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ELEKTROMANYETİK ALANIN (50HZ, 6mT) SIÇAN KARACİĞER VE BÖBREĞİNE ETKİLERİ

Year 2007, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 5 - 11, 01.04.2007

Abstract

Amaç:Modern teknolojinin giderek ilerlemesinin bir sonucu olarak, bir çok endüstriyel ve evsel elektriklialetlerin kullanımı ile birlikte, insanlar bunlardan kaynaklanan manyetik alanlara daha fazla maruz kalmaktadır.Son yıllarda elektromanyetik alan (EMA) oluşturan aletlerin etkileri bir çok deneysel çalışmaya konu olmuş vefarklı sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Bu çalışmada elektromanyetik alana maruz kalan sıçanlarda karaciğer ve böbrekdokusunun incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntem:Bu çalışmada ortalama 290 gram ağırlığında 20 adet erişkin erkek Wistar albino sıçankullanıldı. Deney hayvanları, her birinde 10'ar sıçan bulunacak şekilde “deney grubu ve kontrol grubu” olmaküzere iki gruba ayrıldı. Deney grubu günde 2 saat, haftada 7 gün olmak üzere 8 hafta süreyle 6 militesla (mT) (50Hz, alternatif akım) EMA'a maruz bırakıldı. Deney sırasında sıçanların bulunduğu ortamın sıcaklığı termometreile, manyetik alan ise Teslametre (Phyme) ile sürekli kontrol edildi. deney başlangıcında ve deney sonundahayvanların canlı ağırlıkları kaydedildi. Deney sonunda ötenazi uygulanan sıçanlardan doku örnekleri alındı.Formalin solusyonunda tespit edilen karaciğer ve böbrek doku örnekleri rutin histolojik doku takibinden sonraparafine gömüldü. Parafin bloklardan alınan 5µ kalınlığındaki kesitler Hematoksilen-Eosin, PeriodikAsit Schiffve Masson trikrom ile boyandı. Işık mikroskobunda histopatolojik olarak değerlendirilen kesitler dejenerasyon,fokal nekroz, fibrozis gibi histolojik bulgular yönünden semikantitatif olarak skorlandı. Elde edilen tüm sayısalveriler Mann-Whitney U testi ile istatistiksel olarak değerlendirildi.Bulgular:Deney hayvanlarının deney süresindeki ağırlık artışı yüzdeleri ile karaciğer ve böbrek ağırlıklarıaçısından deney ve kontrol grubu arasında istatistiksel bir farklılık saptanmadı. Deney ve kontrol gruplarınıntoplam histolojik skorları arasında anlamlı bir farklılık olmadığı belirlendi.Sonuç:Elde edilen bulgular, uzun süre 6 mT (50 Hz, alternatif akım) manyetik alana maruz kalan sıçanlarınkaraciğer ve böbrek dokusunda histolojik bir değişikliğe neden olmadığını göstermiştir

References

  • 1. Özaktaş HM. Günlük hayatta karşılaşılan elektromanyetik alanlar ve insan sağlığı. Seyhan Atalay N, Karakaş Ü, (Editörler). Bilişim Toplumuna Giderken Elektromanyetik Kirlilik Etkileri Sempozyumu 1999, THK Basımevi, Ankara, 1999: 7- 14.
  • 2. Tsong TY. Molecular recognition and processing of periodic signals in cells: study of activation of membrane ATPases by alternating electric fields. Biochim BiophysActa 1992; 1113: 53-70.
  • 3. Koana T, Okada MO, Ikehata M, Nakagawa M. Increase in the mitotic recombination frequency in Drosophila melanogaster by magnetic field exposure and its suppression by vitamin E supplement. Mutat Res 1997; 373: 55-60.
  • 4. Baum A, Mevissen M, Kamino K, Mohr U, Loscher W. A histopathological study on alterations in DMBAinduced mammary carcinogenesis in rats with 50 Hz, 100 muT magnetic field exposure. Carcinogenesis 1995; 16:119-25.
  • 5. Al-Akhras MA, Darmani H, Elbetieha A. Influence of 50 Hz magnetic field on sex hormones and other fertility parameters of adult male rats. Bioelectromagnetics 2006; 27:127-31.
  • 6. Al-Akhras MA, Elbetieha A, Hasan MK, Al-Omari I, Darmani H, Albiss B. Effects of extremely low frequency magnetic field on fertility of adult male and female rats. Bioelectromagnetics 2001; 22: 340-4.
  • 7. Rajkovic V, Matavulj M, Johansson O. The effect of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on skin and thyroid amine- and peptide-containing cells in rats: an immunohistochemical and morphometrical study. Environ Res 2005; 99:369-77.
  • 8. Stevens RG, Davis S. The melatonin hypothesis: electric power and breast cancer. Environ Health Perspect 1996; 104 Suppl 1:135-40.
  • 9. Wartenberg D. Residential EMF exposure and childhood leukemia: meta-analysis and population attributable risk. Bioelectromagnetics 2001; Suppl 5: S86-104.
  • 10. Seyhan N, Canseven AG. In vivo effects of ELF MFs on collagen synthesis, free radical processes, natural antioxidant system, respiratory burst system, immune system activities, and electrolytes in the skin, plasma, spleen, lung, kidney, and brain tissues. Electromagn Biol Med 2006; 25:291-305.
  • 11. Heredia-Rojas JA, Caballero-Hernandez DE, Rodriguez-de la Fuente AO, Ramos-Alfano G, Rodriguez-Flores LE. Lack of alterations on meiotic chromosomes and morphological characteristics of male germ cells in mice exposed to a 60 Hz and 2.0 mT magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics 2004; 25:63-8.
  • 12. Vijayalaxmi, Obe G. Controversial cytogenetic observations in mammalian somatic cells exposed to extremely low frequency electromagnetic radiation: a review and future research recommendations. Bioelectromagnetics 2005; 26:412-30.
  • 13. Chater S, Abdelmelek H, Douki T, Garrel C, Favier A, Sakly M, Ben Rhouma K. Exposure to static magnetic field of pregnant rats induces hepatic GSH elevation but not oxidative DNA damage in liver and kidney. Arch Med Res 2006; 37:941-6.
  • 14. Chung MK, Lee SJ, Kim YB, Park SC, Shin DH, Kim SH, Kim JC. Evaluation of spermatogenesis and fertility in F1 male rats after in utero and neonatal exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields.Asian JAndrol 2005; 7:189-94.
  • 15. Canseven AG, Yılmazoğlu K, Coşkun Ş, Seyhan N. Değişik şiddetlerde uygulanan ELF manyetik alanların beyin, akciğer ve karaciğer GSH düzeylerine etkisi. XVIII. Ulusal Biyofizik Kongresi Bildiri Özetleri, 6-9 Eylül 2006,Ankara: 71.
  • 16. Canseven AG., Tomruk A, Coşkun Ş, Seyhan N. Değişik sürelerde uygulanan 50 Hz, 3mT manyetik alanın karaciğer ve böbrek dokularında NO düzeylerine etkisi. XVIII. Ulusal Biyofizik Kongresi Bildiri Özetleri, 6-9 Eylül 2006,Ankara: 73.
  • 17. Berg H. Problems of weak electromagnetic field effects in cell biology. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 1999; 48:355-60.
  • 18. Kim SH, Lee HJ, Choi SY, Gimm YM, Pack JK, Choi HD, Lee YS. Toxicity bioassay in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to 20 kHz triangular magnetic field for 90 days. Bioelectromagnetics 2006; 27:105-11.
  • 19. Margonato V, Nicolini P, Conti R, Zecca L, Veicsteinas A, Cerretelli P. Biologic effects of prolonged exposure to ELF electromagnetic fields in rats: II. 50 Hz magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 1995;16: 343-55.
  • 20. High WB, Sikora J, Ugurbil K, Garwood M. Subchronic in vivo effects of a high static magnetic field (9.4 T) in rats. J Magn Reson Imaging 2000; 12: 122-39.
  • 21. Zecca L, Mantegazza C, Margonato V, Cerretelli P, Caniatti M, Piva F, Dondi D, Hagino N. Biological effects of prolonged exposure to ELF electromagnetic fields in rats: III. 50 Hz electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 1998; 19: 57-66.
  • 22. Boorman GA, Gauger JR, Johnson TR, Tomlinson MJ, Findlay JC, Travlos GS, McCormick DL. Eight-week toxicity study of 60 Hz magnetic fields in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. FundamAppl Toxicol 1997; 35: 55-63.
  • 23. Tarantino P, Lanubile R, Lacalandra G, Abbro L, Dini L. Post-continuous whole body exposure of rabbits to 650 MHz electromagnetic fields: effects on liver, spleen, and brain. Radiat Environ Biophys 2005; 44: 51-9.
  • 24. Lee HJ, Kim SH, Choi SY, Gimm YM, Pack JK, Choi HD, Lee YS. Long-term exposure of Sprague Dawley rats to 20 kHz triangular magnetic fields. Int J Radiat Biol 2006; 82: 285-91.
  • 25. Veicsteinas A, Belleri M, Cinquetti A, Parolini S, Barbato G, Molinari, Tosatti MP. Development of chicken embryos exposed to an intermittent horizontal sinusoidal 50 Hz magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics 1996;17: 411-24.
  • 26. Gokcimen A, Ozguner F, Karaoz E, Ozen S, Aydin G. The effect of melatonin on morphological changes in liver induced by magnetic field exposure in rats. Okajimas FoliaAnat Jpn 2002; 79: 25-31.
  • 27. Yeniterzi M, Avunduk MC, Baltacı AK, Arıbaş OK, Gömüş N, Tosun E. 50Hz frekanslı manyetik alanın ratlarda oluşturduğu histopatolojik değişiklikler. S Ü Tıp Fak Derg 2002; 18: 39-51.
  • 28. Michurina SV, EfremovAV, ShurlyginaAV, BelkinAD, Vakulin GM, Verbitskaia LV, Larionov PM. Morphofunctional changes of liver and its regional lymph nodes after exposure to magnetic field of industrial frequency. Morfologiia 2005; 128: 69-72.
  • 29. Gorczynska E. Liver and spleen morphology, ceruloplasmin activity and iron content in serum of guinea pigs exposed to the magnetic field. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1987; 31: 357-63.
  • 30. Kiiatkin VA, Karpukhin IV, Esilevskii IuM, Ufimtseva AG, Severgina EV. Use of super-high frequency electromagnetic fields on intrarenal circulation and morphological status of health kidneys (experimental study). Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult 2000; 6:34-9.

The Effect of Electromagnetic Field (50 HZ, 6mT) on Rat Liver and Kidney

Year 2007, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 5 - 11, 01.04.2007

Abstract

Objectives: In the last few decades, various investigations have been performed in order to determine the possible biological effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) generated by power lines and telecommunication technologies. The long-term exposure toEMFmay have been linked to various disorders and may affect different organs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 millitesla (mT)AC (alternate current) EMF on the rat liver and kidney. Methods: Twenty adult maleWistar rats were divided into 2 groups; one group was exposed to 50 Hz, 6 mTAC electromagnetic field for 8 weeks, 2 hours per day, and the other sham exposed, meaning that all other experimental conditions were the same except for EMF exposure. After 8 weeks, all subjects were sacrificed, livers and kidneys were removed and weighed. For histopathological examination, samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin, and then cut and stained with hematoxylin-eosin, PAS and Masson's trichrome. The histological samples were evaluated using the semi-quantitative scoring. Mann Whitney U test was applied for statistical analysis. Results: For each animal the difference in body weight was calculated from the weight at the beginning of the experiment (day 0) and the weight at termination (day 56). The body weight gain of exposed group was less than that of the control group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. The absolute and relative liver and kidney weights did not show any significant difference between the EMF exposed and sham exposed rats. Microscopic examination of liver and kidney samples revealed no significant differences between the EMF exposed and sham exposed rats. Conclusion: Present results show that whole body exposure to 50 Hz, 6 mT AC EMF doesn't cause gross and histological lesions on rat liver and kidney attributed to magnetic field exposure.

References

  • 1. Özaktaş HM. Günlük hayatta karşılaşılan elektromanyetik alanlar ve insan sağlığı. Seyhan Atalay N, Karakaş Ü, (Editörler). Bilişim Toplumuna Giderken Elektromanyetik Kirlilik Etkileri Sempozyumu 1999, THK Basımevi, Ankara, 1999: 7- 14.
  • 2. Tsong TY. Molecular recognition and processing of periodic signals in cells: study of activation of membrane ATPases by alternating electric fields. Biochim BiophysActa 1992; 1113: 53-70.
  • 3. Koana T, Okada MO, Ikehata M, Nakagawa M. Increase in the mitotic recombination frequency in Drosophila melanogaster by magnetic field exposure and its suppression by vitamin E supplement. Mutat Res 1997; 373: 55-60.
  • 4. Baum A, Mevissen M, Kamino K, Mohr U, Loscher W. A histopathological study on alterations in DMBAinduced mammary carcinogenesis in rats with 50 Hz, 100 muT magnetic field exposure. Carcinogenesis 1995; 16:119-25.
  • 5. Al-Akhras MA, Darmani H, Elbetieha A. Influence of 50 Hz magnetic field on sex hormones and other fertility parameters of adult male rats. Bioelectromagnetics 2006; 27:127-31.
  • 6. Al-Akhras MA, Elbetieha A, Hasan MK, Al-Omari I, Darmani H, Albiss B. Effects of extremely low frequency magnetic field on fertility of adult male and female rats. Bioelectromagnetics 2001; 22: 340-4.
  • 7. Rajkovic V, Matavulj M, Johansson O. The effect of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on skin and thyroid amine- and peptide-containing cells in rats: an immunohistochemical and morphometrical study. Environ Res 2005; 99:369-77.
  • 8. Stevens RG, Davis S. The melatonin hypothesis: electric power and breast cancer. Environ Health Perspect 1996; 104 Suppl 1:135-40.
  • 9. Wartenberg D. Residential EMF exposure and childhood leukemia: meta-analysis and population attributable risk. Bioelectromagnetics 2001; Suppl 5: S86-104.
  • 10. Seyhan N, Canseven AG. In vivo effects of ELF MFs on collagen synthesis, free radical processes, natural antioxidant system, respiratory burst system, immune system activities, and electrolytes in the skin, plasma, spleen, lung, kidney, and brain tissues. Electromagn Biol Med 2006; 25:291-305.
  • 11. Heredia-Rojas JA, Caballero-Hernandez DE, Rodriguez-de la Fuente AO, Ramos-Alfano G, Rodriguez-Flores LE. Lack of alterations on meiotic chromosomes and morphological characteristics of male germ cells in mice exposed to a 60 Hz and 2.0 mT magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics 2004; 25:63-8.
  • 12. Vijayalaxmi, Obe G. Controversial cytogenetic observations in mammalian somatic cells exposed to extremely low frequency electromagnetic radiation: a review and future research recommendations. Bioelectromagnetics 2005; 26:412-30.
  • 13. Chater S, Abdelmelek H, Douki T, Garrel C, Favier A, Sakly M, Ben Rhouma K. Exposure to static magnetic field of pregnant rats induces hepatic GSH elevation but not oxidative DNA damage in liver and kidney. Arch Med Res 2006; 37:941-6.
  • 14. Chung MK, Lee SJ, Kim YB, Park SC, Shin DH, Kim SH, Kim JC. Evaluation of spermatogenesis and fertility in F1 male rats after in utero and neonatal exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields.Asian JAndrol 2005; 7:189-94.
  • 15. Canseven AG, Yılmazoğlu K, Coşkun Ş, Seyhan N. Değişik şiddetlerde uygulanan ELF manyetik alanların beyin, akciğer ve karaciğer GSH düzeylerine etkisi. XVIII. Ulusal Biyofizik Kongresi Bildiri Özetleri, 6-9 Eylül 2006,Ankara: 71.
  • 16. Canseven AG., Tomruk A, Coşkun Ş, Seyhan N. Değişik sürelerde uygulanan 50 Hz, 3mT manyetik alanın karaciğer ve böbrek dokularında NO düzeylerine etkisi. XVIII. Ulusal Biyofizik Kongresi Bildiri Özetleri, 6-9 Eylül 2006,Ankara: 73.
  • 17. Berg H. Problems of weak electromagnetic field effects in cell biology. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 1999; 48:355-60.
  • 18. Kim SH, Lee HJ, Choi SY, Gimm YM, Pack JK, Choi HD, Lee YS. Toxicity bioassay in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to 20 kHz triangular magnetic field for 90 days. Bioelectromagnetics 2006; 27:105-11.
  • 19. Margonato V, Nicolini P, Conti R, Zecca L, Veicsteinas A, Cerretelli P. Biologic effects of prolonged exposure to ELF electromagnetic fields in rats: II. 50 Hz magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 1995;16: 343-55.
  • 20. High WB, Sikora J, Ugurbil K, Garwood M. Subchronic in vivo effects of a high static magnetic field (9.4 T) in rats. J Magn Reson Imaging 2000; 12: 122-39.
  • 21. Zecca L, Mantegazza C, Margonato V, Cerretelli P, Caniatti M, Piva F, Dondi D, Hagino N. Biological effects of prolonged exposure to ELF electromagnetic fields in rats: III. 50 Hz electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 1998; 19: 57-66.
  • 22. Boorman GA, Gauger JR, Johnson TR, Tomlinson MJ, Findlay JC, Travlos GS, McCormick DL. Eight-week toxicity study of 60 Hz magnetic fields in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. FundamAppl Toxicol 1997; 35: 55-63.
  • 23. Tarantino P, Lanubile R, Lacalandra G, Abbro L, Dini L. Post-continuous whole body exposure of rabbits to 650 MHz electromagnetic fields: effects on liver, spleen, and brain. Radiat Environ Biophys 2005; 44: 51-9.
  • 24. Lee HJ, Kim SH, Choi SY, Gimm YM, Pack JK, Choi HD, Lee YS. Long-term exposure of Sprague Dawley rats to 20 kHz triangular magnetic fields. Int J Radiat Biol 2006; 82: 285-91.
  • 25. Veicsteinas A, Belleri M, Cinquetti A, Parolini S, Barbato G, Molinari, Tosatti MP. Development of chicken embryos exposed to an intermittent horizontal sinusoidal 50 Hz magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics 1996;17: 411-24.
  • 26. Gokcimen A, Ozguner F, Karaoz E, Ozen S, Aydin G. The effect of melatonin on morphological changes in liver induced by magnetic field exposure in rats. Okajimas FoliaAnat Jpn 2002; 79: 25-31.
  • 27. Yeniterzi M, Avunduk MC, Baltacı AK, Arıbaş OK, Gömüş N, Tosun E. 50Hz frekanslı manyetik alanın ratlarda oluşturduğu histopatolojik değişiklikler. S Ü Tıp Fak Derg 2002; 18: 39-51.
  • 28. Michurina SV, EfremovAV, ShurlyginaAV, BelkinAD, Vakulin GM, Verbitskaia LV, Larionov PM. Morphofunctional changes of liver and its regional lymph nodes after exposure to magnetic field of industrial frequency. Morfologiia 2005; 128: 69-72.
  • 29. Gorczynska E. Liver and spleen morphology, ceruloplasmin activity and iron content in serum of guinea pigs exposed to the magnetic field. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1987; 31: 357-63.
  • 30. Kiiatkin VA, Karpukhin IV, Esilevskii IuM, Ufimtseva AG, Severgina EV. Use of super-high frequency electromagnetic fields on intrarenal circulation and morphological status of health kidneys (experimental study). Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult 2000; 6:34-9.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA27BN86CA
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Semra Erpek This is me

Mehmet Dincer Bilgin This is me

Füruzan Kaçar Doger This is me

Publication Date April 1, 2007
Published in Issue Year 2007 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

EndNote Erpek S, Bilgin MD, Kaçar Doger F (April 1, 2007) The Effect of Electromagnetic Field (50 HZ, 6mT) on Rat Liver and Kidney. Meandros Medical And Dental Journal 8 1 5–11.