-3 HUFA Requirement of Larval Gilthead Seabream Sparus aurata When Using High Levels of Eicosapentaenoic Acid. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 4: 693-698.
  • Sargent, J., Bell, J. G., Bell, M. V., Henderson, R. J. and D. R. Tocher. 1995. Requirement Criteria for Essential Fatty Acids. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 11: 183-198.
  • Sargent, J. R. and A. G. J. Tacon. fish: a nutritionally necessary alternative to meat. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 58: 377–383.
  • Schulz, C., Knaus, U., Wirth, M. and B. Rennert. 2005. Effects of Varying Dietary Fatty Acid Profile on Growth Performance, Fatty Acid, Body and Tissue Composition of Juvenile Pike Perch (Sander lucioperca). Aquaculture Nutrition, 11: 403- 413.
  • Seno, O. A., Takakuwa, F., Hashiguchi, T., Morioka, K., Masumoto, T. and H. Fukada. 2008. Replacement of Dietary Fish Oil With Olive Oil in Young Yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata: Effects on Growth, Muscular Fatty Acid Composition and Prevention of Dark Muscle Discoloration During Refrigerated
  • Storage. Fisheries Science, 74: 1297-1306. Skalli, A. and J. H. Robin. 2004. Requirement of n-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Juveniles: Growth and Fatty Acid Composition. Aquaculture, 240: 399-415.
  • Skalli, A., Robin, J. H., Bayon, N. L., Delliou, H. L. and P. L. J. Ruyet. 2006. Impact of Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency and Temperature on Tissues' Fatty Acid Composition of European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture, 255: 223-232.
  • Spisni, E., Tugnoli, M., Ponticelli, A., Mordenti T., and V. Tomasi. 1998. Hepatic Steatosis in Artificially Fed Marin Teleosts. Journal of Fish Diseases, 21: 177-184. TUIK, 2010. Fishery Statistics. Turkish Statistical Institude, Ankara. 71p.
  • Ulbricht, T. L. V. and D. A. T. Southgate. 1991. Coronary Heart Disease: Seven Dietary Factors. The Lancet, 338: 985-992.
  • Valente, L. M. P., Bandarra, N. M., Figueiredo, S. A. C., Cordeiro, A. R., Simões, R. M. and M. L. Nunes. 2007. Influence of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Growth, Lipid Composition and Hepatic Lipogenesis in Juvenile European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture, 267: 225-235.
  • Yıldız, M. and E. Şener. 2003. The Effects of Replacing Fish Oil with Vegetable Oils in Starter Feeds on the Liver Fat Composition of Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L., 1758). Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 27: 709- 717.

Year 2013, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 15 - 21, 23.07.2013

Aslı Müge Bilen Soner Bilen

Abstract

References

  • Ackman, R. G. and T. Takeuchi. 1986. Comparison of Fatty Acid and Lipids of Smolting Hatchery-Fed and Wild Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). Lipids, 21: 117-120
  • Alasalvar, C. Taylor, K. D. A. Zubcov, E. Shahidi, F. and M. Alexis. 2002. Differentiation of Cultured and Wild Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): Total Lipid Content, Fatty Acid and Trace Mineral Composition. Food Chemistry, 79: 145-150.
  • AOAC International, 2000. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis (17th ed.). Washington DC. 2200 pp.
  • Caballero, M.J., Calero, G. L., Socorro, J., Roo, F.J., Izquierdo, M.S., A.J. Fernández. 1999. Combined effect of lipid level and fish meal quality in liver histology of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture, 179: 277–290.
  • Caballero, M.J., Izquierdo, M.S., Kjørsvik, E., Fernández, A.J., and G. Rosenlund. 2004. Histological alterations in the liver of sea bream, Sparus aurata L., caused by a short- or longterm feeding with vegetable oils. Recovery of normal morphology after feeding fish oil as the sole lipid source. Journal of Fish Disease, 27: 531–541.
  • Coz, R. R., Strunjak, P. I., Hacmanjek, M., Topic, P. N., Lipej, Z. and B. Sostaric. 2005. Blood Chemistry and Histological Properties of Wild and Cultured Sea Bass in the North Adriatic Sea. Veterinary Research Communications, 29: 677-687.
  • Dias, J., Alvarez, M. J., Diez, A., Arzel, J., Corraze, G., Bautista, J. M. and S. J. Kaushik. 1998. Regulation of Hepatic Lipogenesis by Dietary Protein/Energy in Juvenile European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture, 161: 169-186.
  • Figueiredo, S. A., Rocha, E., Dias, J., Silva, P., Rema, P., Gomes, E. and L. M. P. Valente. 2005. Partial Replacement of Fish Oil by Soybean Oil on Lipid Distribution and Liver Histology in European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Juveniles. Aquaculture Nutrition, 11: 147-155.
  • Folch, J., Lees, M. and S. G. H. Sloane. 1957. A Simple Method for the Isolation and Purification of Total Lipids from Animal Tissues. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 226: 497-509.
  • Furuita, H., Yamamoto, T., Shima, T., Suzuki, N., and T. Takeuchi. 2003. Effect of arachidonic acid levels in broodstock diet on larval and egg quality of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture, 220: 725–735.
  • Grigorakis, K., Alexis, M. N., Taylor, K. D. A. and M. Hole. 2002. Comparison of Wild and Cultured Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata): Composition, Appearance and Seasonal Variations. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 37: 477-484.
  • Horrocks, L. A. and Y. K. Yeo. 1999. Health benefits of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Pharmacological Research, 40: 211-225.
  • Izquierdo, M. S., Obach, A., Arantzamendi, L., Montero, D., Robaina, L. and G. Rosenlund. 2003. Dietary Lipid Sources for Sea Bream and Sea Bass: Growth Performance, Tissue Composition and Flesh Quality. Aquaculture Nutrition, 9: 397-407.
  • Izquierdo, M.S., Montero, D., Robaina, L., Caballero, M.J., Rosenlund, G. and R. Ginés 2005. Alterations in fillet fattyacid profile and flesh quality in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) fed vegetable oils for a long term period. Recovery of fatty acid profiles by fish oil feeding. Aquaculture, 250: 431–444.
  • Koven, W. M., Tandler, A., Skalan, D. and G. W. Kissil. 1993. The Association of Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic acids in the Main Phospholipids of Different-Age Sparus aurata Larvae with Growth. Aquaculture, 116: 71-82.
  • Krajnovic, O. M., Najdek, M., and B. Ozretic. 1994. Fatty acid in liver and muscle of farmed and wild sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 109(A): 611–617.
  • Mannerstrom, M., Soivio, A. and A. Salama. 2001. Intestinal Absorption and Tissue Distribution of Glucose and Isoleucine in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynhus mykiss). Aqaculture Nutrition, 7: 229-235.
  • Martínez, A. M. and B. P. C. Vázquez. 2001. Reproductive Activity and Condition Index of Holacanthus passer (Teleostei: Pomacanthidae) in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Revista De Biologia Tropical, 49(3-4): 939-943.
  • Miyashita, K., Inukai, N., Ota, T., Sasaki, S., and T. Ota. 1999. Antioxidant activity of water extracts from fish eggs on PC liposomes. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 65: 488–494.
  • Mnari, A., Bouhlel, I., Chraief, I., Hammami, M., Romdhane, M. S., El Cafsi M. and A. Chaouch. 2007. Fatty Acids in Muscles and Liver of Tunisian Wild and Farmed Gilthead Sea Bream, Sparus aurata. Food Chemistry, 100: 1393-1397.
  • Mourente, G., Dick, J. R., Bell, J. G. and D. R. Tocher. 2005. Effect of Partial Substitution of Dietary Fish Oil by Vegetable Oils on Desaturation and H-O xidation of [1-14C] 18:3n-3 (LNA) and [1-14C] 20:5n-3 (EPA) in Hepatocytes and Enterocytes of European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Aquaculture, 248: 173- 186.
  • Mourente, G., and J. G. Bell. 2006. Partial Replacement of Dietary Fish Oil With Blends of Vegetable Oils (Rapeseed, Linseed and Palm Oils) in Diets for European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) Over a Long Term Growth Study: Effects on Muscle and Liver Fatty Acid Composition and Effectiveness of a Fish oil Finishing Diet. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 145: 389-399.
  • Mourente, G., Good, J. E., Thompson, K. D., and J. G. Bell. 2007. Effects of Partial Substitution of Dietary Fish Oil With Blends of Vegetable Oils, on Blood Leucocyte Fatty Acid Compositions, Immune Function and Histology in European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). British Journal of Nutrition, 98: 770-779.
  • Pagliarani, A., Pirini, M., Trigari, G. and V. Ventrella. 1986. Effects of Diets Containing Different Oils on Brain Fatty Acid Composition in Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 83(B): 277-282.
  • Rodriguez, C., Perez, J. A., Lorenzo, A., Izquierdo, M. S. and J. R. Cejas. 1994. n-3 HUFA Requirement of Larval Gilthead Seabream Sparus aurata When Using High Levels of Eicosapentaenoic Acid. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 4: 693-698.
  • Sargent, J., Bell, J. G., Bell, M. V., Henderson, R. J. and D. R. Tocher. 1995. Requirement Criteria for Essential Fatty Acids. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 11: 183-198.
  • Sargent, J. R. and A. G. J. Tacon. fish: a nutritionally necessary alternative to meat. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 58: 377–383.
  • Schulz, C., Knaus, U., Wirth, M. and B. Rennert. 2005. Effects of Varying Dietary Fatty Acid Profile on Growth Performance, Fatty Acid, Body and Tissue Composition of Juvenile Pike Perch (Sander lucioperca). Aquaculture Nutrition, 11: 403- 413.
  • Seno, O. A., Takakuwa, F., Hashiguchi, T., Morioka, K., Masumoto, T. and H. Fukada. 2008. Replacement of Dietary Fish Oil With Olive Oil in Young Yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata: Effects on Growth, Muscular Fatty Acid Composition and Prevention of Dark Muscle Discoloration During Refrigerated
  • Storage. Fisheries Science, 74: 1297-1306. Skalli, A. and J. H. Robin. 2004. Requirement of n-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Juveniles: Growth and Fatty Acid Composition. Aquaculture, 240: 399-415.
  • Skalli, A., Robin, J. H., Bayon, N. L., Delliou, H. L. and P. L. J. Ruyet. 2006. Impact of Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency and Temperature on Tissues' Fatty Acid Composition of European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture, 255: 223-232.
  • Spisni, E., Tugnoli, M., Ponticelli, A., Mordenti T., and V. Tomasi. 1998. Hepatic Steatosis in Artificially Fed Marin Teleosts. Journal of Fish Diseases, 21: 177-184. TUIK, 2010. Fishery Statistics. Turkish Statistical Institude, Ankara. 71p.
  • Ulbricht, T. L. V. and D. A. T. Southgate. 1991. Coronary Heart Disease: Seven Dietary Factors. The Lancet, 338: 985-992.
  • Valente, L. M. P., Bandarra, N. M., Figueiredo, S. A. C., Cordeiro, A. R., Simões, R. M. and M. L. Nunes. 2007. Influence of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Growth, Lipid Composition and Hepatic Lipogenesis in Juvenile European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture, 267: 225-235.
  • Yıldız, M. and E. Şener. 2003. The Effects of Replacing Fish Oil with Vegetable Oils in Starter Feeds on the Liver Fat Composition of Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L., 1758). Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 27: 709- 717.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA42KT69ZF
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Aslı Müge Bilen This is me

Soner Bilen This is me

Publication Date July 23, 2013
Submission Date July 11, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Bilen, A. M., & Bilen, S. (2013). Effect of diet on the fatty acids composition of cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) liver tissues and histology compared with wild sea bass caught in Eagean Sea. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 2(1), 15-21.
AMA Bilen AM, Bilen S. Effect of diet on the fatty acids composition of cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) liver tissues and histology compared with wild sea bass caught in Eagean Sea. Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull. July 2013;2(1):15-21.
Chicago Bilen, Aslı Müge, and Soner Bilen. “Effect of Diet on the Fatty Acids Composition of Cultured Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus Labrax) Liver Tissues and Histology Compared With Wild Sea Bass Caught in Eagean Sea”. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 2, no. 1 (July 2013): 15-21.
EndNote Bilen AM, Bilen S (July 1, 2013) Effect of diet on the fatty acids composition of cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) liver tissues and histology compared with wild sea bass caught in Eagean Sea. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 2 1 15–21.
IEEE A. M. Bilen and S. Bilen, “Effect of diet on the fatty acids composition of cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) liver tissues and histology compared with wild sea bass caught in Eagean Sea”., Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 15–21, 2013.
ISNAD Bilen, Aslı Müge - Bilen, Soner. “Effect of Diet on the Fatty Acids Composition of Cultured Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus Labrax) Liver Tissues and Histology Compared With Wild Sea Bass Caught in Eagean Sea”. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 2/1 (July 2013), 15-21.
JAMA Bilen AM, Bilen S. Effect of diet on the fatty acids composition of cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) liver tissues and histology compared with wild sea bass caught in Eagean Sea. Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull. 2013;2:15–21.
MLA Bilen, Aslı Müge and Soner Bilen. “Effect of Diet on the Fatty Acids Composition of Cultured Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus Labrax) Liver Tissues and Histology Compared With Wild Sea Bass Caught in Eagean Sea”. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, vol. 2, no. 1, 2013, pp. 15-21.
Vancouver Bilen AM, Bilen S. Effect of diet on the fatty acids composition of cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) liver tissues and histology compared with wild sea bass caught in Eagean Sea. Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull. 2013;2(1):15-21.

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