Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Aydın Çine İlçesindeki Hastalıktan Arınmış Süt İşletmelerinde Kaba Yem Kalitesinin Değerlendirilmesi: Süt Verimi ve Bileşimi Üzerindeki Etkileri

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 465 - 471, 31.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.24880/meditvetj.1636941

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'nin Aydın ili Çine ilçesinde hastalıktan ari süt işletmelerinde kaba yem kalitesinin süt verimi ve bileşimi üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. Hastalıktan ari çiftliklerden yonca otu, mısır silajı ve toplam karışık rasyon (TMR) içeren yem örnekleri ile birlikte süt örnekleri toplanmıştır. Süt örnekleri protein ve yağ içeriği açısından analiz edilirken, yem örnekleri kuru madde, ham protein, ham kül, ham lif, asit deterjan lifi (ADF), nötr deterjan lifi (NDF) ve asit deterjan lignini (ADL) açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Verileri değerlendirmek için Ki-kare, Student t-testi ve Mann-Whitney U testi gibi istatistiksel analizler kullanılmıştır. Kaba yem kalitesi, 59 ila 167 sığır kapasiteli çiftliklerde, göreceli yem değerine göre yüksek veya orta olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Kaba yem kalitesi ile çiftlik sahibinin eğitim düzeyi, çiftlik kapasitesi, ortalama süt verimi, TMR mikser tipi veya mısır silajı olgunluğu ve kullanımı gibi faktörler arasında anlamlı bir fark gözlenmemiştir. Ancak, Penn State Partikül Ayırıcısı kullanılarak mısır silajının 19 mm parçacık boyutu fraksiyonunda önemli bir fark (P<0,05) tespit edildi. TMR örnekleri, parçacık boyutları arasında önemli kaliteyle ilgili farklar göstermedi. Mısır silajı, yonca otu ve fabrika yeminin besin içeriği kalite grupları arasında benzerdi, ancak TMR besin analizi, yüksek ve orta kaliteli kaba yem grupları arasında NDF, ADF ve ADL değerlerinde önemli farklar ortaya koydu; orta kaliteli grupta daha yüksek lif değerleri vardı (sırasıyla P=0,026, 0,050 ve 0,007). Süt yağı yüzdesi, yüksek kaliteli kaba yem grubunda (4,27±0,07) orta kaliteli gruba (3,54±0,09; P<0,05) kıyasla önemli ölçüde daha yüksekti. Çalışma, kaba yem kalitesinin süt yağı yüzdesini önemli ölçüde etkilediği sonucuna vararak, süt bileşimini optimize etmek için yüksek kaliteli kaba yemin önemini vurguladı.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Hayvan Deneyleri Yerel Etik Kurulu’nun 64583101/2020/106 sayılı karar numarası ile onaylandı.

Supporting Institution

Yazarlar bu araştırma için [Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Daire Başkanlığı (ADU-BAP), proje numarası: VTF-21032] tarafından sağlanan destek için teşekkür ederler.

Project Number

The authors acknowledge the support provided by [Aydın Adnan Menderes University Scientific Research Project Department (ADU-BAP), project number: VTF-21032] for this research.

Thanks

Prof. Dr. Erbay BARDAKÇIOĞLU Doç. Dr. Ömer SEVİM Doç. Dr. Eren KUTER

References

  • AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis (15th ed.). Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.
  • Akdeniz, B., & Özarslan, C. (2018). Effects of different cutting size and compression pressure on the quality of corn silage in two different ripening periods. Anadolu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 33, 30-36. https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.311256
  • Alçiçek, A., Kılıç, A., Ayhan, V., & Özdoğan, M. (2010). Türkiye’de Kaba Yem Üretimi ve Sorunları. Ziraat Mühendisleri Odası Dergisi. Retrieved from https://icerik.zmo.org.tr/uploads/portal/resimler/ ekler/819fb9034f79627_ek.pdf
  • Ayan, İ., Acar, Z., Mut, H., Can, M., Kaymak, G., & Tunalı, U. (2020). Çayır ve Mera Alanlarında Mevcut Sürdürülebilirlik ve Gelecek. Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisliği IX. Teknik Kongresi, Ankara.
  • Bolsen, K. K., Dickerson, J. T., Brent, B. E., Sonon, R. N., Dalke, B. S., Lin, C., & Boyer, J. E. Jr. (1993). Rate and extent of top spoilage in horizontal silos. Journal of Dairy Science, 76(11), 2940-2962. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77632-6
  • Buse, K. K., Carroll, A. L., Bradford, B. J., Min, D., Jagadish, K., & Kononoff, P. J. (2024). The effect of replacing conventional alfalfa hay with lower-lignin alfalfa hay on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and energy utilization in lactating Jersey cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 107(11), 9379-9389. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2024-24966
  • Heinrichs, J., & Jones, C. M. (2022). Penn State Particle Separator 3-Sieve Model with 1.18-mm Sieve. Retrieved from https://extension.psu.edu/penn-state-particle-separator
  • D.L.G. (1987). B wertung von Grünfutter, Silage und Heu, Merkblatt, No:224, DLG¬ Verlag, Deutschland. IICA. (2021). The Importance of Livestock Production and Animal Protein: The Western Hemisphere Perspective. USA Dairy Export Council, San Jose, Costa Rica.
  • Karunanayaka, R. H. M., Liyanage, R. T. P., Nayananjalie, W. A. D., Kumari, M. A. A. P., Somasiri, S. C., Adikari, A. M. J. B., & Weerasingha, W. V. V. R. (2021). Feeding Total mixed ration (TMR) on Production and Reproductive Performance of Lactating Dairy Cows: A Review. Agricultural Reviews, R-208, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.R-208
  • Kan, A., & Direk, M. (2004). Konya ilinde kırmızı et fiyatlarındaki gelişmeler. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 18(34), 35-40. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/ tr/pub/selcukjafsci/issue/76656/1277116
  • Keleş, G., & Çıbık, M. (2014). Mısır silajının besin ve besleme değerini etkileyen faktörler. Hayvansal Üretim, 55(2), 27-37. https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.363926
  • Khan, N. A., Yu, P., Ali, M., Cone, J. W., & Hendriks, W. H. (2014). Nutritive value of maize silage in relation to dairy cow performance and milk quality. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 95(2), 238-252. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6712
  • Kuşvuran, A., Nazlı, R. İ., & Tansı, V. (2011). Türkiye’de ve Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde Çayır-Mera Alanları ve Yem Bitkileri Tarımının Bugünkü Durumu. Gazi Osmanpaşa University Journal of Agriculture, 28(2), 21-32. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/gopzfd/issue/7330/95911
  • McDonald, P., Edwards, R. A., Greenhalgh, J. F. D., Morgan, C. A., Sinclair, L. A., & Wilkinson, R. G. (2011). Animal Nutrition (7th ed.). Pearson Education.
  • NASEM. (2021). Nutritional Requirements of Dairy Cattle (8th ed.). The National Academies Press.
  • Özkan, U., & Demirbağ, N. (2016). Türkiye’de Kaliteli Kaba Yem Kaynaklarının Mevcut Durumu. Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, 9(1), 23-27. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305481621_Turkiyede_Kaliteli_Kaba_Yem_Kaynaklarini_Mevcut_Durumu
  • Pryce, J. E., & Veerkamp, R. F. (2001). The incorporation of fertility indices in genetic improvement programmes. BSAS Occasional Publication, 26, 237-250. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263967X00033711
  • Sarıçiçek, B. Z., Ayan, İ., & Garipoğlu, A. (2002). Effects of alone or mixed raising of corn and some legumes on silage quality. Ondokuz Mayıs University Journal of Agriculture, 17, 1-5. Retrieved from https://avesis.omu.edu.tr/yayin/a5690f3c-d6f0-4c03-9e80-42a3b7d352bc/misir-ve-bazi-baklagillerin-tek-ve-karisik-ekilmelerinin-silaj-kalitesine-etkisi
  • Schroeder, J. W. (2013). Corn Silage Management. NDSU Extension Service.
  • Schönfeldt, H. C., Pretorius, B., & Hall, N. (2013). The impact of animal source food products on human nutrition and health. South African Journal of Animal Science, 41(3), https://doi.org/1-10. 10.4314/sajas.v43i3.11
  • Singh, N., Awasthi, A., Patel, P., & Kumar, G. D. (2022). Total mixed ration Feeding of Dairy Cows. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 15(4), 25-27. https://doi.org/10.9790/2380-1504012527
  • SPSS (2019). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
  • Stokes, S. (2002). The Importance of Forage Quality for Milk Production and Health. Advances in Dairy Technology, 14, 207-216. Retrieved from https://wcds.ualberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/sites/57/ wcds_ archive /Archive/2002/Manuscripts/Chapter%2017%20Stokes.pdf
  • WHO. (2007). Protein and Amino Acid Requirements in Human Nutrition. WHO Technical Report Series 935. Retrieved from https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/43411/WHO_TRS_935_eng.pdf
  • Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B., & Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10), 3583–3597. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2
  • Yolcu, H., & Tan, M. (2008). Ülkemiz Yem Bitkilerine Genel Bir Bakış. Ankara University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 14(3), 303-312. https://doi.org/10.1501/Tarimbil_0000001045

Roughage quality and its impact on milk composition in dairy farms

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 465 - 471, 31.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.24880/meditvetj.1636941

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of roughage quality on milk yield and composition in disease-free dairy farms in the Çine District of Aydın, Turkey. Milk samples were collected from dairy cows, along with feed samples including alfalfa hay, corn silage, and total mixed ration (TMR), from disease-free farms. Milk samples were analyzed for protein and fat content, while feed samples were evaluated for dry matter, crude protein, crude ash, crude fiber, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL). Statistical analyses, including Chi-square, Student's t-test, and Mann-Whitney U test, were employed to assess the data. Roughage quality was classified as high or medium based on relative feed value with farm sizes ranging from 59 to 167 cattle. No significant differences were observed between roughage quality and factors such as farm owner education level, farm capacity, average milk yield, TMR mixer type, or corn silage maturity and usage. However, a significant difference (P<0.05) was detected in the 19 mm particle size fraction of corn silage using the Penn State Particle Separator. TMR samples showed no significant quality-related differences across particle sizes. Nutrient content of corn silage, alfalfa hay, and factory feed was similar between quality groups, but TMR nutrient analysis revealed significant differences in NDF, ADF, and ADL values between high and medium-quality roughage groups, with higher fiber values in the medium-quality group (P=0.026, 0.050, and 0.007, respectively). Milk fat percentage was significantly higher in the high-quality roughage group (4.27±0.07) compared to the medium-quality group (3.54±0.09; P<0.05). The study concluded that roughage quality significantly influences milk fat percentage, emphasizing the importance of high-quality roughage for optimizing milk composition.

Ethical Statement

This study was approved by the Aydın Adnan Menderes University Animal Experiments Local Ethics Committee with the decision number 64583101/2020/106.

Supporting Institution

The authors acknowledge the support provided by [Aydın Adnan Menderes University Scientific Research Project Department (ADU-BAP), project number: VTF-21032] for this research.

Project Number

The authors acknowledge the support provided by [Aydın Adnan Menderes University Scientific Research Project Department (ADU-BAP), project number: VTF-21032] for this research.

Thanks

Prof. Dr. Erbay BARDAKÇIOĞLU Doç. Dr. Ömer SEVİM Doç. Dr. Eren KUTER

References

  • AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis (15th ed.). Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.
  • Akdeniz, B., & Özarslan, C. (2018). Effects of different cutting size and compression pressure on the quality of corn silage in two different ripening periods. Anadolu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 33, 30-36. https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.311256
  • Alçiçek, A., Kılıç, A., Ayhan, V., & Özdoğan, M. (2010). Türkiye’de Kaba Yem Üretimi ve Sorunları. Ziraat Mühendisleri Odası Dergisi. Retrieved from https://icerik.zmo.org.tr/uploads/portal/resimler/ ekler/819fb9034f79627_ek.pdf
  • Ayan, İ., Acar, Z., Mut, H., Can, M., Kaymak, G., & Tunalı, U. (2020). Çayır ve Mera Alanlarında Mevcut Sürdürülebilirlik ve Gelecek. Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisliği IX. Teknik Kongresi, Ankara.
  • Bolsen, K. K., Dickerson, J. T., Brent, B. E., Sonon, R. N., Dalke, B. S., Lin, C., & Boyer, J. E. Jr. (1993). Rate and extent of top spoilage in horizontal silos. Journal of Dairy Science, 76(11), 2940-2962. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77632-6
  • Buse, K. K., Carroll, A. L., Bradford, B. J., Min, D., Jagadish, K., & Kononoff, P. J. (2024). The effect of replacing conventional alfalfa hay with lower-lignin alfalfa hay on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and energy utilization in lactating Jersey cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 107(11), 9379-9389. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2024-24966
  • Heinrichs, J., & Jones, C. M. (2022). Penn State Particle Separator 3-Sieve Model with 1.18-mm Sieve. Retrieved from https://extension.psu.edu/penn-state-particle-separator
  • D.L.G. (1987). B wertung von Grünfutter, Silage und Heu, Merkblatt, No:224, DLG¬ Verlag, Deutschland. IICA. (2021). The Importance of Livestock Production and Animal Protein: The Western Hemisphere Perspective. USA Dairy Export Council, San Jose, Costa Rica.
  • Karunanayaka, R. H. M., Liyanage, R. T. P., Nayananjalie, W. A. D., Kumari, M. A. A. P., Somasiri, S. C., Adikari, A. M. J. B., & Weerasingha, W. V. V. R. (2021). Feeding Total mixed ration (TMR) on Production and Reproductive Performance of Lactating Dairy Cows: A Review. Agricultural Reviews, R-208, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.R-208
  • Kan, A., & Direk, M. (2004). Konya ilinde kırmızı et fiyatlarındaki gelişmeler. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 18(34), 35-40. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/ tr/pub/selcukjafsci/issue/76656/1277116
  • Keleş, G., & Çıbık, M. (2014). Mısır silajının besin ve besleme değerini etkileyen faktörler. Hayvansal Üretim, 55(2), 27-37. https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.363926
  • Khan, N. A., Yu, P., Ali, M., Cone, J. W., & Hendriks, W. H. (2014). Nutritive value of maize silage in relation to dairy cow performance and milk quality. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 95(2), 238-252. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6712
  • Kuşvuran, A., Nazlı, R. İ., & Tansı, V. (2011). Türkiye’de ve Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde Çayır-Mera Alanları ve Yem Bitkileri Tarımının Bugünkü Durumu. Gazi Osmanpaşa University Journal of Agriculture, 28(2), 21-32. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/gopzfd/issue/7330/95911
  • McDonald, P., Edwards, R. A., Greenhalgh, J. F. D., Morgan, C. A., Sinclair, L. A., & Wilkinson, R. G. (2011). Animal Nutrition (7th ed.). Pearson Education.
  • NASEM. (2021). Nutritional Requirements of Dairy Cattle (8th ed.). The National Academies Press.
  • Özkan, U., & Demirbağ, N. (2016). Türkiye’de Kaliteli Kaba Yem Kaynaklarının Mevcut Durumu. Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, 9(1), 23-27. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305481621_Turkiyede_Kaliteli_Kaba_Yem_Kaynaklarini_Mevcut_Durumu
  • Pryce, J. E., & Veerkamp, R. F. (2001). The incorporation of fertility indices in genetic improvement programmes. BSAS Occasional Publication, 26, 237-250. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263967X00033711
  • Sarıçiçek, B. Z., Ayan, İ., & Garipoğlu, A. (2002). Effects of alone or mixed raising of corn and some legumes on silage quality. Ondokuz Mayıs University Journal of Agriculture, 17, 1-5. Retrieved from https://avesis.omu.edu.tr/yayin/a5690f3c-d6f0-4c03-9e80-42a3b7d352bc/misir-ve-bazi-baklagillerin-tek-ve-karisik-ekilmelerinin-silaj-kalitesine-etkisi
  • Schroeder, J. W. (2013). Corn Silage Management. NDSU Extension Service.
  • Schönfeldt, H. C., Pretorius, B., & Hall, N. (2013). The impact of animal source food products on human nutrition and health. South African Journal of Animal Science, 41(3), https://doi.org/1-10. 10.4314/sajas.v43i3.11
  • Singh, N., Awasthi, A., Patel, P., & Kumar, G. D. (2022). Total mixed ration Feeding of Dairy Cows. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 15(4), 25-27. https://doi.org/10.9790/2380-1504012527
  • SPSS (2019). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
  • Stokes, S. (2002). The Importance of Forage Quality for Milk Production and Health. Advances in Dairy Technology, 14, 207-216. Retrieved from https://wcds.ualberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/sites/57/ wcds_ archive /Archive/2002/Manuscripts/Chapter%2017%20Stokes.pdf
  • WHO. (2007). Protein and Amino Acid Requirements in Human Nutrition. WHO Technical Report Series 935. Retrieved from https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/43411/WHO_TRS_935_eng.pdf
  • Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B., & Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10), 3583–3597. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2
  • Yolcu, H., & Tan, M. (2008). Ülkemiz Yem Bitkilerine Genel Bir Bakış. Ankara University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 14(3), 303-312. https://doi.org/10.1501/Tarimbil_0000001045
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Hatice Pekağırbaş 0000-0002-3322-3628

Bekir Hakan Köksal 0000-0002-5676-446X

Project Number The authors acknowledge the support provided by [Aydın Adnan Menderes University Scientific Research Project Department (ADU-BAP), project number: VTF-21032] for this research.
Publication Date August 31, 2025
Submission Date February 10, 2025
Acceptance Date July 25, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Pekağırbaş, H., & Köksal, B. H. (2025). Roughage quality and its impact on milk composition in dairy farms. Mediterranean Veterinary Journal, 10(2), 465-471. https://doi.org/10.24880/meditvetj.1636941