Comparison of Electronic Length Frequency Analysis (ELEFAN) for Estimation of Growth Parameters for Lollyfish, Holothuria (Holothuria) atra and Sand Sea Cucumber, Holothuria (Thymiosycia) arenicola (Holothuroidea: Echinodermata) in the North Arabian Sea, Pakistan

Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 145 - 158, 31.12.2020

Quratulan Ahmed Sabri Bilgin Qadeer Mohammad Ali

https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.744301

Cited By: 2

Abstract

To estimate the growth parameters, the non-seasonal von Bertalanffy and Hoenig seasonal von Bertalanffy models were fitted to the length frequency data of Holothuria atra and H. arenicola obtained from coastal areas of Karachi in the northern Arabian Sea, Pakistan between January and December 2014. The Hoenig seasonal von Bertalanffy growth parameters were estimated as L_∞=36.1 cm total length (TL), K=0.75 year^-1 for H. atra and as L_∞=34.9 cm TL, K=0.70 year^-1 for H. arenicola. H. atra individuals reached 73.9% of their maximum total length at the one year old. For H. arenicola it was calculated as 72.7%. Monthly mean growth rate of H. atra at the same ages was calculated higher than H. arenicola. The seasonal oscillation in growth rate for H. atra (C=0.50) was larger than it was for H. arenicola (C=0.37). The time of the year when the growth is slowest corresponded to the middle of April (WP=0.30) in H. atra and at the beginning of August (WP=0.60) in H. arenicola may be the result of the extended both reproduction and poor nutrition periods due to monsoonal effects on the marine environment. The relatively high growth rates (K>0.7 year^-1) of these two species may have important implications for high survival rate, particularly in environmental condition where cause biological stress and marine confusion but may also increase their potential as a candidate species for aquaculture.

Keywords

Arabian Sea, Biological Stress, Seasonal Growth, Sea Cucumber

Thanks

We thank the section editor and anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on this manuscript.

References

• Abdel-Razek, F. A., Abdel-Rahman, S. H., El-Shimy, N. A. & Omar, H. A. (2005). Reproductive biology of the tropical sea cucumber Holothuria atra (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in the Red Sea coast of Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 31(2): 383–402.
• Ahmed, Q. & Ali, Q. M. (2014). Abundance and distribution of Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) with emphasis on heavy metals accumulation in organism and its habitat, Project: Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, (Grant No. IPFP/HRD/HEC/1688).
• Ahmed, Q., Ali, Q. M. & Conand, C. (2016a). New additions to the holothurian fauna of Pakistan: Holothuria verrucosa, Holothuria cinerascens and Ohshimella ehrenbergii. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin, 36: 20-23.
• Ahmed, Q., Bilgin, S. & Bat, L. (2016b). Length based growth estimation of most commercially important Scombridae from offshore water of Pakistan coast in the Arabian Sea. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 16: 155-167. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v16_1_16.
• Ahmed, Q., Ali, Q. M. & Bilgin, S. (2018a). Weight–length relationship of Sclerodactylidae sea cucumber, Ohshimella ehrenbergii (Selenka, 1868) (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea), from Karachi coast, Pakistan. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin, 38: 79-80.
• Ahmed, Q., Poot-Salazar, A., Ali, Q. M. & Bat, L. (2018b). Seasonal variation in the length-weight relationships and condition factor of four commercially important sea cucumbers species from Karachi Coast- Northern Arabian Sea. Natural and Engineering Sciences, 3(3): 265- 281. https://doi.org/10.28978/nesciences.468667
• Ahmed, Q. & Ali, Q. M. (2020). Holothurians from Pakistan: New additions of Holothuria (Theelothuria) notabilis Luwig, 1875 and Actinocucumis typica Ludwig, 1875] from the Karachi coast, northern Arabian Sea. SPC Beche-de-mer Bulletin, 40: 40-42.
• Ahmed, Q. Bilgin, S. & Ali, Q. M. (2020a). Length based growth estimation of sea cucumbers (Holothuria verrucosa and Holothuria pardalis) (Holothuroidea:Echinodermata) collected from coastal areas of Karachi, Pakistan (northern Arabian sea). Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences (In press).
• Ahmed, Q., Thandar, A. S. & Ali, Q. M. (2020b). Holothuria (Lessonothuria) insignis Ludwig, 1875 (formally resurrected from synonymy of H. pardalis Selenka, 1867) and Holothuria (Lessonothuria) lineata Ludwig, 1875 - new additions to the sea cucumber fauna of Pakistan, with a key to the subgenus Lessonothuria Deichmann (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Zootaxa, 4767(2): 307-318. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa. 4767.2.6
• Asha, P. S., Diwakar, K., Santhanavalli, G. & Manissery, M. K. (2015). Comparative distribution and habitat preference of the sea cucumber Holothuria atra Jaeger at protected and unprotected sites in Thoothukudi region of Gulf of Mannar, south-east coast of India. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 62(1): 52-57.
• Bilgin, S., Özen, Ö. & Samsun, O. (2009a). Sexual seasonal growth variation and reproduction biology of the rock pool prawn, Palaemon elegans (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) in the southern Black Sea. Scientia Marina, 73(2): 239-247. https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar. 2009.73n2239
• Bilgin, S., Samsun, O. & Özen, Ö. (2009b). Seasonal growth and reproduction biology of the Baltic prawn, Palaemon adspersus (Decapoda: Palaemonidae), in the southern Black Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 89(3): 509–519. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315408003056
• Bonham, K. B. & Held, E. E. (1963). Ecological observations on the sea cucumbers Holothuria atra and H. leucospilota at Rongelap Atoll, Marshall Islands. Pacific Science, 17: 305-314.
• Chao, S. M., Chen, C. P. & Alexander, P. S. (1994). Reproduction and growth of Holothuria atra (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) at two contrasting sites in southern Taiwan. Marine Biology, 119: 565-570. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00354319
• Conand, C. (1993). Reproductive biology of the holothurian from the major communities of the New Caledonian Lagoon, Marine Biology, 116: 439-450.
• Conand, C., Gamboa, R. & Purcell, S. (2013). Holothuria atra. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T180421A1628832. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN. UK.2013-1.RLTS.T180421A1628832.en. Downloaded on 15 May 2020.
• Ebert, T. A. (1978). Growth and size of the tropical sea cucumber Holothuria (Halodeima) atra Jaeger, at Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands. Pacific Science, 32(2): 183–191.
• Harriott, V. (1982). Sexual and asexual reproduction of Holothuria atra Jaeger at Heron Island Reef, Great Barrier Reef. Australian Museum Memoir, 16: 53–66. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1967.16.1982.358
• Harriott, V. (1985). Reproduction biology of three congeneric sea cucumber species, Holothuria atra, H. impatients and H. edulis, at Heron Reff, Greak Barrier Reff. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 36(1): 51-57. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF9850051
• Herrero-Pérezrul, M. D., Reyes, H., García-Domínguez, F. & Cintra-Buenrostro, C. E. (1999). Reproduction and growth of Isostichopus fuscus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in the southern Gulf of California, México. Marine Biology, 135: 521–532.
• Hoenig, J. M. & Hanumara, R. C. (1982). A statistical study of a seasonal growth model for fishes. Tech. Report. Depart. Computer Science and Statistic, Univ. Rhode Island, Narragansett, 1-126.
• Hussaina, I., Spöck, G., Pilz, J. & Yu, H. L. (2010). Spatio-temporal interpolation of precipitation during monsoon periods in Pakistan. Advances in Water Resources, 33(8): 880-886.
• Kirkwood, G. P, Aukland, R. & Zara, S. J. (2003). Software: Length Frequency Distribution Analysis (LFDA) Version 5.0. Marine Resources Assessment Group (MRAG) Ltd., London, UK.
• Mercier, A., Battaglene, S. C. & Hamel, J. -F. (2000). Periodic movement, recruitment and size-related distribution of the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra in Solomon Islands. Hydrobiologia, 440: 81-100.
• Moazzam, M. & Moazzam, N. (2020). Annotated checklist of sea cucumbers from Pakistan with new records of Holothuria (Theelothuria) hamata (Pearson, 1913) and Stichopus herrmanni (Semper, 1868), SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin, 40: 32-39.
• Morgan, A. D. (2012). Use of a growth model to estimate size at age in the temperate sea cucumber Australostichopus mollis. SPC Beche-de-mer Bulletin, 32: 24-32.
• Mosher, C. (1980). Distribution of Holothuria arenicola Semper in the Bahamas with observations on habitat, behavior, and feeding activity (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Bulletin of Marine Science, 30(1): 1-12.
• Olaya-Restrepo, J., Erzini, K. & González-Wangüemert, M. (2018). Estimation of growth parameters for the exploited sea cucumber Holothuria arguinensis from South Portugal. Fishery Bulletin, 116: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.7755/FB.116.1.1
• Pauly, D. & David, N. (1981). ELEFAN I, a BASIC program for the objective extraction of growth parameters from length-frequency data. Berichte der Deutschen Wissenschtlichen Kommission für Meeresforschung, 28(4): 205-211.
• Pauly, D, Sambilay, V. & Opitz, S. (1993). Estimates of relative food consumption by fish and invertebrate populations required for modeling the Bolinao reef ecosystem, Philippines. (pp. 236-251). In: Christensen, V. and Pauly, D. (Eds.), Trophic models of aquatic ecosystems. Manila, Philippines: ICLARM Press. 390 p.
• Pauly, D. & Munro, J. L. (1984). Once more on the comparison of growth in fish and invertebrates. ICLARM Fishbyte, 2: 1-21.
• Poot-Salazar, A., Hernández-Flores, Á. & Ardisson, P. (2015). Use of the SLW index to calculate growth function in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus. Scientific Reports, 4: 5151. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05151
• Pourvali, N., Nabavi, M. B., Rezai, H. Doraghi, A. & Mahvari, A. (2014) Shallow-water Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) from Hormuz Island in the Persian Gulf, Iran. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences, 6(5): 395-399.
• Purcell, S. W. (2010). Managing Sea Cucumber Fisheries with an Ecosystem Approach to Managing Sea Cucumber Fisheries, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No.520, Rome, FAO, 157 p.
• Purcell, S. W., Samyn Y. & Conand, C. (2012). Commercially important sea cucumbers of the world. FAO species catalogue for fisheries purposes. No. 6. Rome: FAO, 150 p. Samyn Y., VandenSpiegel, D. & Massin, C. (2006). Taxonomie des holothuries des Comores. Abc Taxa, 1: 1-130.
• Selenka, E. (1867). Beiträge zur Anatomis un Systematik der Holothurien. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 17: 291–374.
• Siddique, S. & Ayub, Z. (2015). Population dynamics and reproduction of Holothuria arenicola (Holothuroidea: Echinodermata) in coastal waters of Pakistan, North Arabian Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 95(6): 1245-1254.
• Somers, I. F. (1988). On a seasonally oscillating growth function. Fishbyte, 6(1): 8-11.
• Sulardiono, B., Prayitno, S. B. & Hendrarto, I. B. (2012). The growth analysis of Stichopus vastus (Echinodermata: Stichopodidae) in Karimunjawa waters. Journal of Coastal Development, 15(3): 315-323.
• Sulardiono, B. & Muskananfola, M. R. (2019). Growth and stock analysis of Stichopus quadrifasciatus (Echinoderm: Holothurians) in Karimunjawa waters, Central Java Province, Indonesia. International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences, 14(1): 53-62.
• Sun, J., Hamel, J. F., Gianasi, B. L. & Mercier, A. (2019). Age determination in echinoderms: first evidence of annual growth rings in holothuroids. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 286: 20190858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/ rspb.2019.0858
• Tahera, Q. & Tirmizi, N. M. (1995). A new record of Holothuria (Thymiosycia) arenicola Semper. 1868 (Echinodermata: Holothurioidae) from Pakistan. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 43(1): 217-220.
• Tamaroa, T. (2010). The Sea Cucumber Holothuria (Halodeima) atra (Jager, 1833), in South Tarawa Lagoon (Republic of Kiribati): Environmental Variability, Population Biology and Fishing Pressure. 127 p. Msc Thesis, Victoria University of Wellington. Melbourne, Australia.
• Uthicke, S. (2004). Overfishing of Holothurians: Lessons from the Great Barrier Reef. pp 163-171. In: Lovateli, A., Conand, C., Purcell, S., Uthicke,S., Hamel, J.-F., Mercier, A. (Eds.), Advances in Sea Cucumber Aquaculture and Management. Rome, FAO Press. 425 p.
• von Bertalanffy, L. (1938). A quantitative theory of organic growth (Inquires on growth laws II). Human Biology, 10: 181 - 213.
• Watanabe, S., Sumbing, J. G. & Lebata-Ramos, M. J. H. (2014). Growth pattern of the tropical sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra, under captivity. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly, 48(4): 457-464.
• WoRMS. (2020). Holothuria (Holothuria) atra Jaeger, 1833. Accessed at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia. php?p=taxdetails&id=732200 on 2020-05-15.