ÖRGÜT ÜST KADEMİSİNDEKİ KARA ÜÇLEMENİN STRATEJİK MUHASEBEFİNANSMAN KARARLARI VE SONUÇLARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ

Abstract

Kara üçleme, yalnızca kişilik özelliği olarak seyreden narsistlik, makyavelcilik ve psikopatlığı tanımlamak için kullanılan bir kavramdır. Üst yönetim teorisi, yöneticilerin sahip olduğu kişilik özelliklerinin işletmenin stratejik karar ve sonuçlarına yansıdığından söz etmektedir. Muhasebe-finansman alanında alınacak olan tüm kararlar aynı anda pek çok paydaşı içerdiği için stratejik kararlardır. Bu çalışmada ilgili literatür taranarak kara üçlemenin hem yöneticiler hem de stratejik muhasebe finansman kararları üzerindeki açıklanmıştır. Gerekli önlemler alınmadığı takdirde, kara üçlemenin muhasebe-finansman alanı üzerindeki etkilerinin hem işletme hem de toplumsal açıdan olumsuz olduğundan söz etmek olasıdır.

Keywords

• Kara Üçleme,Üst Yönetim Teorisi,Narsist,Makyavelist,Psikopat,Stratejik Muhasebe-Finansman Kararları

THE EFFECTS OF THE UPPER ECHELON DARK TRIAD ON STRATEGIC ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE DECISIONS

Abstract

Dark triad is a concept used to describe narcissism, machiavellism and psychopathy, which is seen as a personality trait. The upper echelons theory mentions that the personality traits that managers have are reflected in the strategic decisions. All decisions to be made in the area of accounting and financing are strategic decisions as they involve many stakeholders at the same time. In this study, the related literature is searched and the effects of dark triad on managers and strategic accounting-finance decisions are explained. If the necessary precautions are not taken, it is possible to mention that the effects of dark triad on the accounting-finance area will be both negative for business and society.

Keywords

• Dark Triad,Upper Echelons Theory,Narcicism,Machiavellism,Psychopathy,Strategic Accounting-Finance Decisions

References

1. Amernic, J. H. , Craig R. J. (2010) Accounting as a Facilitator of Extreme Narcissism, Journal of Business Ethics, Volume 96, Number 1, Page 79
2. Ames D. R., Rose P., Anderson C. P. (2006) The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism, Journal of Research in Personality, Volume 40, Issue 4, Pages 440-450
3. Anderson, J. R., Tirrell, M. E. (2004). Too Good to Be True CEOs and Financial Reporting Fraud. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 56(1), 35-43.
4. Artar, Y. (2016) Türkiye’de Yasal Boşluk ve Esnekliklerden Yararlanılarak Gerçekleştirilen Yaratıcı Muhasebe Uygulamaları, Vergi Dünyası Dergisi, Haziran 2016, Sayı: 4
5. Avelino, B. C., Lima F., Sampaio G. A., da Cunha, Alves, J. V., Douglas C. R. (2017) The Influence of narcissism in the Professional environment: Aspects related to dishonesty, Advances in Scientific & Applied Accounting , Vol. 10 Issue 3, p334-356.
6. Babiak, P. (1995), When Psychopaths go to Work: A Case Study of an Industrial Psychopath. Applied Psychology, 44: 171-188. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.1995.tb01073.x
7. Babiak, P., Hare, R. D. (2006), Snakes in Suits: When Psychopaths Go to Work. HarperBusiness
8. Babiak, P., Neumann, C. S., Hare, R. D. (2010) Corporate psychopathy: Talking the walk, International Perspectives on Psychopathy, March/April, Pages 174-193

9. Bailey, C.D. (2017) Psychopathy and accounting students’ attitudes towards unethical professional practices, Journal of Accounting Education,Volume 41, Pages 15-32
10. Berg J. M., Lilienfeld S. O., Waldman, I. D. (2013) Bargaining with the devil: Using economic decision-making tasks to examine the heterogeneity of psychopathic traits, Journal of Research in Personality,Volume 47, Issue 5, Pages 472-482
11. Bitlisli, F., DİNÇ, M. (2015) Makyavelist Kişilik Eğilimleri ve Etiksel Karar Verme Davranışı İlişkisi: Muhasebe Meslek Mensupları Üzerine Bir Araştırma, World of Accounting Science, Vol. 17 Issue 4, p921-942
12. Board, B. J., Fritzon K. (2005) Disordered personalities at work, Psychology, Crime & Law,11:1, 17-32
13. Boddy ,C. R. (2011), The Corporate Psychopaths Theory of the Global Financial Crisis, Journal of Business Ethics, 102:255–259
14. Boddy, C. R. (2010) Corporate Psychopaths and organizational type, Journal of Public Affairs, Volume 10, Issue 4, Pages 300-312
15. Boddy, C.R., Ladyshewsky, R., Galvin, P.(2010) Leaders without ethics in global business: Corporate psychopaths, Volume 10, Issue 3, Pages 121-138
16. Boddy, C. R.(2006) The dark side of management decisions: organisational psychopaths, Management Decision, Vol. 44 Issue: 10, pp 1461-1475
17. Bonner, S.E. (2008), Judgment and decision making in accounting, Prentice Hall
18. Brinke, L., Kish A., Keltner, D. (2017) Hedge Fund Managers With Psychopathic Tendencies Make for Worse Investors, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol 44, Issue 2, pp.214 – 223
19. Brown, T. A., Sautter J. A., Littvay L., Sautter, A. C., Brennen Bearnes (2010) Ethics and Personality: Empathy and Narcissism as Moderators of Ethical Decision Making in Business Students, Journal of Education for Business, 85:4, 203-208, DOI: 10.1080/08832320903449501
20. Brunell, A. B. Staats S., Barden J., Hupp, J. M. (2011) Narcissism and academic dishonesty: The exhibitionism dimension and the lack of guilt, Personality and Individual Differences, Volume 50, Issue 3, Pages 323-328
21. Buchholz F., Jaeschke R., Lopatta K., Maas, K. (2018) The use of optimistic tone by narcissistic CEOs, Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Vol. 31 Issue: 2, pp.531-562
22. Campbell , K., Goodie, A.S., Foster, D. J. (2004) Narcissism, confidence, and risk attitude, Journal of Decision Making, Vol 17, Issue 4, Pages 297-31
23. Campbell, W. K., Hoffman B. J. , Campbell S. M., Marchisio, G. (2011), Narcissism in organizational contexts, Human Resource Management Review Volume 21, Issue 4, December 2011, Pages 268–284
24. Chatterjee, A. , Hambrick, D.C. (2007) It’s All about Me: Narcissistic Chief Executive Officers and Their Effects on Company Strategy and Performance, Administrative Science Quarterly ,Vol 52, Issue 3, pp. 351 – 386
25. Chatterjee A., Hambrick D. C.(2011) Executive Personality, Capability Cues, and Risk Taking: How Narcissistic CEOs React to Their Successes and Stumbles , Administrative Science Quarterly , Vol 56, Issue 2, pp. 202 – 23
26. Conger, J. (2002) Danger delusion: Success and self confidence often breeds narcissism and a sence of infallibility, Financial Times, November 29
27. Cohen, J. , Ding, Y., Lesage, C.,Stolowy, H. (2010). Corporate Fraud and Managers’ Behavior: Evidence from the Press. Journal of Business Ethics. 95. 271-315.
28. Colbert, A. E., Barrick, M. R. and Bradley, B. H. (2014), Personality And Leadership Composition in Top Management Teams: Implications For Organizational Effectiveness. Personnel Psychology, 67: 351-387. d10.1111/peps.1203
29. Dahling J.J., Whitaker B. G., Levy P. E. (2009) The Development and Validation of a New Machiavellianism Scale, Journal of Management , Vol 35, Issue 2, pp. 219
30. D’Souza, M. , Lima, G. A. S. F., (2015) The Dark Side of Power: The Dark Triad in Opportunistic Decision-Making Advances in Scientific and Applied Accounting, São Paulo v.8, n.2 p. 135 - 156 Mai./Ago. de DOI: 10.14392/asaa.201508020
31. D’Souza, M. F., Jones, D.N. (2017) Taxonomy of the Scientific Network of the Dark Triad: Revelations in the Business and Accounting Context, Revista de Educação e Pesquisa em Contabilidade , Vol. 11 Issue 3, p290-306.
32. Das, S., Zhang, H. (2003) Rounding-up in reported EPS, behavioral thresholds and earnings management, Journal of Accounting and Economics 35, pp. 31–50
33. Deloitte (2017) The tone at the top: The first ingredient in a first class ethics and compliance program, http://deloitte.wsj.com/riskandcompliance/files/2014/12/Tone_at_the_top.pdf, erişim tarihi: 20 Haziran 2018
34. Domino M. A., Wingreen, S. C. , Blanton J. E. (2015) Social Cognitive Theory: The Antecedents and Effects of Ethical Climate Fit on Organizational Attitudes of Corporate Accounting Professionals—A Reflection of Client Narcissism and Fraud Attitude Risk, Journal of Business Ethics, Volume 131, Number 2, Page 453
35. Emmons, R. A. (1987). Narcissism: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(1), 11-17.
36. Ergeneli, A. (2006). Örgüt Ve İnsan, Hacettepe Üniversite Basımevi, Ankara.
37. Feng, M., Ge, W., Luo, S., Shevlin, T. (2011), Why do CFOs become involved in material accounting manipulations, Journal of Accounting and Economics, 51 (1-2), 21-3
38. Foster ,J. D., Shenesey J. W., Goff, J. S. (2009) Why do narcissists take more risks? Testing the roles of perceived risks and benefits of risky behaviors, Personality and Individual Differences, Volume 47, Issue 8, Pages 885-889
39. Friedman, H. L. (2014) Implications of power: When the CEO can pressure the CFO to bias reports
40. Ge, W., Matsumoto, D., Zhang J.L. (2011) Do CFOs Have Style? An Empirical Investigation of the Effect of Individual CFOs on Accounting Practices, Contemporary Accounting Research, Volume28, Issue
41. Geiger, M. A. , North, D. S. (2006) Does Hiring a New CFO Change Thing? An Investigation of Changes in Discretionary Accruals , The Accounting Review 2006 81:4, 781-809
42. Góis, A. D. (2017) The dark tetrad of personality and the accounting information quality: the moderating effect of corporate reputation, Doctoral Thesis, Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade
43. Graham J. R., Harvey, C., Rajgopal S.(2005) The Economic Implications of Corporate Financial Reporting, Journal of Accounting and Economics, vol. 40, issue 1-3, 3-7
44. Goldman, A.,(2006) High toxicity leadership: Borderline personality disorder and the dysfunctional organization, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 21 Issue: 8, pp.733-74
45. Gunnthorsdottir A., McCabe K., Smith, V. (2002) Using the Machiavellianism instrument to predict trustworthiness in a bargaining game, Journal of Economic Psychology, Volume 23, Issue 1, Pages 49-66
46. Güney S., Mandacı G. (2009) Makyavelizm ve Etik Algısı İlişkileri: Bankacılık Sektöründe Bir Araştırma, H.Ü.İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 27, Sayı: 2, Sayfa: 83-104.
47. Hall, J. R., Benning, S. D. (2006). The “Successful” Psychopath: Adaptive and Subclinical Manifestations of Psychopathy in the General Population. In C. J. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. 459-478). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
48. Ham, C., Lang, M., Seybert, N., Wang, S. (2017) CFO Narcissism and Financial Reporting QualityJournal of Accounting Research, Volume 55, pages 1089 -1135
49. Ham, C., Seybert, N. & Wang, S. (2018) Narcissism is a bad sign: CEO signature size, investment, and performance, Review of Accounting Studies 23: 234.
50. Hambrick, D., Mason, P. (1984). Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers. The Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 193-206.
51. Hare R. D., Neumann, C. S. (2008) Psychopathy as a Clinical and Emprical Construct, Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 2008 4:1, 217-246
52. Harrison, A., Summers, J., Mennecke B. J (2016) The Effects of the Dark Triad on Unethical Behavior, Journal of Business Ethics
53. xHartmann, F.G.H, Maas, V.S. (2010) Why business unit controllers create budget slack: Involvement in management, social pressure and machiavellianism, Behavioral Research in Accounting, 22(2), 27-49
54. Hervé, H. (2007). Psychopathy Across the Ages: A History of the Hare Psychopath. İçinde : H. Hervé and J. C. Yuille (Eds.), The Psychopath: Theory, Research, and Practice (pp. 31-55). Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
55. Hiebl, Martin. (2014). Upper echelons theory in management accounting and control research, Journal of management control. 24. 223-240. 10.1007/s00187-013-0183-1.
56. Hosker-Field, A.M., Molnar, D. S. Book, A. S. (2016) Psychopathy and risk taking: Examining the role of risk perception, Personality and Individual Differences, Volume 91, Pages 123-132
57. Hurley, S. (2005). Social heuristics that make us smarter. Philosophical Psychology, 18(5),585-612.
58. Jeppesen K. K., Leder,C. (2016) Auditors’ experience with corporate psychopaths, Journal of Financial Crime, Vol. 23 Issue: 4, pp.870-881
59. Jiang, J., Petroni K. R., Wang I. Y. (2010) CFOs and CEOs: Who have the most influence on earnings management? , Journal of Financial Economics, 96, pp. 513-526
60. Johnson E. N., Kuhn J.R. Jr., Apostolou, B. A. and Hassell J. M. (2013) Auditor Perceptions of Client Narcissism as a Fraud Attitude Risk Factor. AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory: February 2013, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 203-219.
61. Jones, D. N. (2013) What’s mine is mine and what’s yours is mine: The Dark Triad and gambling with your neighbor’s money, Journal of Research in Personality, Volume 47, Issue 5, Pages 563-571
62. Jones, D. N. (2014) Risk in the face of retribution: Psychopathic individuals persist in financial misbehavior among the Dark Triad, Personality and Individual Differences,Volume 67,Pages 109-113
63. Jones, D.N., Paulhus, D.L. (2014) Introducing the Short Dark Triad (SD3): A Brief Measure of Dark Personality Traits, Assessment, Vol 21, Issue 1, pp. 28 – 41
64. Jones, T.M. (1991) Ethical Decision Making by Individuals in Organizations: An Issue- Contingent Model , The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 16, No. 2 (Apr., 1991), pp.366-395
65. Jones, D. N., Paulhus, D. L. (2009). Machiavellianism. In M. R. Leary & R. H. Hoyle (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences in social behavior (pp. 93-108). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
66. Küçüksözen, C. (2005) Finansal bilgi manipülüsyonu-nedenleri, yöntemleri, amaçları, teknikleri, sonuçları ve İMKB şirketleri üzerine ampirik bir çalışma, Sermaye Piyasası Kurulu Yayınları, Ankara
67. Latour, A., Young, S. (2005) WorldCom Ex-Finance Chief Says He Told CEO of Accounting Issue, Wall Street Journal, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB110788156917948996, erişim tarihi: 25 Mayıs 2018
68. Libby R., Rennekamp, K. M., Seybert, N. (2015) Regulation and the interdependent roles of managers, auditors, and directors in earnings management and accounting choice, Accounting, Organizations and Society, Volume 47, Pages 25-42
69. Lima, G. A. S. F., Avelino B.C., Cunha J. V. A. (2017) Narcissism: are accounting students using their personality traits to perform better? Journal of Accounting and Organizations, 31 (2017) 58-74
70. Lingnau, V., Fuchs, F., Dehne-Niemann, T. (2017) The influence of psychopathic traits on the acceptance of white-collar crime: do corporate psychopaths cook the books and misuse the news?. Journal of Business Economics. tba. 1-35. 10.1007/s11573-017-0864-6
71. Lilienfeld, S. O., Patrick, C. J., Benning, S. D., Berg, J., Sellbom, M., Edens, J. F. (2012). The role of fearless dominance in psychopathy: Confusions, controversies, and clarifications, Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3(3), 327-340
72. Lösel, F., Schmucker, M. (2004) Psychopathy, Risk Taking, and Attention: A Differentiated Test of the Somatic Marker Hypothesis, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol 113(4), 522-529
73. Majors, T. M. (2016) The Interaction of Communicating Measurement Uncertainty and the Dark Triad on Managers Reporting Decisions, The Accounting Review , 91:3, 973-992
74. Malmendier, U., Tate G. (2005) , CEO Overconfidence and Corporate Investment, The Journal of Finance, Vol. LX, no 6
75. Mathieu, C., Neumann, C.S., Hare, R. D., Babiak, P. (2014) A dark side of leadership: conporate psychopathy and its influence on employee well being and job satisfaction, Personality and Individual Differences, Vol 59, pp 83 -88
76. Merchant K. A., Rockness, J. (1994) The ethics of managing earnings: An empirical investigation, Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,Volume 13, Issue 1,Pages 79-94
77. Murphy, P. R. (2012) Attitude, Machiavellianism and the rationalization of misreporting, Accounting, Organizations and Society,Volume 37, Issue 4, Pages 242-259
78. Newman, J. P. (1987) Reaction to punishment in extraverts and psychopaths: Implications for the impulsive behavior of disinhibited individuals, Journal of Research in Personality,Volume 21, Issue 4, Pages 464-480.
79. O’Boyle E.H., Jr., Forsyth, D.R., Banks, G.C., McDaniel, M.A., (2012) A Meta-Analysis of the Dark Triad and Work Behavior: A Social Exchange Perspective, Journal of Applied Psychology, American Psychological Association, Vol. 97, No. 3, 557–579
80. Olsen, K. J., Dworkis K. K., Young S. M. (2014) CEO narcissism an accounting: A Picture of Profits, Journal of Management Accounting Research, 26:2, 243-267
81. Pardue, A. D., Robinson M. B., Arrigo, B.A. (2013a) Psychopathy and Corporate Crime: A Preliminary Examination, Part 1, Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 13:2, 116
82. Pardue, A. D., Robinson M. B., Arrigo, B.A. (2013b) Psychopathy and Corporate Crime: A Preliminary Examination, Part 2, Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 13:2, 145-169 Science ,Vol 23, Issue 6, pp. 421-426
83. Paulhus, D. L., Williams, K. M. (2002). The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy, Journal of Research in Personality, Volume 36, Issue 6, p. 556-56
84. Plöckinger, M., Aschauer, E., Hiebl, M., Rohatschek, R. (2016). The Influence of Individual Executives on Corporate Financial Reporting: A Review and Outlook from the Perspective of Upper Echelons Theory, Journal of Accounting Literature. 37. 55-75. 10.1016/j. acclit.2016.09.002.
85. R. Christie, F.L. Geis (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism, Academic Press, New York
86. R. Raskin, C.S. Hall (1979). A Narcissistic Personality Inventory, Psychological Reports, 45, p. 590
87. R.D. Hare (1985). Comparison of procedures for the assessment of psychopathy, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53 (1985), pp. 7-16.
88. Raskin, R. N., & Hall, C. S. (1979). A narcissistic personality inventory. Psychological Reports, 45(2), 590.
89. Raskin, R.,Terry, H. (1988)A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 54(5), 890-902
90. Rijsenbilt, A. & Commandeur, H. (2013) Narcissus Enters the Courtroom: CEO Narcissism and Fraud, Journal of Business Ethics , 117: 413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1528-7
91. Resick, C. J., Whitman, D. D., Weingarden, S. M., & Hiller, N. J. (2009). The bright-side and the dark-side of CEO personality: Examining core evaluations, narcissism, transformational leadership, and strategic influence, Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 1365–1381
92. Saucier, G., Goldberg, L. R. (2003). The structure of personality attributes. In BarrickMR, Ryan AM (Eds.), Personality and work: Reconsidering the role of personality in organizations (1–29). San Francisco,CA:Jossey-Bass
93. Schrand, C. M., Zechman, S. L.C. (2012) Executive overconfidence and the slippery slope to financial misreporting, Journal of Accounting and Economics, vol. 53, issue 1, 311-329
94. Shafer W. E., Simmons R. S., (2008) Social responsibility, Machiavellianism and tax avoidance: A study of Hong Kong tax professionals, Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Vol. 21 Issue:5, pp.695-720
95. W. E.,Wang, Z. (2011) Effects of ethical context and Machiavellianism on attitudes toward earnings management in China, Managerial Auditing Journal, Vol. 26 Issue: 5, pp.372-392
96. Smith, S.F., Lilienfeld, S. O. (2013) Psychopathy in the workplace: The knowns and unknowns, Aggression and Violent Behavior, Volume 18, Issue 2, Pages 204-218
97. Stevens, G., Deuling, J., Armenakis, A. (2012). Successful Psychopaths: Are They Unethical Decision-Makers and Why? Journal of Business Ethics. 105. 139-149
98. Tang T. L., Chen Y., Sutarso, T. (2008) “Bad apples in bad (business) barrels: The love of Money, machiavellianism, risk tolerance, and unethical behavior”, Management Decision, Vol. 46 Issue: 2, pp.243-263, https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740810854140
99. Troy C., Smith K. G., Domino M. A. (2011), CEO demographics and accounting fraud: Who is more likely to rationalize illegal acts? Strategic Organization ,Vol 9, Issue 4, pp. 259 – 282
100. Uluç, D. (2011) Orhan Veli ve Amerikalı Narsist, Hürriyet Gazetesi, http://www.hurriyet.com. tr/orhan-veli-ve-amerikali-narsist-17871696, erişim tarihi: 15 Mayıs 2018
101. Wakefield, R. L. (2008) Accounting and Machiavellianism. Behavioral Research in Accounting: Spring, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 115-129
102. Westerman J. W., Bergman J. Z., Bergman S. M., . Daly, J. P. (2012) Are Universities Creating Millennial Narcissistic Employees? An Empirical Examination of Narcissism in Business Students and Its Implications, Journal of Management Education, Volume: 36 issue: 1, page(s): 5-32
103. Widom, C. S. (1977). A methodology for studying noninstitutionalized psychopaths, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45(4), 674-683
104. Wisniewski, T. P., Yekini, L., Omar, A. (2017) Psychopathic Traits of Corporate Leadership as Predictors of Future Stock Returns, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2984999 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2984999
105. Vladu, A.B., Machiavellianism and Short Term Earnings Management Practices, Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Oeconomica, 15 (2), 2013, 467,472
106. Zoma, F., Minoja, M., Coda, V. (2013) Antecedents of Corporate Scandals: CEOs’ Personal Traits, Stakeholders’ Cohesion, Managerial Fraud, and Imbalanced Corporate Strategy, Journal of Business Ethics 113: 265- 283