Is Post-COVID 19 Vaccination Antibody Level Related to Happiness and Stress Hormones?

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 71 - 75, 31.01.2024

Cihat Uçar , Faruk Dişli , Tuğçe Atçalı , Sedat Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.37990/medr.1394973

Abstract

Aim: The level of antibody production in those vaccinated against coronavirus can be affected by many different situations. There is an important balance between immune response, stress and emotional state. However, it is not known how this situation affects antibody production after vaccination. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the antibody response induced by the COVID-19 vaccine and the hormones cortisol, a marker of the stress axis, and serotonin, a marker of happiness.
Material and Method: Serum cortisol and serotonin levels were analyzed in those who tested positive (n=40) and negative (n=40) for Anti-SARS CoV-2 IgG induced by vaccination. Anti-SARS CoV 2 IgG, cortisol, and serotonin levels were determined by using the ELISA method. The data were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. The value of p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Results: Cortisol level (42.2±26.2 ng/ml) and serotonin level (414±246 ng/ml) were determined in subjects who tested positive for Anti-SARS CoV-2 IgG, while cortisol level (45.1±34.5 ng/ml) and serotonin level (372±209 ng/ml) were determined in subjects who tested negative for Anti-SARS CoV-2 IgG. There was no statistical difference or correlation between cortisol and serotonin levels in those with positive and negative levels of Anti-SARS CoV-2 IgG (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Consequently, no effect of the stress parameter cortisol and the happiness parameter serotonin, was found in vaccine-induced immunization. It is considered that the different antibody responses in individuals may vary depending on other factors.

Keywords

COVID 19 Vaccination , Anti-SARS CoV 2 IgG , Cortisol , Serotonin

Supporting Institution

İnönü Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma ve Koordinasyon Birimi

Thanks

Çalışmamızı destekleyen İnönü Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma ve Koordinasyon Birimi'ne teşekkür ederiz

References

• Wiersinga WJ, Rhodes A, Cheng AC, et al. Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review. JAMA. 2020;324:782-93.
• World Health Organization (WHO) (2021) Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) weekly epidemiological update and weekly operational update. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports access date 27.12.2021
• Carsetti R, Zaffina S, Piano Mortari E, et al. Different innate and adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection of asymptomatic, mild, and severe cases. Front Immunol. 2020;11:610300.
• Canedo-Marroquín G, Saavedra F, Andrade CA, et al. SARS-CoV-2: immune response elicited by infection and development of vaccines and treatments. Front Immunol. 2020;11:569760.
• Imai K, Kitagawa Y, Tabata S, et al. Antibody response patterns in COVID-19 patients with different levels of disease severity in Japan. J Med Virol. 2021;93:3211-8.
• Lu L, Zhang H, Zhan M, et al. Antibody response and therapy in COVID-19 patients: what can be learned for vaccine development?. Sci China Life Sci. 2020;63:1833-49.
• Yang HS, Costa V, Racine-Brzostek SE, et al. Association of age with SARS-CoV-2 antibody response. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e214302.
• Huang B, Cai Y, Li N, et al. Sex-based clinical and immunological differences in COVID-19. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21:647.
• Raza HA, Sen P, Bhatti OA, et al. Sex hormones, autoimmunity and gender disparity in COVID-19. Rheumatol Int. 2021;41:1375-86.
• Mauvais-Jarvis F, Klein SL, Levin ER. Estradiol, progesterone, immunomodulation, and COVID-19 outcomes. Endocrinology. 2020;161:bqaa127.
• Pierce CA, Preston-Hurlburt P, Dai Y, et al. Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized pediatric and adult patients. Sci Transl Med. 2020;12:eabd5487.
• Weisberg SP, Connors TJ, Zhu Y, et al. Distinct antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in children and adults across the COVID-19 clinical spectrum. Nat Immunol. 2021;22:25-31.
• Xiang YT, Yang Y, Li W, et al. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7:228-9.
• Cohen S, Janicki-Deverts D, Doyle WJ, et al. Chronic stress, glucocorticoid receptor resistance, inflammation, and disease risk. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109:5995-9.
• Shi Y, Wang Y, Shao C, et al. COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses. Cell Death Differ. 2020;27:1451-4.
• Uçar C, Bülbül M, Yıldız S. Cesarean delivery is associated with suppressed activities of the stress axes. Stress. 2022;25:67-73.
• Mössner R, Lesch KP. Role of serotonin in the immune system and in neuroimmune interactions. Brain Behav Immun. 1998;12:249-71.
• Shajib MS, Khan WI. The role of serotonin and its receptors in activation of immune responses and inflammation. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2015;213:561-74.
• Ozgocer T, Dagli ŞN, Ceylan MR, et al. Analysis of long-term antibody response in COVID-19 patients by symptoms grade, gender, age, BMI, and medication. J Med Virol. 2022;94:1412-8.
• Ozgocer T, Yildiz S, Uçar C. Development and validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of cortisol in human saliva. J Immunoassay Immunochem. 2017;38:147-64.
• Edwards KM, Burns VE, Reynolds T, et al. Acute stress exposure prior to influenza vaccination enhances antibody response in women. Brain Behav Immun. 2006;20:159-68.
• Burns VE, Carroll D, Ring C, Drayson M. Antibody response to vaccination and psychosocial stress in humans: relationships and mechanisms. Vaccine. 2003;21:2523-34.
• Cohen S, Miller GE, Rabin BS. Psychological stress and antibody response to immunization: a critical review of the human literature. Psychosom Med. 2001;63:7-18.
• Miller GE, Cohen S, Pressman S, et al. Psychological stress and antibody response to influenza vaccination: when is the critical period for stress, and how does it get inside the body?. Psychosom Med. 2004;66:215-23.
• Pressman SD, Cohen S, Miller GE, et al. Loneliness, social network size, and immune response to influenza vaccination in college freshmen. Health Psychol. 2005;24:297-306. Erratum in: Health Psychol. 2005;24:348.
• Stefulj J, Cicin-Sain L, Schauenstein K, Jernej B. Serotonin and immune response: effect of the amine on in vitro proliferation of rat lymphocytes. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2001;9:103-8.
• Jackson JC, Cross RJ, Walker RF, et al. Influence of serotonin on the immune response. Immunology. 1985;54:505-12.