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LEPTİN VE NÖROENDOKRİN DÜZENLEME

Year 2006, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 49 - 54, 01.12.2006

Abstract

İnsan ob gen kromozomu tarafından yağ dokusunda sentezlenen bir hormon olan leptin iştahı ve enerji harcamasını düzenler. Obez kişilerde serum leptin düzeyleri belirgin olarak yüksektir. Ob gen defekti olan ob/ob tipi farelerde, leptinin yeterince üretilememesi nedeniyle yağ depolanması fazladır. Obez kadın ve erkeklerde leptin düzeyi ile vücut kitle indeksi arasında pozitif bir ilişki gösterilmiştir. Leptin reprodüktif fonksiyonlarda da görevlidir. İnfertil ve gonadotropin seviyesi düşük ob/ob farelere leptin enjekte edildiğinde, uterus ve overlerinin ağırlıkları ve overlerdeki folikül sayısı artarak fertilitenin korunması sağlanmıştır. Normal dişi farelere leptin uygulandığında ise pubertenin hızlandığı gözlenmiştir. Diğer yandan leptin osteoblastik hücre büyümesinde ve kemik mineralizasyonunda rol oynayabilir. Leptin ayrıca nöropetid Y'yi inhibe edip gonadotropinlerin ve seks steroidlerinin sentezini stimüle eder. Uterin miyomlarda leptin geninin ekspresyonu gösterilirken sağlıklı insanlardan alınan miyometriumda gösterilememiştir, bu nedenle uterin miyom etyopatogenezinde leptinin rolü olabileceği savunulmaktadır. Sonuç olarak iştahı ve enerji harcanmasını regüle eden leptin reprodüktif ve nöroendokrin sistemde de önemli rol oynamaktadır

References

  • 1. Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, et al. Positional cloning of the mouse gene and its human homologue (abstract). Nature 1994; 372:425-432.
  • 2. Tritos NA, Mantzoros CS. Leptin; its role in obesity and beyond. Diabetologia 1997; 40:1371-1379.
  • 3. Zhang F, Basinski MB, Beals JM, et al. Crystal structure of the obese protein leptin-E100. Nature 1997;387:206-209.
  • 4. Kelesidis T, Mantzoros CS. The emerging role of leptin in humans. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2006;3:239-48.
  • 5. Muoio DM, Lynis Dohm G. Peripheral metabolic actions of leptin.Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;16:653-66.
  • 6. Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, et al. Serum immunreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:292-295.
  • 7. Seufert J, Kıeffer TJ, Leech CA, et al. Leptin suppression of insulin secretion and gene expression in human pancreatic islets: implications for the development of adipogenic diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:670-676.
  • 8. Dagogo JS, Fanelli C, Paramore D, et al. Plasma leptin and insulin relationships in obese and nonobese humans (abstract). Diabetes 1996;45:695-698.
  • 9. Mantzoros CS, Flier JS, Lesem MD, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid leptin in anorexia nervosa:correlation with nutritional status and potential role in resistance to weight gain. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:1845-1851.
  • 10. Ruige JB, Dekker JM, Blum WF, et al. Leptin and variables of body adiposity, energy balance and insulin resistance in a population based study. Diabetes Care 1999; 22:1097-1104.
  • 11. Wallace AM. Measurement of leptin and leptin binding in the human circulation. Ann Clin Biochem 2000; 37:244-252.
  • 12. Lönnqvist F, Wennlund A, Arner P. Relationship between circulating leptin and peripheral fat distribution in obese subjects. Int J Obesity 1997; 21:255-260.
  • 13. Kennedy A, Gettys TW, Watson P, et al. The metabolic significance of leptin in humans:gender-based differences in relationship to adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and energy expenditure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:1293-1300.
  • 14. Blum WF. Leptin:the voice of the adipose tissue. Horm Res 1997; 48:2-8.
  • 15. Ergün A. Obezite, besin alımı ve vücut ağırlığının kontrolünde leptin. T Klin Tıp Bilimleri 1998;18:220- 225.
  • 16. Cumin F, Baum HP, Levens N. Leptin is cleared from the circulation primarily by the kidney. Int J obesity 1996; 20:1120-1126.
  • 17. Merabet E, Dagogo-Jack S, Coyne DW, et al. İncreased plasma leptin concentration in end-stage renal disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:847-850.
  • 18. Giannini E, Ceppa P, Botta F, et al. Leptin has no role in determining severity of steatosis and fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:3211-3217.
  • 19. Uygun A, Kadayifci A, Yesilova Z, et al. Serum leptin levels in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95:3584-9.
  • 20. Mantzoros CS, Moschos S, Avramopoulos I, et al. Leptin concentrations in relation to body mass index and the tumor necrosis factor- system in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:3408-3413.
  • 21. Rosenbaum M, Libel RL, Hırsch J. Obesity. N Engl J Med 1997;337:396-407,.
  • 22. Polito A, Fabbri A, Luzzi A, et al. Bazal metabolic rate in anorexia nervoza : relation to Body compozsition and leptin concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71:1495-1502.
  • 23. Wilding J, Widdowson P, Williams G. Neurobiology. Br Med Bull 1997; 53:286-306,.
  • 24. Mistry AM, Swick A, Romsos DR. Leptin rapidly lowers food intake and elevates metabolic rates in lean and mice. J Nutr 1997; 127:2065-2072.
  • 25. Mistry AM, Swick A, Romsos DR. Leptin alters metabolic rates before acquisition of its anorectic effect in developing neonatal mice. Am J Physiol, 1999; 277:R742-R747.
  • 26. Breslow MJ, Min-Lee K, Brown DR, et al. Effect of leptin deficiency on metabolic rate in mice. Am J Physiol 1999; 276:E443-E449.
  • 27. Ahima RS, Dushay J, Flier SN, et al. Leptin accelerates the onset of puberty in normal female mice. J Clin Invest 1997; 99:391-395.
  • 28. Matkovic V, Ilich JZ, Skugor M, et al. Leptin is inversely related to age at menarche in human females. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:3239-3245.
  • 29. Kitawaki J, Koshiba H, Ishihara H et al. Expression of Leptin Receptor in Human Endometrium and Fluctuation during the Menstrual Cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85:3292-6.
  • 30. Ambrosius WT, Compton JA, Bowsher RR, Pratt JH. Relation of race, age, and sex hormone differences to serum leptin concentrations in children and adolescents. Horm Res 1998;49:240-6.
  • 31. Machinal F, Dieudonne MN, Leneveu MC, et al. In vivo and in vitro ob gene expression and leptin secretion in rat adipocytes: evidence for a regional specific regulation by sex steroid hormones. Endocrinology 1999; 40:1567-74.
  • 32. Paolisso G, Rizzo MR, Mazziotti G, et al. Lack of association between changes in plasma leptin concentration and in food intake during the menstrual cycle. Eur J Clin Invest 1999; 29:490-5.
  • 33. Perry HM, Morley JE, Horowitz M. Body composition and age in African-American and Caucasian women: relationship to plasma leptin levels. Metabolism 1997; 46:1389-405.
  • 34. Mills PJ, Ziegler MG, Morrison TA. Leptin is related to epinephrine levels but not reproductive hormone levels in cycling African-American and Caucasian women. Life Sci 1998;63:617-23.
  • 35. Shimizu H, Shimomura Y, Nakanishi, et al. Estrogen increases in vivo leptin production in rats and human subjects. J Endocrinol 1997; 154:285-92.
  • 36. Cella F, Giordano G, Cordera R. Serum leptin concentrations during the menstrual cycle in normal weight women: effects of an oral triphasic estrogenprogestin medication. Eur J Endocrinol 2000;142:174- 8.
  • 37. Pelleymounter MA, Baker MB, McCaleb M. Does estradiol mediate leptin's effects on adiposity and body weight?Am J Physiol 1999;276:E955-63.
  • 38. Yoneda N, Saito S, Kimura M, et al. The influence of ovariectomy on ob gene expression in rats. Horm Metab Res 1998; 30:263-5.
  • 39. Chu S-C, Chou Y-C, Liu J-Y, et al. Fluctuation of serum leptin level in rats after ovariectomy and the influence of estrogen supplement. Life Sci 1999;64:2299-306.
  • 40. Pinilla L, Seoane LM, Gonzales L, et al. Regulation of serum leptin levels by gonadal function in rats. Eur J Endocrinol 1999; 140:468-73.
  • 41. Messinis IE, Milingos SD, Alexandris E, et al. Leptin concentrations in normal women following bilateral ovariectomy. Hum Reprod 1999;14:913-8.
  • 42. Matalliotakis IM, Koumantaki YG, Neonaki MA, et al. Increase in serum leptin concentration among women with endometriosis during danazol and leuprolide depot treatments. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:58- 62.
  • 43. Lin KC. Increase of leptin levels following exogenous administration of estrogen in women with normal menstruation. Kao Hsiung I Hsueh Ko Hsueh Tsa Chih 2000;16:13-9.
  • 44. Nowicki M, Adamkiewicz G, Bryc W, Kokot F. The influence of luteinizing hormonereleasing hormone analog on serum leptin and body composition in women with solitary uterine myoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:340-4.
  • 45. Kohrt WM, Landt M, Birge SJ. Serum leptin levels are reduced in response to exercise training but not hormone replacement therapy in older women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:3980-5.
  • 46. Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, et al. Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normalweight and obese humans. N Engl J Med 1996`, 334:292-5.
  • 47. Reseland JE, Syversen U, Bakke I, et al. Leptin is expressed in and secreted from primary cultures of human osteoblasts and promotes bone mineralization. J Bone Miner Res 2001;16:1426-33.
  • 48. Holloway WR, Collier F, Aitken CJ, et al. Leptin inhibits osteoclast generation. J Bone Miner Res 2002; 17:200-9.
  • 49. Steppan CM, Crawford DT, Chidsey-Frink KL, et al. is a potent stimulator of bone growth in ob/ob mice. Regul Pept 2000;92:73-8.
  • 50. Ducy P, Amling M, Takeda S, et al. Leptin inhibits bone formation through a hypothalamic relay: a central control of bone mass. Cell 2000;100:197-207.
  • 51. Burguera B, Hofbauer LC, Thomas T, et al. Leptin reduces ovariectomy-induced bone loss in rats. Endocrinology 2001; 142:3546-53.
  • 52. Roux C, ArabiA, Porcher R, Garneroc P. Serum leptin as a determinant of bone resorption in healthy postmenopausal women. Bone 2003;33:847-852.
  • 53. Yamauchi M, Sugimoto T, Yamaguchi T, et al. Plasma leptin concentrations are associated with bone mineral density and the presence of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2001;55:341-7.
  • 54. Thomas T, Gori F, Khosla S, et al. Leptin acts on human marrow stromal cells to enhance differentiation to osteoblasts and to inhibit differentiation to adipocytes. Endocrinology 1999;140:1630-8.
  • 55. Fajardo ME, Malacara JM, Mart´ınez-Rodr´ıguez HG, Barrera-Saldaña HA. Hormone and metabolic factors associated with leptin mRNA expression in pre- and postmenopausal women. 2004; Steroids 2004;69:425- 30.
  • 56. Schubring C, BlumWF, Kratzsch J, et al. Leptin, the ob gene product, in female health and disease. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2000;88:121-7.
  • 57. Larson H, Ahren B. Short-term dexamethasone treatment increases plasma leptin independently of changes in insulin sensitivity in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:4428-32.
  • 58. Markowska A, Rucinski M, Drews K, Malendowicz LK. Further studies on leptin and leptin receptor expression in myometrium and uterine myomas. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2005;26:517-25.
  • 59. Douchi T, Kuwahata T, Yoshimitsu N, et al. Changes in serum leptin levels during GnRH agonist therapy. Endocr J 2003; 50:355-9.
  • 60. Chan TF, Su JH, Chung YF, et al. Decreased serum leptin levels in women with uterine leiomyomas. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003;82:173-6.
  • 61. Ergün A. Leptin (Ob protein). T Klin Tıp Bilimleri 1999;19:130-136

Leptin and Neuroendocrine Regulation

Year 2006, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 49 - 54, 01.12.2006

Abstract

Leptin, the product of the ob gene, is produced exclusively by the adipose tissue and regulates energy intake and expenditure. Obese individuals have considerably higher serum leptin concentrations. In ob/ob mice, the fat deposition is increased as a result of insufficient production of leptin. In obese women and men, there is correlation between serum leptin concentrations and body mass index. Leptin appears to influence various reproductive functions. Injecting leptin into ob/ob mice that are infertile and with low levels of gonadotropin increases the weight of the uterus and ovaries and the number of follicles, resulting in restoration of fertility. Administering leptin treatment to normal female mice accelerates puberty. Leptin may be of importance for osteoblastic cell growth and bone mineralization. Leptin may also be expected to stimulate gonadotropin and sex- steroid synthesis and secretion through inhibition of Neuropeptide Y. It has been reported that leptin was expressed in several uterine myomas but not in normal myometrium, so leptin may have a role in the etiopathogenesis in uterine leiomyoma. In conclusion, leptin, regulating energy intake and expenditure also has regulatory effects on reproductive and neuro-endocrine systems.

References

  • 1. Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, et al. Positional cloning of the mouse gene and its human homologue (abstract). Nature 1994; 372:425-432.
  • 2. Tritos NA, Mantzoros CS. Leptin; its role in obesity and beyond. Diabetologia 1997; 40:1371-1379.
  • 3. Zhang F, Basinski MB, Beals JM, et al. Crystal structure of the obese protein leptin-E100. Nature 1997;387:206-209.
  • 4. Kelesidis T, Mantzoros CS. The emerging role of leptin in humans. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2006;3:239-48.
  • 5. Muoio DM, Lynis Dohm G. Peripheral metabolic actions of leptin.Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;16:653-66.
  • 6. Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, et al. Serum immunreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:292-295.
  • 7. Seufert J, Kıeffer TJ, Leech CA, et al. Leptin suppression of insulin secretion and gene expression in human pancreatic islets: implications for the development of adipogenic diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:670-676.
  • 8. Dagogo JS, Fanelli C, Paramore D, et al. Plasma leptin and insulin relationships in obese and nonobese humans (abstract). Diabetes 1996;45:695-698.
  • 9. Mantzoros CS, Flier JS, Lesem MD, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid leptin in anorexia nervosa:correlation with nutritional status and potential role in resistance to weight gain. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:1845-1851.
  • 10. Ruige JB, Dekker JM, Blum WF, et al. Leptin and variables of body adiposity, energy balance and insulin resistance in a population based study. Diabetes Care 1999; 22:1097-1104.
  • 11. Wallace AM. Measurement of leptin and leptin binding in the human circulation. Ann Clin Biochem 2000; 37:244-252.
  • 12. Lönnqvist F, Wennlund A, Arner P. Relationship between circulating leptin and peripheral fat distribution in obese subjects. Int J Obesity 1997; 21:255-260.
  • 13. Kennedy A, Gettys TW, Watson P, et al. The metabolic significance of leptin in humans:gender-based differences in relationship to adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and energy expenditure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:1293-1300.
  • 14. Blum WF. Leptin:the voice of the adipose tissue. Horm Res 1997; 48:2-8.
  • 15. Ergün A. Obezite, besin alımı ve vücut ağırlığının kontrolünde leptin. T Klin Tıp Bilimleri 1998;18:220- 225.
  • 16. Cumin F, Baum HP, Levens N. Leptin is cleared from the circulation primarily by the kidney. Int J obesity 1996; 20:1120-1126.
  • 17. Merabet E, Dagogo-Jack S, Coyne DW, et al. İncreased plasma leptin concentration in end-stage renal disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:847-850.
  • 18. Giannini E, Ceppa P, Botta F, et al. Leptin has no role in determining severity of steatosis and fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:3211-3217.
  • 19. Uygun A, Kadayifci A, Yesilova Z, et al. Serum leptin levels in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95:3584-9.
  • 20. Mantzoros CS, Moschos S, Avramopoulos I, et al. Leptin concentrations in relation to body mass index and the tumor necrosis factor- system in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:3408-3413.
  • 21. Rosenbaum M, Libel RL, Hırsch J. Obesity. N Engl J Med 1997;337:396-407,.
  • 22. Polito A, Fabbri A, Luzzi A, et al. Bazal metabolic rate in anorexia nervoza : relation to Body compozsition and leptin concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71:1495-1502.
  • 23. Wilding J, Widdowson P, Williams G. Neurobiology. Br Med Bull 1997; 53:286-306,.
  • 24. Mistry AM, Swick A, Romsos DR. Leptin rapidly lowers food intake and elevates metabolic rates in lean and mice. J Nutr 1997; 127:2065-2072.
  • 25. Mistry AM, Swick A, Romsos DR. Leptin alters metabolic rates before acquisition of its anorectic effect in developing neonatal mice. Am J Physiol, 1999; 277:R742-R747.
  • 26. Breslow MJ, Min-Lee K, Brown DR, et al. Effect of leptin deficiency on metabolic rate in mice. Am J Physiol 1999; 276:E443-E449.
  • 27. Ahima RS, Dushay J, Flier SN, et al. Leptin accelerates the onset of puberty in normal female mice. J Clin Invest 1997; 99:391-395.
  • 28. Matkovic V, Ilich JZ, Skugor M, et al. Leptin is inversely related to age at menarche in human females. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:3239-3245.
  • 29. Kitawaki J, Koshiba H, Ishihara H et al. Expression of Leptin Receptor in Human Endometrium and Fluctuation during the Menstrual Cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85:3292-6.
  • 30. Ambrosius WT, Compton JA, Bowsher RR, Pratt JH. Relation of race, age, and sex hormone differences to serum leptin concentrations in children and adolescents. Horm Res 1998;49:240-6.
  • 31. Machinal F, Dieudonne MN, Leneveu MC, et al. In vivo and in vitro ob gene expression and leptin secretion in rat adipocytes: evidence for a regional specific regulation by sex steroid hormones. Endocrinology 1999; 40:1567-74.
  • 32. Paolisso G, Rizzo MR, Mazziotti G, et al. Lack of association between changes in plasma leptin concentration and in food intake during the menstrual cycle. Eur J Clin Invest 1999; 29:490-5.
  • 33. Perry HM, Morley JE, Horowitz M. Body composition and age in African-American and Caucasian women: relationship to plasma leptin levels. Metabolism 1997; 46:1389-405.
  • 34. Mills PJ, Ziegler MG, Morrison TA. Leptin is related to epinephrine levels but not reproductive hormone levels in cycling African-American and Caucasian women. Life Sci 1998;63:617-23.
  • 35. Shimizu H, Shimomura Y, Nakanishi, et al. Estrogen increases in vivo leptin production in rats and human subjects. J Endocrinol 1997; 154:285-92.
  • 36. Cella F, Giordano G, Cordera R. Serum leptin concentrations during the menstrual cycle in normal weight women: effects of an oral triphasic estrogenprogestin medication. Eur J Endocrinol 2000;142:174- 8.
  • 37. Pelleymounter MA, Baker MB, McCaleb M. Does estradiol mediate leptin's effects on adiposity and body weight?Am J Physiol 1999;276:E955-63.
  • 38. Yoneda N, Saito S, Kimura M, et al. The influence of ovariectomy on ob gene expression in rats. Horm Metab Res 1998; 30:263-5.
  • 39. Chu S-C, Chou Y-C, Liu J-Y, et al. Fluctuation of serum leptin level in rats after ovariectomy and the influence of estrogen supplement. Life Sci 1999;64:2299-306.
  • 40. Pinilla L, Seoane LM, Gonzales L, et al. Regulation of serum leptin levels by gonadal function in rats. Eur J Endocrinol 1999; 140:468-73.
  • 41. Messinis IE, Milingos SD, Alexandris E, et al. Leptin concentrations in normal women following bilateral ovariectomy. Hum Reprod 1999;14:913-8.
  • 42. Matalliotakis IM, Koumantaki YG, Neonaki MA, et al. Increase in serum leptin concentration among women with endometriosis during danazol and leuprolide depot treatments. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:58- 62.
  • 43. Lin KC. Increase of leptin levels following exogenous administration of estrogen in women with normal menstruation. Kao Hsiung I Hsueh Ko Hsueh Tsa Chih 2000;16:13-9.
  • 44. Nowicki M, Adamkiewicz G, Bryc W, Kokot F. The influence of luteinizing hormonereleasing hormone analog on serum leptin and body composition in women with solitary uterine myoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:340-4.
  • 45. Kohrt WM, Landt M, Birge SJ. Serum leptin levels are reduced in response to exercise training but not hormone replacement therapy in older women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:3980-5.
  • 46. Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, et al. Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normalweight and obese humans. N Engl J Med 1996`, 334:292-5.
  • 47. Reseland JE, Syversen U, Bakke I, et al. Leptin is expressed in and secreted from primary cultures of human osteoblasts and promotes bone mineralization. J Bone Miner Res 2001;16:1426-33.
  • 48. Holloway WR, Collier F, Aitken CJ, et al. Leptin inhibits osteoclast generation. J Bone Miner Res 2002; 17:200-9.
  • 49. Steppan CM, Crawford DT, Chidsey-Frink KL, et al. is a potent stimulator of bone growth in ob/ob mice. Regul Pept 2000;92:73-8.
  • 50. Ducy P, Amling M, Takeda S, et al. Leptin inhibits bone formation through a hypothalamic relay: a central control of bone mass. Cell 2000;100:197-207.
  • 51. Burguera B, Hofbauer LC, Thomas T, et al. Leptin reduces ovariectomy-induced bone loss in rats. Endocrinology 2001; 142:3546-53.
  • 52. Roux C, ArabiA, Porcher R, Garneroc P. Serum leptin as a determinant of bone resorption in healthy postmenopausal women. Bone 2003;33:847-852.
  • 53. Yamauchi M, Sugimoto T, Yamaguchi T, et al. Plasma leptin concentrations are associated with bone mineral density and the presence of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2001;55:341-7.
  • 54. Thomas T, Gori F, Khosla S, et al. Leptin acts on human marrow stromal cells to enhance differentiation to osteoblasts and to inhibit differentiation to adipocytes. Endocrinology 1999;140:1630-8.
  • 55. Fajardo ME, Malacara JM, Mart´ınez-Rodr´ıguez HG, Barrera-Saldaña HA. Hormone and metabolic factors associated with leptin mRNA expression in pre- and postmenopausal women. 2004; Steroids 2004;69:425- 30.
  • 56. Schubring C, BlumWF, Kratzsch J, et al. Leptin, the ob gene product, in female health and disease. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2000;88:121-7.
  • 57. Larson H, Ahren B. Short-term dexamethasone treatment increases plasma leptin independently of changes in insulin sensitivity in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:4428-32.
  • 58. Markowska A, Rucinski M, Drews K, Malendowicz LK. Further studies on leptin and leptin receptor expression in myometrium and uterine myomas. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2005;26:517-25.
  • 59. Douchi T, Kuwahata T, Yoshimitsu N, et al. Changes in serum leptin levels during GnRH agonist therapy. Endocr J 2003; 50:355-9.
  • 60. Chan TF, Su JH, Chung YF, et al. Decreased serum leptin levels in women with uterine leiomyomas. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003;82:173-6.
  • 61. Ergün A. Leptin (Ob protein). T Klin Tıp Bilimleri 1999;19:130-136
There are 61 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA87HV78KE
Journal Section Collection
Authors

Sefa Gültürk This is me

Gonca İmir This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2006
Published in Issue Year 2006 Volume: 7 Issue: 3

Cite

EndNote Gültürk S, İmir G (December 1, 2006) Leptin and Neuroendocrine Regulation. Meandros Medical And Dental Journal 7 3 49–54.