The Factors Affecting Smoking Cessation and Efficacy of Quitting Methods

Year 2019, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 168 - 174, 31.12.2019

Esen Sayın Gülensoy , Evrim Eylem Akpınar

https://doi.org/10.19127/mbsjohs.637725

Abstract

 Objective: We aimed to compare the demographic-sociocultural
characteristics of quitting and non-quitting individuals and to evaluate the
factors affecting smoking cessation and success rates of treatment methods.

Methods:  179 patients were included in the study.
Demographic characteristics, smoking behaviour, Fagerström nicotine dependence
level were recorded. The treatment results at the end of the first year were
evaluated. The efficacy of treatment methods used in the treatment of smoking
dependence, gender, occupation, education, comorbidity, and family history were
recorded in quitting and non-quitting individuals. Statistical analysis was
performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 21.0
(SPSS-21.0).

Results:  Of the 179 patients evaluated, 118 (65.6%)
were male and 71 (39.7%) were married. The mean age was 41.5 ± 13.7 years. At
the end of 12 months follow-up, 57 (31.8%) had been quitted smoking. There was
no difference between the quit and non-quit groups in terms of gender, age,
working status and education level. It was found that being married and having
no additional disease significantly increased smoking cessation rate (p =
0.049, p = 0.010, respectively). In both groups, combination of behavioural
treatment and varenicline was the most common method. There was no significant
difference among the pharmacological methods used.

Conclusion: In our study, smoking cessation rate was found to be 31.8%. The efficacy
of different treatment modalities was similar. Despite the current treatments,
the rate of smoking cessation is not at the desired level and further studies
are needed to develop new methods for smoking cessation treatment.

Keywords

smoking addiction, smoking cessation

References

• Arguder E, Karezli A, Hezer H, Kılıc H, Er M, Hasanoglu HC, et al. Factors Affecting the Success of Smoking Cessation. Turk Thorac J 2013;14:81-87
• Bize R, Willi C, Chiolero A, Stoianov R. Participation in a population-based physical activity programme as an aid for smoking cessation: randomized trial. Tobacco Control 2010; 19:488-494
• Cahill K, Stead LF, Lancaster T. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010; 8;(12):CD006103.
• Can G, Oztuna F, Ozlu T. The Evaluation of Outpatient Smoking Cessation Clinic Results Tuberculosis and Thorax 2004;52: 69-74,
• Carlson LE, Goodey E, Bennet MH, Taenzer B. The addition of social support to a community-based large-group behavioral smoking cessation intervention: Improved cessation rates and gender differences. Addictive Behaviors 2002;27:547–559
• Chandola T, Head J, Bartley M. Socio-demographic predictors of quitting smoking: how important are household factors? Addiction. 2004;99(6):770-777
• Demir T. Common psychiatric disorders in Turkey. Symposium series 2008; 62:231-238
• Evins AE, Carter C, Culhane MA, Birnbaum A, Horowitz J, Hsieh H, et al. A 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study of Bupropion SR added to high dose dual nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation or reduction in schizophrenia, J Clin Pyscopharmacol. 2007 27 (4):380-386
• Fiore MC, Baker TB. Treating Smokers in the Health Care Setting, N Engl J Med 2011;365:1222-1231
• Fiore MC, Smith SS, Jorenby DE, Baker TB. The effectiveness of the nicotine patch for smoking cessation. A meta-analysis. JAMA 271: 1940-7, 1994
• Freid VM, Prager K, Mackay AP, Xia H. Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans. National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, Maryland: 2003
• Global Adult Tobacco Survey, Turkey, 2016 . (cited 2019 August 5) Available from: https://nccd.cdc.gov/GTSSDataSurveyResources/Ancillary/DownloadAttachment.aspx?ID=3452
• Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Guidelines 2011 www.goldcopd.org
• Global Youth Tobacco Survey, Turkey, 2017. (cited 2019 August 5) Available from: https://extranet.who.int/ncdsmicrodata/index.php/catalog/477
• Godfresten NS, Lam TH, Hansel TT, Leon ME, Gray N, Dresler C et al. COPD-related morbidity and mortality after smoking cessation: status of evidence. Eur Respir J 2008, 32:844-53.
• Hays JT, Hurt RD, Rigotti NA, Niaura R, Gonzales D, Durcan MJ, Sachs DP, Wolter TD, Buist AS, Jonhston JA, White JD, Sustained release Bupropion for pharmacologic relapse prevention after smoking cessation, a randomized, controlled trial, Ann. Intern. Med 2001; 18,135(6):423-433 Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, Fagerström KO. The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire. Br J Addict 1991;86: 1119-1127
• Jorenby DE, Leishchow SJ, Nides MA, Rennard SI, Jonhston JA, Hughes AR, et al. A controlled trial of sustained-release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation. N Eng J Med 1999; 340:685-691
• Karlıkaya C, Oztuna F, Solak Z, Ozkan M. Tobacco Control, Turk Thorac J 2006;7(1):51-64
• Karnath B. Smoking cessation. Am J Med 2002;112:399–405
• Mackay J, Eriksen M. The Tobacco Atlas. World Health Organization. Part one 6. Cigarette consumption 2002
• Onen ZP, Sen E, Eriş Gülbay B, Oztürk A, Akkoca Yıldız O, Acıcan T et al. Comparing the effectiveness of different treatment modalities on the smoking cessation rates. Tuberculosis and Thorax, 2010; 58:385-92
• Ozlü T, Youth and Smoking, Ozyardimci N. editor, Smoking and Health, Bursa 2002; p.74-84
• Parrott S, Godfrey C, Raw M, et al. Guidance for commissioners on the cost effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions. Turkısh Thoracic Journal, 1998; 53: 1-38.
• Parsons AC, Shraim M, Inglis J, Aveyard P, Hajek P, Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jan 18;1:CD006219.
• Rigotti NA, treatment of tobacco uses and dependence. N Eng J Med 2002:346:505-512
• Roddy E. Bupropion and other nonnicotine pharmacotherapies, BMJ 2004 328:509511
• Saglam L. Investigation of the results of a smoking cessation clinic and the factors associated with success. Turk J Med Sci 2012;42:515-522. Solak ZA, Başoğlu ÖK, Erdinç E, Success of smoking cessation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Tuberculosis and Thorax, 2006;54:43-50
• Sahbaz S, Kılınc O, Gunay T, Ceylan E, The Effects of Smoking Properties and Demographic Properties on the Results of Smoking Cessation Therapy. Turk Thorac J, 2007;8(2):110-114
• Uysal MA, Kadakal F, Karşidağ C, Bayram NG, Uysal O, Yilmaz V. Fagerström test for nicotine dependence: Reliability in a Turkish sample and factor analysis. Tuberculosis and Thorax 2004;52:115-121.
• WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2019- MPOWER. (cited 2019 August 5) Available from: http://www.who.int/tobacco/ mpower/gtcr_download/en/index.html