Reduced levels of plasma strong antioxidant uric acid in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder

Year 2023, , 351 - 361, 31.05.2023

Erman Esnafoglu , Emine Yurdakul Ertürk

https://doi.org/10.19127/mbsjohs.1228963

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Objective: Uric acid (UA) is one of the most powerful antioxidants in human body fluids, as well as being the end product of purine metabolism. UA alone constitutes half of the scavenging effect of oxidant substances in the plasma.It has proinflammatory and metal chelation effects. In this study, UA levels and UA situation according to the normal range were investigated in patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Methods: Eighty-two ASD, 28 ADHD patients and 66 healthy control subjects were compared and serum UA levels were measured. ASD and ADHD severity were determined by CARS and Atilla Turgay ADHD scale. K-SADS-PL was administered to all subjects over the age of 6 years.

Results: UA levels were found to be significantly lower in the ASD and ADHD groups. UA levels were found to be lower than the normal range in nearly half of the ASD and ADHD groups. This rate was found to be 18.2% in the control group.

Conclusion: it was determined that UA levels were low in ASD and ADHD patients. It can be suggested that it may play a role in the pathophysiology of ASD and ADHD. UA may be a potential treatment target.

Keywords

uric acid, antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress, autism, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder

References

• 1. El Ridi R, Tallima H. Physiological functions and pathogenic potential of uric acid: A review. J Adv Res. 2017;8:487-493.
• 2. Sofaer JA, Emery AE. Genes for super-intelligence?. J Med Genet. 1981;18:410-413.
• 3. Oda M, Satta Y, Takenaka O, Takahata N. Loss of urate oxidase activity in hominoids and its evolutionary implications. Mol Biol Evol. 2002;19:640-653.
• 4. Mandal AK, Mount DB. The molecular physiology of uric acid homeostasis. AnnuRev Physiol. 2015;77:323-345.
• 5. Squadrito GL, Cueto R, Splenser AE, Valavanidis A, Zhang H, Uppu RM, Pryor WA. Reaction of uric acid with peroxynitrite and implications for the mechanism of neuroprotection by uric acid. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2000;376:333-337.
• 6. Glantzounis GK, Tsimoyiannis EC, Kappas AM, Galaris DA. Uric acid and oxidative stress. Curr Pharm Des. 2005;11:4145-4151.
• 7. Hooper DC, Spitsin S, Kean RB, Champion JM, Dickson GM, Chaudhry I, Koprowski H. Uric acid, a natural scavenger of peroxynitrite, in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiplesclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1998;95:675-680.
• 8. Rentzos M, Nikolaou C, Anagnostouli M, Rombos A, Tsakanikas K, Economou M, Vassilopoulos D. Serum uric acid and multiplesclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2006;108:527-531.
• 9. 9. Sotgiu S, Pugliatti M, Sanna A, Sotgiu A, Fois ML, Arru G, Rosati G. Serum uric acid and multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci. 2002;23:183-188.
• 10. Drulović J, Dujmović I, Stojsavljević N, Mesaroš Š, Andjelković S, Miljković D, Stojković MM. Uric acid levels in sera from patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2001;248:121-126.
• 11. Du N, Xu D, Hou X, Song X, Liu C, Chen Y, Li X. Inverse association between serum uric acid levels and Alzheimer’s disease risk. Mol Neurobiol. 2016;53:2594-2599.
• 12. Annanmaki T, Pessala-Driver A, Hokkanen L, Murros K. Uric acid associates with cognition in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2008;14:576-578.
• 13. Yu ZF, Bruce‐Keller AJ, Goodman Y, Mattson MP. Uric acid protects neurons against excitotoxic and metabolic insults in cell culture, and against focal ischemic brain injury in vivo. J Neurosci Res. 1998;53:613-625.
• 14. Alvarez-Lario B, Macarron-Vicente J. Is there anything good in uric acid?. QJM. 2011;104:1015-1024.
• 15. 15. Davies KJ, Sevanian A, Muakkassah-Kelly SF, Hochstein P. Uric acid-iron ion complexes. A new aspect of the antioxidant functions of uric acid. Biochem J. 1986;235:747-754.
• 16. Einsele H, Clemens MR, Wegner U, Waller HD. Effect of free radical scavengers and metal ion chelators on hydrogen peroxide and phenylhydrazine inducedred blood cell lipid peroxidation. Free Radic Res Commun. 1987; 3:257-263.
• 17. Yao JK, Reddy R, van Kammen DP. Reduced level of plasma antioxidant uric acid in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 1998;80:29-39.
• 18. Reddy R, Keshavan M, Yao JK. Reduced plasma antioxidants in first-episode patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2003;62:205-212.
• 19. He Q, You Y, Yu L, Yao L, Lu H, Zhou X, Zhao X. Uric acid levels in subjects with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2020;292:113305.
• 20. Wen S, Cheng M, Wang H, Yue J, Wang H, LiG, Peng F. Serum uric acid levels and the clinical characteristics of depression. Clin Biochem. 2012;45:49-53.
• 21. Unal F, Oktem F, Cetin Cuhadaroglu F, et al. Reliability and validity of the Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version, DSM-5 November 2016-Turkish adaptation (K-SADS-PL-DSM-5-T). Turk psikiyatri dergisi = Turk J Psychiatry. 2019;30:42–50.
• 22. Esnafoglu E, Ayyıldız SN. Decreased levels of serum fibroblast growth factor-2 in children with autism spectrum disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2017;257:79-83.
• 23. Ercan E. Development of a test battery for the assessment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Turk J Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;8:132–144.
• 24. Chen L, Shi XJ, Liu H, Mao X, Gui LN, Wang H, Cheng Y. Oxidative stress marker aberrations in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 87 studies (N= 9109). Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11:1-10.
• 25. Sezen H, Kandemir H, Savik E, Basmacı Kandemir S, Kilicaslan F, Bilinc H, Aksoy N. Increased oxidative stress in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Redox Rep. 2016;21:248-253.
• 26. Pangrazzi L, Balasco L, Bozzi Y. Oxidative stres and immune system dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:3293.