Research Article
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LNG Bunkering Dynamics: An Exploratory Study for Türkiye

Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 369 - 383, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1146003

Abstract

United Nations’ decarbonization and greenhouse gas reduction targets are to be achieved through the utilization of alternative fuels globally. LNG is a viable alternative for mitigating maritime transport-related greenhouse gas emissions. This study investigates LNG bunkering supply chain development in Türkiye. Semi-structured interviews with bunkering supply chain representatives were conducted to explore phenomena. The results of the research provided a pathway to establish a new supply chain for alternative marine fuels. The research findings indicate that collaboration and setting a regulatory framework are vital for supply chain development.

Thanks

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the respondents for their valuable inputs and contributions.

References

  • Aritas. (2021). Company Profile | Arıtaş. Retrieved on March 14, 2021, from https://aritas.com.tr/about
  • Arkas. (2021). News Detail - Arkas Holding S.A. Retrieved on February 22, 2021, from http://www.arkas.com.tr/ennews_detail.html?newsId=1454
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  • Cemre. (2021). Cemre Shipyard. Retrieved on February 20, 2021, from https://www.cemreshipyard.com/en
  • Choi, J., & Park, E.-Y. (2019) Comparative study on fuel gas supply systems for LNG bunkering using carbon dioxide and glycol water. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 7(6), 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7060184
  • Cogea. (2017). Study on differentiated port infrastructure charges to promote environmentally friendly maritime transport activities and sustainable transportation. Final Report. Retrieved on July 20, 2022, from https://www.cogea.it/sites/default/files/2017-06-differentiated-port-infrastructure-charges-report.pdf
  • Doymus, M., & Denktas Sakar, G. (2020). An exploratory study on the perceptions of stakeholders in LNG bunkering supply chain. Journal of ETA Maritime Science, 8(1), 66–84. https://doi.org/10.5505/jems.2020.43255
  • Doymus, M., Denktas Sakar, G., Topaloglu Yildiz, S., & Acik, A. (2022). Small-scale LNG supply chain optimization for LNG bunkering in Turkey. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 162, 107789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2022.107789
  • Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R., & Jackson, P. (2015). Management and business research. 5th Ed. SAGE Publications Ltd.
  • Eise Fokkema, J., Buijs, P., & Vis, I. F. A. (2017). An investment appraisal method to compare LNG-fueled and conventional vessels. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 56, 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.07.021
  • EMRA. (2020). 2019 yılı doğal gaz sektör raporu. Republic of Türkiye, Energy Market Regulatory Authority. Retrieved on July 20, 2022, from https://www.epdk.gov.tr/Detay/Icerik/3-0-94/dogal-gazyillik-sektor-raporu Erkmen, T. (2018). The model of pricing of small scale LNG bunker terminal in Turkey. Journal of Naval Sciences and Engineering, 14(2), 71–90.
  • Ge, J., & Wang, X. (2017). Techno-economic study of LNG diesel power (dual fuel) ship. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 16(2), 233–245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13437-016-0120-x
  • Gucma, M., Bąk, A., & Chłopińska, E. (2019). Concept of LNG transfer and bunkering model of vessels at South Baltic Sea area. Annual of Navigation, 25(1), 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1515/aon-2018-0006
  • IMO. (2015). Third IMO Greenhouse Gas Study 2014. International Maritime Organization (IMO). Retrieved on July 20, 2022, from https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/Pages/Greenhouse-Gas-Studies-2014.aspx
  • IMO. (2020). Fourth IMO Greenhouse Gas Study: Executive Summary. International Maritime Organization (IMO). Retrieved on July 20, 2022, from https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Environment/Documents/Fourth%20IMO%20GHG%20Study%202020%20Executive-Summary.pdf
  • Jafarzadeh, S., Paltrinieri, N., Utne, I. B., & Ellingsen, H. (2017). LNG-fuelled fishing vessels: A systems engineering approach. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 50, 202–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2016.10.032
  • Jeong, B., Suk Lee, B., & Zhou, P. (2017). Quantitative risk assessment of fuel preparation room having high-pressure fuel gas supply system for LNG fuelled ship. Ocean Engineering, 137, 450–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.04.002
  • Kim, K., Park, K., Roh, G., & Chun, K. (2019a). Case study on boil-off gas (BOG) minimization for LNG bunkering vessel using energy storage system (ESS). Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 7(5), 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7050130
  • Kim, A.-R., Kwak, D.-W., & Seo, Y.-J. (2019b). Evaluation of liquefied natural gas bunkering port selection. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 24(3), 213-226. https://doi.org/10.1080/13675567.2019.1642311
  • Kim, Y. H., Jung, D. W., Cho, S. K., & Sung, H. G. (2018). Experimental study on hydrodynamic characteristics and operational feasibility of floating LNG bunkering terminal moored side-by-side with LNG Carrier and two LNG bunkering shuttles. Ships and Offshore Structures, 13(5), 504–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2018.1430099
  • Kırlı, M. S., & Fahrioğlu, M. (2019). Sustainable development of Turkey: Deployment of geothermal resources for carbon capture, utilization, and storage. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects, 41(14), 1739–1751. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2018.1549149
  • Lam, J. S. L., Chen, D., Cheng, F., & Wong, K. (2011). Assessment of the competitiveness of ports as bunkering hubs: empirical studies on Singapore and Shanghai. Transportation Journal, 50(2), 176-203. https://doi.org/10.5325/transportationj.50.2.0176
  • MOTI. (2020). Deniz Ticareti Genel Müdürlüğü İstatistik Bilgi Sistemi. Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. Retrieved on June 17, 2020, from https://atlantis.udhb.gov.tr/istatistik/gemi_gecis.aspx
  • MOTI. (2021). Filo İstatistikleri, Filo - Denizcilik İstatistikleri. Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. Retrieved on March 14, 2021, from https://denizcilikistatistikleri.uab.gov.tr/filo-istatistikleri
  • Öge, K. (2021). Understanding pipeline politics in Eurasia: Turkey’s transit security in natural gas. Geopolitics, 26(5), 1510-1532. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2019.1687447
  • Park, S., Jeong, B., Yoon, J. Y., & Paik, J. K. (2018). A study on factors affecting the safety zone in ship-to-ship LNG bunkering. Ships and Offshore Structures, 13(sup1), 312–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2018.1461055
  • Portnews. (2020). Russia’s first LNG-powered RO-RO ferry launched in Turkey. Available at: https://en.portnews.ru/news/300549/ (Accessed: 2 June 2021).
  • Sefine. (2021). Project Detail | Sefine Shipyard, NB52 - NB53 | 5700 m3 Live Fish Carrier. Retrieved on June 2, 2021, from https://sefine.com.tr/Project/Project_Detail/40
  • Sanmar. (2021a). Are you looking for a proven design and quality tug boats for sale. Retrieved on June 2, 2021, from http://sanmartugboat.com/tugboats/
  • Sanmar. (2021b). Sanmar to Build Five Technologically Advanced Tugs to Serve LNG Canada - Sanmar Shipyards. Retrieved on June 2, 2021, from https://www.sanmar.com.tr/sanmar-to-build-five-technologically-advanced-tugs-to-serve-lng-canada/
  • Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2019) Research methods for business students. 8th Ed. Pearson.
  • Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2010) Research methods for business students. 5th Ed. Pearson.
  • Schinas, O., & Butler, M. (2016). Feasibility and commercial considerations of LNG-fueled ships. Ocean Engineering, 122, 84–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2016.04.031
  • Sharples, J. (2019). LNG supply chains and the development of LNG as a shipping fuel in northern Europe. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. https://doi.org/10.26889/9781784671266
  • Shipandbunker. (2020). LNG bunkering coming to Turkey in 2021 - Ship & Bunker. Retrieved on February 1, 2021, from https://shipandbunker.com/news/emea/694360-lng-bunkering-coming-to-turkey-in-2021
  • Sigma. (2020). Turkey’s energy outlook – A snapshot - Sigma Turkey. Retrieved on June 28, 2020, from https://www.sigmaturkey.com/turkeys-energy-outlook-a-snapshot/
  • Tersan. (2021). Tersan Shipyard. Retrieved on June 2, 2021, from https://www.tersanshipyard.com/projeler
  • Topuz, K. (2019). The missing piece in the Turkey’s gas hub ambitions. IICEC Energy and Climate Research Paper, Sabancı University İstanbul International Center for Energy and Climate. Retrieved on July 20, 2022, from https://iicec.sabanciuniv.edu/sites/iicec.sabanciuniv.edu/files/2020-11/iicec_energy_and_climate_research paper_the_missing_piece_in_the_turkeys_gas_hub_ambitions_2.pdf
  • UNCTAD. (2019). UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2019. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. United Nations Publication. Retrieved on July 20, 2022, from https://unctad.org/webflyer/handbook-statistics-2019
  • Wallendorf, M., & Belk, R. W. (1989). Assessing trustworthiness in naturalistic consumer research. In Hirschman, E. C. (Eds.), SV - Interpretive Consumer Research (pp. 69-84). Association for Consumer Research.
  • Wan, Z., el Makhloufi, A., Chen, Y., & Tang, J. (2018). Decarbonizing the international shipping industry: Solutions and policy recommendations. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 126, 428–435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.11.064
  • Wang, S., & Notteboom, T. (2014). The adoption of liquefied natural gas as a ship fuel: A systematic review of perspectives and challenges. Transport Reviews, 34(6), 749–774. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2014.981884
  • Wang, S., & Notteboom, T. (2015). The role of port authorities in the development of LNG bunkering facilities in North European ports. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 14(1), 61–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13437-014-0074-9
  • Xu, J., Testa, D., & Mukherjee, P. K. (2015). The use of LNG as a marine fuel: The international regulatory framework. Ocean Development & International Law, 46(3), 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/00908320.2015.1054744
  • Yoo, B. -Y. (2017). Economic assessment of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a marine fuel for CO2 carriers compared to marine gas oil (MGO). Energy, 121, 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.01.061
Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 369 - 383, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1146003

Abstract

References

  • Aritas. (2021). Company Profile | Arıtaş. Retrieved on March 14, 2021, from https://aritas.com.tr/about
  • Arkas. (2021). News Detail - Arkas Holding S.A. Retrieved on February 22, 2021, from http://www.arkas.com.tr/ennews_detail.html?newsId=1454
  • Aymelek, M., Boulougouris, E. K., Turan, O., & Konovessis, D. (2014) Challenges and opportunities for LNG as a ship fuel source and an application to bunkering network optimisation. In Soares, C. G., & Santos, T. A. (Eds.) Maritime technology and engineering (pp. 767–776). CRC Press/Balkema. https://doi.org/10.1201/b17494
  • Bunkerspot. (2021). EUROPE: LNG bunkering activity soars 272% in Spain - Bunkerspot - Independent Intelligence for the Global Bunker Industry. Retrieved on February 20, 2021, from https://www.bunkerspot.com/europe/52268-europe-lng-bunkering-activity-soars-272-in-spain
  • Calderón, M., Illing, D., & Veiga, J. (2016) Facilities for bunkering of liquefied natural gas in ports. Transportation Research Procedia, 14, 2431–2440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.288
  • Cemre. (2021). Cemre Shipyard. Retrieved on February 20, 2021, from https://www.cemreshipyard.com/en
  • Choi, J., & Park, E.-Y. (2019) Comparative study on fuel gas supply systems for LNG bunkering using carbon dioxide and glycol water. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 7(6), 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7060184
  • Cogea. (2017). Study on differentiated port infrastructure charges to promote environmentally friendly maritime transport activities and sustainable transportation. Final Report. Retrieved on July 20, 2022, from https://www.cogea.it/sites/default/files/2017-06-differentiated-port-infrastructure-charges-report.pdf
  • Doymus, M., & Denktas Sakar, G. (2020). An exploratory study on the perceptions of stakeholders in LNG bunkering supply chain. Journal of ETA Maritime Science, 8(1), 66–84. https://doi.org/10.5505/jems.2020.43255
  • Doymus, M., Denktas Sakar, G., Topaloglu Yildiz, S., & Acik, A. (2022). Small-scale LNG supply chain optimization for LNG bunkering in Turkey. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 162, 107789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2022.107789
  • Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R., & Jackson, P. (2015). Management and business research. 5th Ed. SAGE Publications Ltd.
  • Eise Fokkema, J., Buijs, P., & Vis, I. F. A. (2017). An investment appraisal method to compare LNG-fueled and conventional vessels. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 56, 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.07.021
  • EMRA. (2020). 2019 yılı doğal gaz sektör raporu. Republic of Türkiye, Energy Market Regulatory Authority. Retrieved on July 20, 2022, from https://www.epdk.gov.tr/Detay/Icerik/3-0-94/dogal-gazyillik-sektor-raporu Erkmen, T. (2018). The model of pricing of small scale LNG bunker terminal in Turkey. Journal of Naval Sciences and Engineering, 14(2), 71–90.
  • Ge, J., & Wang, X. (2017). Techno-economic study of LNG diesel power (dual fuel) ship. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 16(2), 233–245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13437-016-0120-x
  • Gucma, M., Bąk, A., & Chłopińska, E. (2019). Concept of LNG transfer and bunkering model of vessels at South Baltic Sea area. Annual of Navigation, 25(1), 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1515/aon-2018-0006
  • IMO. (2015). Third IMO Greenhouse Gas Study 2014. International Maritime Organization (IMO). Retrieved on July 20, 2022, from https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/Pages/Greenhouse-Gas-Studies-2014.aspx
  • IMO. (2020). Fourth IMO Greenhouse Gas Study: Executive Summary. International Maritime Organization (IMO). Retrieved on July 20, 2022, from https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Environment/Documents/Fourth%20IMO%20GHG%20Study%202020%20Executive-Summary.pdf
  • Jafarzadeh, S., Paltrinieri, N., Utne, I. B., & Ellingsen, H. (2017). LNG-fuelled fishing vessels: A systems engineering approach. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 50, 202–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2016.10.032
  • Jeong, B., Suk Lee, B., & Zhou, P. (2017). Quantitative risk assessment of fuel preparation room having high-pressure fuel gas supply system for LNG fuelled ship. Ocean Engineering, 137, 450–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.04.002
  • Kim, K., Park, K., Roh, G., & Chun, K. (2019a). Case study on boil-off gas (BOG) minimization for LNG bunkering vessel using energy storage system (ESS). Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 7(5), 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7050130
  • Kim, A.-R., Kwak, D.-W., & Seo, Y.-J. (2019b). Evaluation of liquefied natural gas bunkering port selection. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 24(3), 213-226. https://doi.org/10.1080/13675567.2019.1642311
  • Kim, Y. H., Jung, D. W., Cho, S. K., & Sung, H. G. (2018). Experimental study on hydrodynamic characteristics and operational feasibility of floating LNG bunkering terminal moored side-by-side with LNG Carrier and two LNG bunkering shuttles. Ships and Offshore Structures, 13(5), 504–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2018.1430099
  • Kırlı, M. S., & Fahrioğlu, M. (2019). Sustainable development of Turkey: Deployment of geothermal resources for carbon capture, utilization, and storage. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects, 41(14), 1739–1751. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2018.1549149
  • Lam, J. S. L., Chen, D., Cheng, F., & Wong, K. (2011). Assessment of the competitiveness of ports as bunkering hubs: empirical studies on Singapore and Shanghai. Transportation Journal, 50(2), 176-203. https://doi.org/10.5325/transportationj.50.2.0176
  • MOTI. (2020). Deniz Ticareti Genel Müdürlüğü İstatistik Bilgi Sistemi. Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. Retrieved on June 17, 2020, from https://atlantis.udhb.gov.tr/istatistik/gemi_gecis.aspx
  • MOTI. (2021). Filo İstatistikleri, Filo - Denizcilik İstatistikleri. Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. Retrieved on March 14, 2021, from https://denizcilikistatistikleri.uab.gov.tr/filo-istatistikleri
  • Öge, K. (2021). Understanding pipeline politics in Eurasia: Turkey’s transit security in natural gas. Geopolitics, 26(5), 1510-1532. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2019.1687447
  • Park, S., Jeong, B., Yoon, J. Y., & Paik, J. K. (2018). A study on factors affecting the safety zone in ship-to-ship LNG bunkering. Ships and Offshore Structures, 13(sup1), 312–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2018.1461055
  • Portnews. (2020). Russia’s first LNG-powered RO-RO ferry launched in Turkey. Available at: https://en.portnews.ru/news/300549/ (Accessed: 2 June 2021).
  • Sefine. (2021). Project Detail | Sefine Shipyard, NB52 - NB53 | 5700 m3 Live Fish Carrier. Retrieved on June 2, 2021, from https://sefine.com.tr/Project/Project_Detail/40
  • Sanmar. (2021a). Are you looking for a proven design and quality tug boats for sale. Retrieved on June 2, 2021, from http://sanmartugboat.com/tugboats/
  • Sanmar. (2021b). Sanmar to Build Five Technologically Advanced Tugs to Serve LNG Canada - Sanmar Shipyards. Retrieved on June 2, 2021, from https://www.sanmar.com.tr/sanmar-to-build-five-technologically-advanced-tugs-to-serve-lng-canada/
  • Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2019) Research methods for business students. 8th Ed. Pearson.
  • Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2010) Research methods for business students. 5th Ed. Pearson.
  • Schinas, O., & Butler, M. (2016). Feasibility and commercial considerations of LNG-fueled ships. Ocean Engineering, 122, 84–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2016.04.031
  • Sharples, J. (2019). LNG supply chains and the development of LNG as a shipping fuel in northern Europe. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. https://doi.org/10.26889/9781784671266
  • Shipandbunker. (2020). LNG bunkering coming to Turkey in 2021 - Ship & Bunker. Retrieved on February 1, 2021, from https://shipandbunker.com/news/emea/694360-lng-bunkering-coming-to-turkey-in-2021
  • Sigma. (2020). Turkey’s energy outlook – A snapshot - Sigma Turkey. Retrieved on June 28, 2020, from https://www.sigmaturkey.com/turkeys-energy-outlook-a-snapshot/
  • Tersan. (2021). Tersan Shipyard. Retrieved on June 2, 2021, from https://www.tersanshipyard.com/projeler
  • Topuz, K. (2019). The missing piece in the Turkey’s gas hub ambitions. IICEC Energy and Climate Research Paper, Sabancı University İstanbul International Center for Energy and Climate. Retrieved on July 20, 2022, from https://iicec.sabanciuniv.edu/sites/iicec.sabanciuniv.edu/files/2020-11/iicec_energy_and_climate_research paper_the_missing_piece_in_the_turkeys_gas_hub_ambitions_2.pdf
  • UNCTAD. (2019). UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2019. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. United Nations Publication. Retrieved on July 20, 2022, from https://unctad.org/webflyer/handbook-statistics-2019
  • Wallendorf, M., & Belk, R. W. (1989). Assessing trustworthiness in naturalistic consumer research. In Hirschman, E. C. (Eds.), SV - Interpretive Consumer Research (pp. 69-84). Association for Consumer Research.
  • Wan, Z., el Makhloufi, A., Chen, Y., & Tang, J. (2018). Decarbonizing the international shipping industry: Solutions and policy recommendations. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 126, 428–435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.11.064
  • Wang, S., & Notteboom, T. (2014). The adoption of liquefied natural gas as a ship fuel: A systematic review of perspectives and challenges. Transport Reviews, 34(6), 749–774. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2014.981884
  • Wang, S., & Notteboom, T. (2015). The role of port authorities in the development of LNG bunkering facilities in North European ports. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 14(1), 61–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13437-014-0074-9
  • Xu, J., Testa, D., & Mukherjee, P. K. (2015). The use of LNG as a marine fuel: The international regulatory framework. Ocean Development & International Law, 46(3), 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/00908320.2015.1054744
  • Yoo, B. -Y. (2017). Economic assessment of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a marine fuel for CO2 carriers compared to marine gas oil (MGO). Energy, 121, 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.01.061
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Transportation Engineering
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mehmet Doymuş 0000-0003-0631-6519

Gül Denktaş Şakar 0000-0002-1072-6150

Publication Date September 30, 2022
Submission Date July 20, 2022
Acceptance Date September 22, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 11 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Doymuş, M., & Denktaş Şakar, G. (2022). LNG Bunkering Dynamics: An Exploratory Study for Türkiye. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 11(3), 369-383. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1146003
AMA Doymuş M, Denktaş Şakar G. LNG Bunkering Dynamics: An Exploratory Study for Türkiye. Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull. September 2022;11(3):369-383. doi:10.33714/masteb.1146003
Chicago Doymuş, Mehmet, and Gül Denktaş Şakar. “LNG Bunkering Dynamics: An Exploratory Study for Türkiye”. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 11, no. 3 (September 2022): 369-83. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1146003.
EndNote Doymuş M, Denktaş Şakar G (September 1, 2022) LNG Bunkering Dynamics: An Exploratory Study for Türkiye. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 11 3 369–383.
IEEE M. Doymuş and G. Denktaş Şakar, “LNG Bunkering Dynamics: An Exploratory Study for Türkiye”, Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 369–383, 2022, doi: 10.33714/masteb.1146003.
ISNAD Doymuş, Mehmet - Denktaş Şakar, Gül. “LNG Bunkering Dynamics: An Exploratory Study for Türkiye”. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 11/3 (September 2022), 369-383. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1146003.
JAMA Doymuş M, Denktaş Şakar G. LNG Bunkering Dynamics: An Exploratory Study for Türkiye. Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull. 2022;11:369–383.
MLA Doymuş, Mehmet and Gül Denktaş Şakar. “LNG Bunkering Dynamics: An Exploratory Study for Türkiye”. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, vol. 11, no. 3, 2022, pp. 369-83, doi:10.33714/masteb.1146003.
Vancouver Doymuş M, Denktaş Şakar G. LNG Bunkering Dynamics: An Exploratory Study for Türkiye. Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull. 2022;11(3):369-83.

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