Research Article
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Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 27 - 34, 01.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.37990/medr.954965

Abstract

References

  • 1. Aba YA, Ataman H, Dişsiz M, & Sevimli S: Genç kadınlarda premenstrual sendrom, fiziksel aktivite ve yaşam kalitesi. Journal of Academic Research in Nursing, 2018; 4(2), 75-82.
  • 2. Adıguzel H, Taskin EO & Danaci AE: Manisa İlinde Premenstrüel Sendrom Belirti Örüntüsü ve Belirti Yaygınlığının Araştırılması. Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 2007; 18 (3):215-22. 10.
  • 3. Ainamani HE, Rukundo GZ, Nduhukire T, Ndyareba E & Hecker T: Child maltreatment, cognitive functions and the mediating role of mental health problems among maltreated children and adolescents in Uganda. Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health, 2021; 15(1), 1-11.
  • 4. Mersky JP, Topitzes J & Reynolds AJ: Impacts of adverse childhood experiences on health, mental health, and substance use in early adulthood: A cohort study of an urban, minority sample in the US. Child abuse & neglect, 2013; 37(11), 917-925.
  • 5. Hall KS, Beauregard JL, Rentmeester ST, Livingston M & Harris KM: Adverse life experiences and risk of unintended pregnancy in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for toxic stress and reproductive health. SSM-population health, 2019; 7, 100344.
  • 6. Chang G, Fisher ND, Hornstein MD, Jones JA & Orav EJ: Identification of risk drinking women: T-ACE screening tool or the medical record. Journal of Women's Health, 2010; 19(10), 1933-1939.
  • 7. Akdeniz F, Korkmaz S, Tamar M & Beker B: Depresyonu olan ve olmayan genç kızlar ve annelerindeki adet öncesi yakınmaların karşılaştırılması. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 2002; 9(1), 16-22.
  • 8. Ångerud K, Annerbäck EM, Tydén T, Boddeti S & Kristiansson P: Adverse childhood experiences and depressive symptomatology among pregnant women. Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2018; 97(6):701– 708.
  • 9. Appleton AA, Kiley K, Holdsworth EA, Schell LM: Social Support during Pregnancy Modifies the Association between Maternal Adverse Childhood Experiences and Infant Birth Size. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2019; 23(3):408 -415.
  • 10. Azoulay M, Reuveni I, Dan R, Goelman G, Segman R, Kalla C. et al: Childhood Trauma and Premenstrual Symptoms: The Role of Emotion Regulation. Child Abuse Negl. 2020 Oct;108:104637.
  • 11. Bertone-Johnson ER, Whitcomb BW, Missmer SA, Manson JE, Hankinson SE et al.: Early life emotional, physical, and sexual abuse and the development of premenstrual syndrome: a longitudinal study. Journal of women's health, 2014; 23(9), 729-739.
  • 12. Cankur S, Kırımsoy E, Şekercioğlu G, Özkol Yıldırım E, Erdoğan N et al.: Çocukların ev içinde yaşadıkları şiddet araştırması. İstanbul: Genç Hayat Yayınları; 2012.
  • 13. Çelik FGH & Hocaoğlu Ç: Çocukluk çağı travmaları: bir gözden geçirme. Sakarya Tıp Dergisi, 2018; 8(4), 695-711.
  • 14. Child maltreatment: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment Erişim tarihi 13.05.2021.
  • 15. Çocuk İstismarı ve İhmali: https://sagligim.gov.tr/ruh-sagligi/cocuk-istismari-ve-ihmali.html Erişim tarihi:16.05.2021.
  • 16. Çokluk Ö, Şekercioğlu G & Büyüköztürk Ş: Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (Vol. 2). Ankara: Pegem Akademi, 2012.
  • 17. Dawson DN, Eisenlohr‐Moul TA, Paulson JL, Peters JR, Rubinow DR, & Girdler SS: Emotion‐related impulsivity and rumination predict the perimenstrual severity and trajectory of symptoms in women with a menstrually related mood disorder. Journal of clinical psychology, 2018; 74(4), 579-593.
  • 18. Derman O, Kanbur NO, Tokur T. & Kutluk T: Premenstrual syndrome and associated symptoms in adolescent girls. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2004; 116 (2):201-6.
  • 19. Direkvand-Moghadam A, Sayehmiri K, Delpisheh A & Kaikhavandi S: Epidemiology of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)-a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR, 2014; 8(2), 106.
  • 20. Dragan M: Adverse experiences, emotional regulation difficulties and psychopathology in a sample of young women: Model of associations and results of cluster and discriminant function analysis. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. 2020;4(1):1-7.
  • 21. Erbil N, & Yücesoy H: Relationship between premenstrual syndrome and sleep quality among nursing and medical students. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 2020.
  • 22. Etkind SA: Childhood sexual abuse experiences and their correlates among female survivors of intimate partner violence (Order No. 3427101). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. 2010; 793616552.
  • 23. Felitti VJ. Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V et al.: Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal Of Preventive Medicine. 1998; 14(4):245-258.
  • 24. Gençdoğan B: Premenstrual Sendrom İçin Yeni Bir Ölçek. Türkiye’de Psikiyatri 2006;(2):81-87.
  • 25. Gilgoff R, Singh L, Koita K, Gentile B & Marques SS: Adverse childhood experiences, outcomes, and interventions. Pediatric Clinics, 2020; 67(2), 259-273.
  • 26. Golding JM, Taylor DL, Menard L & King MJ: Prevalence of sexual abuse history in a sample of women seeking treatment for premenstrual syndrome. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2000; 21(2), 69-80.
  • 27. Gündüz A, Yaşar AB, Gündoğmuş İ, Savran C & Konuk E: Çocukluk çağı olumsuz yaşantılar ölçeği Türkçe formunun geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 2018; 19(1): 68-75.
  • 28. Hunt TK, Slack KS & Berger LM: Adverse childhood experiences and behavioral problems in middle childhood. Child abuse & neglect, 2017; 67, 391-402.
  • 29. Irmak TY: Fiziksel istismara uğrayan ergenlerde dayanıklılığın incelenmesi. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 2011; 12(2), 1-21.
  • 30. Ito K, Isumi A, & Fujiwara T: Association between childhood maltreatment history and premenstrual syndrome. International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021; 18(2), 781.
  • 31. Kajeepeta S, Gelaye B, Jackson CL & Williams MA: Adverse childhood experiences are associated with adult sleep disorders: a systematic review. Sleep medicine, 2015; 16(3), 320-330.
  • 32. Kırcan N, Ergin F, Adana F & Arslantaş H: Hemşirelik öğrencilerinde premenstrüel sendrom prevalansı ve yaşam kalitesi ile ilişkisi, 2012.
  • 33. Kısa S, Zeyneloğlu S & Güler N: Üniversite Öğrencilerinde premenstrual sendrom görülme sıklığı ve etkileyen faktörler. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 2012; 284.
  • 34. Koci A & Strickland O: Relationship of adolescent physical and sexual abuse to perimenstrual symptoms (PMS) in adulthood. Issues in mental health nursing, 2007; 28(1), 75-87.
  • 35. Kucukkelepce DS, Unver H, Nacar G & Tashan ST: The effects of acupressure and yoga for coping with premenstrual syndromes on premenstrual symptoms and quality of life. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 2021; 42, 101282.
  • 36. Ozsahin Z, Aksoy Derya Y: The effect of training given in line with the health promotion model aimed at increasing fertility awareness on fertility awareness in women. Malatya: Inonu University Health Sciences Institute. 2020.
  • 37. Park EJ, Kim SY, Kim Y, Sung D, Kim B, Hyun Y et al.: The relationship between adverse childhood experiences and sleep problems among adolescent students: mediation by depression or anxiety. International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021; 18(1), 236.
  • 38. Petersen N, London ED, Liang L, Ghahremani DG, Gerards R, Goldman L et al. : Emotion regulation in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Archives of women's mental health, 2016; 19(5), 891-898.
  • 39. Reuveni I, Dan R, Segman R, Evron R, Laufer S, Goelman G et al. : Emotional regulation difficulties and premenstrual symptoms among Israeli students. Archives of women's mental health, 2016; 19(6), 1063-1070.
  • 40. Rojo-Wissar DM, Davidson RD, Beck CJ, Kobayashi US, VanBlargan AC & Haynes PL: Sleep quality and perceived health in college undergraduates with adverse childhood experiences. Sleep health, 2019; 5(2), 187-192.
  • 41. Santur Y, Santur SG, & Karaköse M : Architecture and implementation of a smart‐pregnancy monitoring system using web‐based application. Expert Systems, 2020; 37(1), e12379.
  • 42. Şener N, & Taşhan S: The Relationship Between Premenstrual Syndrome and Personal Traits in University Students, 2021.
  • 43. Sögüt S, Dolu İ & Cangöl, E : The relationship between COVID‐19 knowledge levels and anxiety states of midwifery students during the outbreak: A cross‐sectional web‐based survey. Perspectives in psychiatric care, 2020.
  • 44. Strine TW, Edwards VJ, Dube SR, Wagenfeld M, Dhingra S, Prehn AW et al. : The mediating sex-specific effect of psychological distress on the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and current smoking among adults. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy. 2012; 7(30).
  • 45. Taş Dalgıç A: Premenstruel Sendromun Depresyon, Kaygı Ve Stres İle İlişkisi. Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Klinik Psikolog Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2018, Lefkoşa.
  • 46. The American Collage of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/premenstrual-syndrome, 2015. Erişim tarihi: 27.03.2021.
  • 47. Uzunoğlu G & Aktan ZD: Ergenlerde Premenstrüel Sendrom ile Ruh Sağlığı Değişkenleri Arasındaki İlişki. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 2019; 11, 37-50.
  • 48. Wang YC, Guerola MM, Lin YC, Hsieh YP, Strong C, Tsai MC et al.: Effects of childhood adversity and resilience on Taiwanese youth health behaviors. Pediatrics & Neonatology, 2019; 60(4), 368-376.

Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Premenstrual Syndrome

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 27 - 34, 01.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.37990/medr.954965

Abstract

Aim: It is known that adverse experiences in childhood are associated with various mental and physical illnesses. In some studies, it is stated that it also affects women’s reproductive health. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between childhood adverse experiences and the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome.
Material and Method: The research was conducted as a cross-sectional and relationship seeker at a public university on young girls aged between 18 and 25 years. The sample size was calculated to be at least 623 students with 0.05 error level, 80% representation power and 99% confidence interval, and the study was conducted with 754 participants. To collect data; “Personal Introduction Form”, “Childhood Adverse Experiences Scale (ACES)” and “Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSÖ)” were used. In statistical evaluation; arithmetic mean, percentage distribution, standard deviation, linear regression analysis were used.
Results: 60.5% of the students had at least one ACE, the average age was 20.68±1.98, 52% studied at the faculty of health sciences, 40.3% studied in the first year, 73.2% had PMS, the average age of menarche was found to be 14.84±28.82. In addition, the mean score of ACES is 1.50±1.75, and the average of PMSÖ is 132.36±36.22. As a result of the linear regression analysis, it has been determined that ACES affects the total and all sub-dimensions of PMSÖ.
Conclusion: In conclusion, it can be said that adverse childhood experiences affect PMS symptoms and PMS symptoms increase as the number of ACES increases.

References

  • 1. Aba YA, Ataman H, Dişsiz M, & Sevimli S: Genç kadınlarda premenstrual sendrom, fiziksel aktivite ve yaşam kalitesi. Journal of Academic Research in Nursing, 2018; 4(2), 75-82.
  • 2. Adıguzel H, Taskin EO & Danaci AE: Manisa İlinde Premenstrüel Sendrom Belirti Örüntüsü ve Belirti Yaygınlığının Araştırılması. Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 2007; 18 (3):215-22. 10.
  • 3. Ainamani HE, Rukundo GZ, Nduhukire T, Ndyareba E & Hecker T: Child maltreatment, cognitive functions and the mediating role of mental health problems among maltreated children and adolescents in Uganda. Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health, 2021; 15(1), 1-11.
  • 4. Mersky JP, Topitzes J & Reynolds AJ: Impacts of adverse childhood experiences on health, mental health, and substance use in early adulthood: A cohort study of an urban, minority sample in the US. Child abuse & neglect, 2013; 37(11), 917-925.
  • 5. Hall KS, Beauregard JL, Rentmeester ST, Livingston M & Harris KM: Adverse life experiences and risk of unintended pregnancy in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for toxic stress and reproductive health. SSM-population health, 2019; 7, 100344.
  • 6. Chang G, Fisher ND, Hornstein MD, Jones JA & Orav EJ: Identification of risk drinking women: T-ACE screening tool or the medical record. Journal of Women's Health, 2010; 19(10), 1933-1939.
  • 7. Akdeniz F, Korkmaz S, Tamar M & Beker B: Depresyonu olan ve olmayan genç kızlar ve annelerindeki adet öncesi yakınmaların karşılaştırılması. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 2002; 9(1), 16-22.
  • 8. Ångerud K, Annerbäck EM, Tydén T, Boddeti S & Kristiansson P: Adverse childhood experiences and depressive symptomatology among pregnant women. Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2018; 97(6):701– 708.
  • 9. Appleton AA, Kiley K, Holdsworth EA, Schell LM: Social Support during Pregnancy Modifies the Association between Maternal Adverse Childhood Experiences and Infant Birth Size. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2019; 23(3):408 -415.
  • 10. Azoulay M, Reuveni I, Dan R, Goelman G, Segman R, Kalla C. et al: Childhood Trauma and Premenstrual Symptoms: The Role of Emotion Regulation. Child Abuse Negl. 2020 Oct;108:104637.
  • 11. Bertone-Johnson ER, Whitcomb BW, Missmer SA, Manson JE, Hankinson SE et al.: Early life emotional, physical, and sexual abuse and the development of premenstrual syndrome: a longitudinal study. Journal of women's health, 2014; 23(9), 729-739.
  • 12. Cankur S, Kırımsoy E, Şekercioğlu G, Özkol Yıldırım E, Erdoğan N et al.: Çocukların ev içinde yaşadıkları şiddet araştırması. İstanbul: Genç Hayat Yayınları; 2012.
  • 13. Çelik FGH & Hocaoğlu Ç: Çocukluk çağı travmaları: bir gözden geçirme. Sakarya Tıp Dergisi, 2018; 8(4), 695-711.
  • 14. Child maltreatment: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment Erişim tarihi 13.05.2021.
  • 15. Çocuk İstismarı ve İhmali: https://sagligim.gov.tr/ruh-sagligi/cocuk-istismari-ve-ihmali.html Erişim tarihi:16.05.2021.
  • 16. Çokluk Ö, Şekercioğlu G & Büyüköztürk Ş: Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (Vol. 2). Ankara: Pegem Akademi, 2012.
  • 17. Dawson DN, Eisenlohr‐Moul TA, Paulson JL, Peters JR, Rubinow DR, & Girdler SS: Emotion‐related impulsivity and rumination predict the perimenstrual severity and trajectory of symptoms in women with a menstrually related mood disorder. Journal of clinical psychology, 2018; 74(4), 579-593.
  • 18. Derman O, Kanbur NO, Tokur T. & Kutluk T: Premenstrual syndrome and associated symptoms in adolescent girls. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2004; 116 (2):201-6.
  • 19. Direkvand-Moghadam A, Sayehmiri K, Delpisheh A & Kaikhavandi S: Epidemiology of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)-a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR, 2014; 8(2), 106.
  • 20. Dragan M: Adverse experiences, emotional regulation difficulties and psychopathology in a sample of young women: Model of associations and results of cluster and discriminant function analysis. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. 2020;4(1):1-7.
  • 21. Erbil N, & Yücesoy H: Relationship between premenstrual syndrome and sleep quality among nursing and medical students. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 2020.
  • 22. Etkind SA: Childhood sexual abuse experiences and their correlates among female survivors of intimate partner violence (Order No. 3427101). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. 2010; 793616552.
  • 23. Felitti VJ. Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V et al.: Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal Of Preventive Medicine. 1998; 14(4):245-258.
  • 24. Gençdoğan B: Premenstrual Sendrom İçin Yeni Bir Ölçek. Türkiye’de Psikiyatri 2006;(2):81-87.
  • 25. Gilgoff R, Singh L, Koita K, Gentile B & Marques SS: Adverse childhood experiences, outcomes, and interventions. Pediatric Clinics, 2020; 67(2), 259-273.
  • 26. Golding JM, Taylor DL, Menard L & King MJ: Prevalence of sexual abuse history in a sample of women seeking treatment for premenstrual syndrome. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2000; 21(2), 69-80.
  • 27. Gündüz A, Yaşar AB, Gündoğmuş İ, Savran C & Konuk E: Çocukluk çağı olumsuz yaşantılar ölçeği Türkçe formunun geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 2018; 19(1): 68-75.
  • 28. Hunt TK, Slack KS & Berger LM: Adverse childhood experiences and behavioral problems in middle childhood. Child abuse & neglect, 2017; 67, 391-402.
  • 29. Irmak TY: Fiziksel istismara uğrayan ergenlerde dayanıklılığın incelenmesi. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 2011; 12(2), 1-21.
  • 30. Ito K, Isumi A, & Fujiwara T: Association between childhood maltreatment history and premenstrual syndrome. International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021; 18(2), 781.
  • 31. Kajeepeta S, Gelaye B, Jackson CL & Williams MA: Adverse childhood experiences are associated with adult sleep disorders: a systematic review. Sleep medicine, 2015; 16(3), 320-330.
  • 32. Kırcan N, Ergin F, Adana F & Arslantaş H: Hemşirelik öğrencilerinde premenstrüel sendrom prevalansı ve yaşam kalitesi ile ilişkisi, 2012.
  • 33. Kısa S, Zeyneloğlu S & Güler N: Üniversite Öğrencilerinde premenstrual sendrom görülme sıklığı ve etkileyen faktörler. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 2012; 284.
  • 34. Koci A & Strickland O: Relationship of adolescent physical and sexual abuse to perimenstrual symptoms (PMS) in adulthood. Issues in mental health nursing, 2007; 28(1), 75-87.
  • 35. Kucukkelepce DS, Unver H, Nacar G & Tashan ST: The effects of acupressure and yoga for coping with premenstrual syndromes on premenstrual symptoms and quality of life. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 2021; 42, 101282.
  • 36. Ozsahin Z, Aksoy Derya Y: The effect of training given in line with the health promotion model aimed at increasing fertility awareness on fertility awareness in women. Malatya: Inonu University Health Sciences Institute. 2020.
  • 37. Park EJ, Kim SY, Kim Y, Sung D, Kim B, Hyun Y et al.: The relationship between adverse childhood experiences and sleep problems among adolescent students: mediation by depression or anxiety. International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021; 18(1), 236.
  • 38. Petersen N, London ED, Liang L, Ghahremani DG, Gerards R, Goldman L et al. : Emotion regulation in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Archives of women's mental health, 2016; 19(5), 891-898.
  • 39. Reuveni I, Dan R, Segman R, Evron R, Laufer S, Goelman G et al. : Emotional regulation difficulties and premenstrual symptoms among Israeli students. Archives of women's mental health, 2016; 19(6), 1063-1070.
  • 40. Rojo-Wissar DM, Davidson RD, Beck CJ, Kobayashi US, VanBlargan AC & Haynes PL: Sleep quality and perceived health in college undergraduates with adverse childhood experiences. Sleep health, 2019; 5(2), 187-192.
  • 41. Santur Y, Santur SG, & Karaköse M : Architecture and implementation of a smart‐pregnancy monitoring system using web‐based application. Expert Systems, 2020; 37(1), e12379.
  • 42. Şener N, & Taşhan S: The Relationship Between Premenstrual Syndrome and Personal Traits in University Students, 2021.
  • 43. Sögüt S, Dolu İ & Cangöl, E : The relationship between COVID‐19 knowledge levels and anxiety states of midwifery students during the outbreak: A cross‐sectional web‐based survey. Perspectives in psychiatric care, 2020.
  • 44. Strine TW, Edwards VJ, Dube SR, Wagenfeld M, Dhingra S, Prehn AW et al. : The mediating sex-specific effect of psychological distress on the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and current smoking among adults. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy. 2012; 7(30).
  • 45. Taş Dalgıç A: Premenstruel Sendromun Depresyon, Kaygı Ve Stres İle İlişkisi. Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Klinik Psikolog Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2018, Lefkoşa.
  • 46. The American Collage of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/premenstrual-syndrome, 2015. Erişim tarihi: 27.03.2021.
  • 47. Uzunoğlu G & Aktan ZD: Ergenlerde Premenstrüel Sendrom ile Ruh Sağlığı Değişkenleri Arasındaki İlişki. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 2019; 11, 37-50.
  • 48. Wang YC, Guerola MM, Lin YC, Hsieh YP, Strong C, Tsai MC et al.: Effects of childhood adversity and resilience on Taiwanese youth health behaviors. Pediatrics & Neonatology, 2019; 60(4), 368-376.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects ​Internal Diseases
Journal Section Original Articles
Authors

Zeliha Özşahin 0000-0003-1906-9537

Hacer Ünver 0000-0002-5406-4566

Sinem Güven Santur 0000-0002-6448-6025

Publication Date January 1, 2022
Acceptance Date September 12, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

AMA Özşahin Z, Ünver H, Güven Santur S. Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Premenstrual Syndrome. Med Records. January 2022;4(1):27-34. doi:10.37990/medr.954965

17741

Chief Editors

Assoc. Prof. Zülal Öner
Address: İzmir Bakırçay University, Department of Anatomy, İzmir, Türkiye

Assoc. Prof. Deniz Şenol
Address: Düzce University, Department of Anatomy, Düzce, Türkiye

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