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Kronik Hepatit C Enfeksiyonlu Hastalarda Hepatit C Virüsü Genotiplerinin Dağılımı

Year 2015, Volume: 16 Issue: 3, 108 - 113, 01.12.2015

Abstract

Amaç: Hepatit C virüsü (HCV), kronik hepatit, siroz ve hepatosellüler karsinoma yol açarak dünya çapında önemli bir sağlık sorunu olmaktadır. Dizi analizi çalışmaları ile HCV’nin 7 genotipi ve 100’den fazla alt tipi olduğu ortaya konmuştur. HCV genotip 1’in genotip 2 ve 3’e göre daha ciddi hastalık yaptığı ve tedaviye kalıcı yanıtın daha az olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada, kronik hepatit C hastalarında genotip dağılımının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya, Ağustos 2007-Aralık 2010 tarihleri arasında Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı Laboratuvarında, anti-HCV ve HCV-RNA pozitif olarak saptanan toplam 50 kronik hepatit C’li hasta dahil edildi. Hasta örneklerinde anti-HCV ticari mikropartikül Enzyme-Linked immunosorbent assay test kiti ile (Murex anti-HCV, UK), otomatize sistemde (Grifols Triturus, İspanya) araştırıldı. HCV-RNA düzeyleri, real-time polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu yöntemi ile iki ayrı sistem (Rotor-Gene 6000, Corbett Research, Amerika ve Cobas Tagman, Roche Diagnostic, Amerika) kullanılarak çalışıldı. HCV genotip tayini, virüs genomundaki 5’UTR bölgesinin amplifikasyon ürünlerinin ters hibridizasyonu temeline dayanan ticari HCV-TS test kiti (AB analytica, İtalya) ile yapıldı.Bulgular: Çalışmaya alınan toplam 50 hastanın 27’si (%54) kadın, 23’ü (%46) erkek olup yaş ortalaması 59,92±13,02’dir. Hastalarda HCV genotipleri, 36’sında (%72) genotip 1b, dokuzunda (%18) genotip 1a, birinde (%2) genotip 2b, birinde (%2) genotip 3 ve üç (%6) hastada ise genotip 1a ve 1b olarak belirlenmiştir. HCV genotipleri arasında HCV-RNA düzeyleri ve anti-HCV indeks değerleri bakımından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark saptanmamıştır (p>0,05).Sonuç: Hastanemizde izlenen kronik HCV olgularında genotip 1b, ülkemizdeki önceki veriler ile uyumlu olarak en yüksek oranda saptanmıştır

References

  • 1. Salim FB. Distribution of different hepatitis C virus genotypes in patients with hepatitis C virüs infection. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16: 2005-9.
  • 2. Burguete-Garcia AI, Conde-Gonzalez CJ, Jimemez-Mendez R, Juarez-Diaz Y, Meda-Monzón E, Torres-Poveda K, et al. Hepatitis C seroprevalance and correlation between viral load and viral genotype among primary care clients in Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 2011; 53: 7-12.
  • 3. Dhumeaux D, Marcellin P, Lerebours E. Treatment of hepatitis C. The 2002 French consensus. Gut 2003; 52: 1784-7.
  • 4. Chevaliez S. Virological tools to diagnose and monitor hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 116-21.
  • 5. Smith DB, Bukh J, Kuiken C, Muerhoff AS, Rice CM, Stapleton JT, et al. Expanded classification of hepatitis C virus into 7 genotypes and 67 subtypes: updated criteria and genotype assignment web resource. Hepatology 2014; 59: 318-27.
  • 6. Küçüköztaş MF, Özgüneş N, Yazıcı S. Kronik hepatit C’li hastalarda hepatit C virüs (HCV) genotipleri ile alanin aminotransferaz ve HCV-RNA düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin araştırılması. Mikrobiyol Bul 2010; 44: 111-5.
  • 7. Çil T, Özekinci T, Göral V, Altıntaş A. Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde hepatit C virüsü genotipleri. Türkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci 2007; 27: 496-500.
  • 8. Abacıoğlu YH, Davidson F, Tuncer S, Yap PL, Ustacelebi S, Yulug N, et al. The distribution of hepatitis C genotypes in Turkish patients. J Viral Hepat 1995; 2: 297-301.
  • 9. Sönmez E, Taşyaran MA, Kızılkaya N. The distribution of hepatitis C virüs (HCV) genotypes in 59 HCV infected patients: a multicenter study. FLORA 1996; 1: 92-5.
  • 10. Bozdayı G, Verdi H, Rota S, Derici Ü, Şindel Ş, Bali M. Hemodiyaliz hastalarında hepatit C virüs enfeksiyon varlığının araştırılması ve HCV genotip dağılımının belirlenmesi. Mikrobiyol Bul 2002; 36: 291-304.
  • 11. Bozdayi AM, Aslan N, Bozdayi G, Türkyilmaz AR, Sengezer T, Wend U, et al. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B, C and D viruses in Turkish patients. Arch Virol 2004; 149: 2115-29.
  • 12. Ural O, Arslan U, Fındık D. Konya bölgesinde hepatit C virüsü genotip dağılımı. İnfeksiyon Derg 2007; 21: 175-81.
  • 13. Gökahmetoglu S, Bozdayı M, Ozbakır O, Aygen B, Özbal Y, Soyuer I, et al. Hepatitis C virus genotypes detected in Erciyes University. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg 2007; 37: 35-8.
  • 14. Özacar T, Altuglu İ, Zetinoğlu A, Sayıner A, Akarca U, Erensoy S, ve ark. Kronik C hepatitinde HCV genotiplerinin dağılımı. Mikrobiyol Bul 2001; 35: 451-5.
  • 15. Altuglu I, Soyler I, Ozacar T, Erensoy S. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection in Western Turkey. Int J Infect Dis 2008; 12: 239-44.
  • 16. Şanlıdağ T, Akçalı S, Özbakkaloğlu B, Ertekin D, Akduman E. Manisa bölgesinde hepatit C virüs genotiplerinin dağılımı. Mikrobiyol Bul 2009; 43: 613-8.
  • 17. Usluer G. Kronik Hepatit C’de güncel tedavi. Ankem Derg 2008; 22: 57-60.
  • 18. Çekin Y, Gür N, Çekin AH, Altuğlu İ, Sertöz R. Investigation of Hepatitis C Virus Genotype Distribution in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Infections in Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul 2014; 48: 484-90.
  • 19. Çil T, Özekinci T, Göral V, Altıntaş A. Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde hepatit C virusu genotipleri. J Med Sci 2007; 27: 496- 500.
  • 20. Özbek E, Ozekinci T, Mese S, Atmaca S. Hepatitis C virus genotypes are changing in the Southeast of Turkey. Biotechnol Biotechnol Eq 2009; 23: 1521-3.
  • 21. Şanlıdağ T, Akcali S, Ozbakkaloğlu B, Ertekin D, Akduman E. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Manisa region, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul 2009; 43: 613-8.
  • 22. Küçüköztaş MF, Ozgünes N, Yazici S. Investigation of the relationship between hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes with HCV-RNA and alanine aminotransferase levels in chronic hepatitis C patients. Mikrobiyol Bul 2010; 44: 111-5.
  • 23. Kalayci R, Altindiş M, Gülamber G, Demirtürk N, Akcan Y, Demirdal T. Genotype distribution of chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C patients and investigation of the resistance patterns in hepatitis B cases. Mikrobiyol Bul 2010; 44: 237-43.
  • 24. Tezcan S, Ulger M, Aslan G, Yaraş S, Altıntaş E, Sezgin O, et al. Determination of hepatitis C virus genotype distribution in Mersin province, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul 2013; 47: 332-8.
  • 25. Öztürk AB, Doğan ÜB, Öztürk NA, Özyazıcı G, Demir M, Akın MS, et al. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in Adana and Antakya regions of Turkey. J Med Sci 2014; 44: 661-5.
  • 26. Sağlık İ, Mutlu D, Öngüt G, İnan D, Öğünç D, Sarınoğlu RC, et al Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes among Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Infection in Akdeniz University Hospital, Antalya, Turkey: A Five-Year Evaluation. Mikrobiyol Bul 2014; 48: 429-37.
  • 27. Borcak D, Çağır Ü, Yalçıner A. Deniz. Nevşehir ilinde Hepatit C virus genotip dağılımı ile serumalanin aminotransferaz ve kantitatif serum HCV-RNA düzeyleri ilişkisi. Ankem Derg 2015; 29: 36-40.
  • 28. Okamoto H, Kobata S, Tokita H, Inoue T, Woodfield GD, Holland PV, et al. A secondgeneration method of genotyping hepatitis C virus by the polymerase chain reaction with sense and antisense primers deduced from the core gene. J Virol Methods 1996; 57: 31-45.
  • 29. Widell A, Shev S, Mansson S, Zhang YY, Foberg U, Norkrans G, et al. Genotyping of hepatitis C virus isolates by a modified polymerase chain reaction assayusing type specific primers: epidemiological applications. J Med Virol 1994; 44: 272-9.
  • 30. Stuyver L., Rossau R, Wyseur A, Duhamel M, Vanderborght B, Van Heuverswyn H, et al. Typing of hepatitis C virus isolates and characterization of new subtypes using a line probe assay. J Gen Virol 1993; 74: 1093-102.
  • 31. Xavier, F., and J. Bukh. 1998. Methods for determining the hepatitis C genotype. Viral Hepatitis Rev 4:1-19.
  • 32. Rota S. Pyrosequencing (Pyrosekanslama) ve prensipleri. Klinik Mikrobiyolojide Pyrosekans Uygulama Kursu Kitabı. Ankara; 2010.
  • 33. Shepard CW, Finelli L, Alter MJ. Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. Lancet Infect Dis 2005; 5: 558-67.
  • 34. Yarkın F, Hafta A. Kronik hepatit C enfeksiyonu olan hastalarda hepatit C virus genotiplerinin dağılımı. Viral Hepatit Derg 2000; 3: 164-7.
  • 35. Kendal Y, Halil D, Hikmet A. HCV genotypes in HCV related chronic hepatitis in Southeast Anatolia. Turk J Gastroenterol 1999; 10: 249-52.
  • 36. Altuğlu I, Sertöz R, Aksoy A, Gürsel D, Tüzüner U, Günşar F. Possible transmission risks and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in Western Turkey. Turk J Gastroenterol 2013; 24: 349-55.
  • 37. Aslan N, Bozdayı M, Çetinkaya H, Sarioğlu M, Türkay C, Bozkaya H, et al. The mutation in ISDR of NS5A gene are not associated with response to interferon treatment in Turkish patients with chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1b infection. Turkish J Gastroenterology 2004; 15: 21-6.
  • 38. Altindis M, Yilmaz S, Dikengil T, Acemoglu H, Hosoglu S. Seroprevalence and genotyping of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV among healthy population and Turkish soldiers in Northern Cyprus. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 6792-6.
  • 39. Aktaş E, Ogedey ED, Külah C, Beğendik Cömert F. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in a province of western Black-Sea region, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul 2010; 44: 647-50.
  • 40. Buruk CK, Bayramoğlu G, Reis A, Kaklıkkaya N, Tosun I, Aydın F. Determination of hepatitis C virus genotypes among hepatitis C patients in Eastern Black Sea region, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul 2013; 47: 650-7.
  • 41. Karslıgil T, Savaş E, Savaş MC. Genotype distribution and 5’ UTR nucleotide changes in hepatitis C virus. Balkan Med J 2011; 28: 232-6.
  • 42. Afshari R, Nomani H, Zaniani FR, Nabavinia MS, Mirbagheri Z, Meshkat M, et al. Genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus in Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran.Turk J Med Sci 2014; 44: 656- 60.
  • 43. Kirişçi Ö, Çalışkan A, Koçtürk SA, Erdoğmuş P, Gül M. Kahramanmaraş İli Hepatit C Virüs ile Enfekte Bireylerde Genotip Dağılımı ve Genotipin HCV-RNA Yükü ve ALT-AST İlişkisi. Viral Hepatit Derg 2013; 19: 67-70

The Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Infection

Year 2015, Volume: 16 Issue: 3, 108 - 113, 01.12.2015

Abstract

Objective: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection represents a major public health problem worldwide. HCV can cause chronic hepatitis infection which may ultimately result in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Seven major genotypes and more than 100 subtypes of HCV are shown by sequence analysis. Genotype 1 is associated with more severity of liver disease than genotypes 2 and 3 and sustained response to treatment is known to be less. In this study, we aimed to determine the HCV genotype distribution in chronic hepatitis C patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 patients with chronic HCV infection who attended the Microbiology Laboratory at Adnan Menderes University Hospital between August 2007 and December 2010 found to be positive for anti-HCV and HCV-RNA were included in the study. Anti-HCV testing was performed using microparticle Enzyme-Linked immunosorbent assay test kit (Murex Anti-HCV version 4, UK) with autoanalyser (Grifols Triturus, Spain). The quantification of serum HCV-RNA was carried out by a real-time polymerase chain reaction method with two different systems (Cobas TaqMan HCV, Roche Diagnostics, Germany and Rotor-Gene 6000,Corbett Research, USA). HCV genotype analysis was performed by using a  kit (HCV-TS; AB Analitica, Italy ) based on the reverse hybridization of 5’-untranslated region and amplified products with genotype-specific probes. Results: The mean age of the 50 chronic hepatitis C patients [27 (54%) female, and 23 (46%) male] was 57.1±14.3 years. Genotype 1b was found in 36 (72%) subjects, genotype 1a in nine (18%), genotype 2b in one (2%), genotype 3 in one (2%), and genotype 1a/1b was found in three (6%) patients. No statistically significant difference was detected in HCV-RNA quantities and anti-HCV index between HCV genotypes (p>0.05). Conclusion: Compatible with the previous data obtained in Turkey, genotype 1b was found to be the most common HCV genotype in patients with chronic hepatitis C followed in our hospital.

References

  • 1. Salim FB. Distribution of different hepatitis C virus genotypes in patients with hepatitis C virüs infection. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16: 2005-9.
  • 2. Burguete-Garcia AI, Conde-Gonzalez CJ, Jimemez-Mendez R, Juarez-Diaz Y, Meda-Monzón E, Torres-Poveda K, et al. Hepatitis C seroprevalance and correlation between viral load and viral genotype among primary care clients in Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 2011; 53: 7-12.
  • 3. Dhumeaux D, Marcellin P, Lerebours E. Treatment of hepatitis C. The 2002 French consensus. Gut 2003; 52: 1784-7.
  • 4. Chevaliez S. Virological tools to diagnose and monitor hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 116-21.
  • 5. Smith DB, Bukh J, Kuiken C, Muerhoff AS, Rice CM, Stapleton JT, et al. Expanded classification of hepatitis C virus into 7 genotypes and 67 subtypes: updated criteria and genotype assignment web resource. Hepatology 2014; 59: 318-27.
  • 6. Küçüköztaş MF, Özgüneş N, Yazıcı S. Kronik hepatit C’li hastalarda hepatit C virüs (HCV) genotipleri ile alanin aminotransferaz ve HCV-RNA düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin araştırılması. Mikrobiyol Bul 2010; 44: 111-5.
  • 7. Çil T, Özekinci T, Göral V, Altıntaş A. Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde hepatit C virüsü genotipleri. Türkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci 2007; 27: 496-500.
  • 8. Abacıoğlu YH, Davidson F, Tuncer S, Yap PL, Ustacelebi S, Yulug N, et al. The distribution of hepatitis C genotypes in Turkish patients. J Viral Hepat 1995; 2: 297-301.
  • 9. Sönmez E, Taşyaran MA, Kızılkaya N. The distribution of hepatitis C virüs (HCV) genotypes in 59 HCV infected patients: a multicenter study. FLORA 1996; 1: 92-5.
  • 10. Bozdayı G, Verdi H, Rota S, Derici Ü, Şindel Ş, Bali M. Hemodiyaliz hastalarında hepatit C virüs enfeksiyon varlığının araştırılması ve HCV genotip dağılımının belirlenmesi. Mikrobiyol Bul 2002; 36: 291-304.
  • 11. Bozdayi AM, Aslan N, Bozdayi G, Türkyilmaz AR, Sengezer T, Wend U, et al. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B, C and D viruses in Turkish patients. Arch Virol 2004; 149: 2115-29.
  • 12. Ural O, Arslan U, Fındık D. Konya bölgesinde hepatit C virüsü genotip dağılımı. İnfeksiyon Derg 2007; 21: 175-81.
  • 13. Gökahmetoglu S, Bozdayı M, Ozbakır O, Aygen B, Özbal Y, Soyuer I, et al. Hepatitis C virus genotypes detected in Erciyes University. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg 2007; 37: 35-8.
  • 14. Özacar T, Altuglu İ, Zetinoğlu A, Sayıner A, Akarca U, Erensoy S, ve ark. Kronik C hepatitinde HCV genotiplerinin dağılımı. Mikrobiyol Bul 2001; 35: 451-5.
  • 15. Altuglu I, Soyler I, Ozacar T, Erensoy S. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection in Western Turkey. Int J Infect Dis 2008; 12: 239-44.
  • 16. Şanlıdağ T, Akçalı S, Özbakkaloğlu B, Ertekin D, Akduman E. Manisa bölgesinde hepatit C virüs genotiplerinin dağılımı. Mikrobiyol Bul 2009; 43: 613-8.
  • 17. Usluer G. Kronik Hepatit C’de güncel tedavi. Ankem Derg 2008; 22: 57-60.
  • 18. Çekin Y, Gür N, Çekin AH, Altuğlu İ, Sertöz R. Investigation of Hepatitis C Virus Genotype Distribution in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Infections in Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul 2014; 48: 484-90.
  • 19. Çil T, Özekinci T, Göral V, Altıntaş A. Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde hepatit C virusu genotipleri. J Med Sci 2007; 27: 496- 500.
  • 20. Özbek E, Ozekinci T, Mese S, Atmaca S. Hepatitis C virus genotypes are changing in the Southeast of Turkey. Biotechnol Biotechnol Eq 2009; 23: 1521-3.
  • 21. Şanlıdağ T, Akcali S, Ozbakkaloğlu B, Ertekin D, Akduman E. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Manisa region, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul 2009; 43: 613-8.
  • 22. Küçüköztaş MF, Ozgünes N, Yazici S. Investigation of the relationship between hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes with HCV-RNA and alanine aminotransferase levels in chronic hepatitis C patients. Mikrobiyol Bul 2010; 44: 111-5.
  • 23. Kalayci R, Altindiş M, Gülamber G, Demirtürk N, Akcan Y, Demirdal T. Genotype distribution of chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C patients and investigation of the resistance patterns in hepatitis B cases. Mikrobiyol Bul 2010; 44: 237-43.
  • 24. Tezcan S, Ulger M, Aslan G, Yaraş S, Altıntaş E, Sezgin O, et al. Determination of hepatitis C virus genotype distribution in Mersin province, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul 2013; 47: 332-8.
  • 25. Öztürk AB, Doğan ÜB, Öztürk NA, Özyazıcı G, Demir M, Akın MS, et al. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in Adana and Antakya regions of Turkey. J Med Sci 2014; 44: 661-5.
  • 26. Sağlık İ, Mutlu D, Öngüt G, İnan D, Öğünç D, Sarınoğlu RC, et al Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes among Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Infection in Akdeniz University Hospital, Antalya, Turkey: A Five-Year Evaluation. Mikrobiyol Bul 2014; 48: 429-37.
  • 27. Borcak D, Çağır Ü, Yalçıner A. Deniz. Nevşehir ilinde Hepatit C virus genotip dağılımı ile serumalanin aminotransferaz ve kantitatif serum HCV-RNA düzeyleri ilişkisi. Ankem Derg 2015; 29: 36-40.
  • 28. Okamoto H, Kobata S, Tokita H, Inoue T, Woodfield GD, Holland PV, et al. A secondgeneration method of genotyping hepatitis C virus by the polymerase chain reaction with sense and antisense primers deduced from the core gene. J Virol Methods 1996; 57: 31-45.
  • 29. Widell A, Shev S, Mansson S, Zhang YY, Foberg U, Norkrans G, et al. Genotyping of hepatitis C virus isolates by a modified polymerase chain reaction assayusing type specific primers: epidemiological applications. J Med Virol 1994; 44: 272-9.
  • 30. Stuyver L., Rossau R, Wyseur A, Duhamel M, Vanderborght B, Van Heuverswyn H, et al. Typing of hepatitis C virus isolates and characterization of new subtypes using a line probe assay. J Gen Virol 1993; 74: 1093-102.
  • 31. Xavier, F., and J. Bukh. 1998. Methods for determining the hepatitis C genotype. Viral Hepatitis Rev 4:1-19.
  • 32. Rota S. Pyrosequencing (Pyrosekanslama) ve prensipleri. Klinik Mikrobiyolojide Pyrosekans Uygulama Kursu Kitabı. Ankara; 2010.
  • 33. Shepard CW, Finelli L, Alter MJ. Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. Lancet Infect Dis 2005; 5: 558-67.
  • 34. Yarkın F, Hafta A. Kronik hepatit C enfeksiyonu olan hastalarda hepatit C virus genotiplerinin dağılımı. Viral Hepatit Derg 2000; 3: 164-7.
  • 35. Kendal Y, Halil D, Hikmet A. HCV genotypes in HCV related chronic hepatitis in Southeast Anatolia. Turk J Gastroenterol 1999; 10: 249-52.
  • 36. Altuğlu I, Sertöz R, Aksoy A, Gürsel D, Tüzüner U, Günşar F. Possible transmission risks and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in Western Turkey. Turk J Gastroenterol 2013; 24: 349-55.
  • 37. Aslan N, Bozdayı M, Çetinkaya H, Sarioğlu M, Türkay C, Bozkaya H, et al. The mutation in ISDR of NS5A gene are not associated with response to interferon treatment in Turkish patients with chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1b infection. Turkish J Gastroenterology 2004; 15: 21-6.
  • 38. Altindis M, Yilmaz S, Dikengil T, Acemoglu H, Hosoglu S. Seroprevalence and genotyping of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV among healthy population and Turkish soldiers in Northern Cyprus. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 6792-6.
  • 39. Aktaş E, Ogedey ED, Külah C, Beğendik Cömert F. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in a province of western Black-Sea region, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul 2010; 44: 647-50.
  • 40. Buruk CK, Bayramoğlu G, Reis A, Kaklıkkaya N, Tosun I, Aydın F. Determination of hepatitis C virus genotypes among hepatitis C patients in Eastern Black Sea region, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul 2013; 47: 650-7.
  • 41. Karslıgil T, Savaş E, Savaş MC. Genotype distribution and 5’ UTR nucleotide changes in hepatitis C virus. Balkan Med J 2011; 28: 232-6.
  • 42. Afshari R, Nomani H, Zaniani FR, Nabavinia MS, Mirbagheri Z, Meshkat M, et al. Genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus in Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran.Turk J Med Sci 2014; 44: 656- 60.
  • 43. Kirişçi Ö, Çalışkan A, Koçtürk SA, Erdoğmuş P, Gül M. Kahramanmaraş İli Hepatit C Virüs ile Enfekte Bireylerde Genotip Dağılımı ve Genotipin HCV-RNA Yükü ve ALT-AST İlişkisi. Viral Hepatit Derg 2013; 19: 67-70
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA64ZS69ZS
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Sevin Kırdar This is me

Mehmet Hadi Yaşa This is me

Neriman Aydın This is me

Berna Gültekin Korkmazgil This is me

Şerife Barçın Öztürk This is me

İmran Kurt Ömürlü This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 16 Issue: 3

Cite

EndNote Kırdar S, Yaşa MH, Aydın N, Korkmazgil BG, Öztürk ŞB, Ömürlü İK (December 1, 2015) The Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Infection. Meandros Medical And Dental Journal 16 3 108–113.