Investigation of the Relationship Between Bruxism Symptoms and Restless Leg Syndrome

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 512 - 517, 24.09.2024

Emre Balaban , Zeynep Gümrükçü , İsmail Burak Halat

https://doi.org/10.37990/medr.1513486

Abstract

Aim: This study aims to examine the relationship between bruxism symptoms and restless legs syndrome (RLS), focusing on the frequency and severity of RLS symptoms in patients with bruxism.
Material and Method: A total of 134 patients (50 males, 84 females) diagnosed with bruxism out of 212 patients presenting with jaw pain between April 10 and July 6, 2019, were included in the study. The average age of the participants was 47. Patients completed the Bruxism Determination Questionnaire and the RLS Severity Scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS (IBM SPSS for Windows, version 26). Relationships and correlations were determined using descriptive statistics and various statistical tests. Statistical significance was set at (p<0.05).
Results: No statistically significant difference was found between bruxism symptoms and RLS severity (p>0.05). However, a significant positive correlation was found between the number of bruxism symptoms and the RLS severity score (19.3%, p=0.025). Additionally, smoking was found to affect bruxism symptoms but not RLS severity.
Conclusion: Bruxism symptoms increase with the severity of RLS, but no significant inverse relationship was observed. While smoking affects bruxism symptoms, it does not affect RLS severity. Further research with larger sample sizes and more objective evaluation criteria is needed to better understand the relationship between these two conditions.

Keywords

Bruxism, sleep bruxism, restless leg syndrome, cigarette smoking

Ethical Statement

None

Supporting Institution

None

Project Number

None

Thanks

None

References

• The glossary of prosthodontic terms. J Prosthet Dent. 2005;94:10-92.
• Lobbezoo F, Ahlberg J, Glaros AG, et al. Bruxism defined and graded: an international consensus. J Oral Rehabil. 2013;40:2-4.
• American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The international classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual, 2nd edition. Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine. 2005;182-3.
• de Leeuw R, Orofacial Pain: Guidelines for Assessment, Diagnosis, and Management. 4th ed. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc.; 2008:316.
• Ekbom KA. Growing pains and restless legs. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1975;64:264-6.
• Allen RP, Stillman P, Myers AJ. Physician-diagnosed restless legs syndrome in a large sample of primary medical care patients in Western Europe: prevalence and characteristics. Sleep Med. 2010;11:31-7.
• Klasser GD, de Leeuw R, eds. Orofacial pain: Guidelines for assessment, diagnosis, and management. Quintessence Publishing. 2018;31-3.
• Zieliński G, Pająk A, Wójcicki M. Global prevalence of sleep bruxism and awake bruxism in pediatric and adult populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2024;13:4259.
• Könönen M, Siirila H. Prevalence of nocturnal and diurnal bruxism in patients with psoriasis. J Prosthet Dent. 1988;60:238-41.
• Faulkner KD. Bruxism: a review of the literature. Part I. Aust Dent J. 1990;35:266-76.
• Lavigne GJ, Montplaisir J. Restless legs syndrome and sleep bruxism: prevalence and association among Canadians. Sleep. 1994;17:739-43.
• Lavigne GJ, Rompré PH, Montplaisir JY. Sleep bruxism: validity of clinical research diagnostic criteria in a controlled polysomnographic study. J Dent Res. 1996;75:546-52.
• Hublin C, Kaprio J, Partinen M, Koskenvuo M. Sleep bruxism based on self-report in a nationwide twin cohort. J Sleep Res. 1998;7:61-7.
• Lavigne GJ, Goulet JP, Zuconni M, et al. Sleep disorders and the dental patient: an overview. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1999;88:257-72.
• Falisi G, Rastelli C, Panti F, et al. Psychotropic drugs and bruxism. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2014;13:1319-26.
• Lobbezoo F, van der Zaag J, van Selms MK, et al. Principles for the management of bruxism. J Oral Rehabil. 2008;35:509-23.
• Agerberg G, Carlsson GE. Symptoms of functional disturbances of the masticatory system: a comparison of frequencies in a population sample and in a group of patients. Acta Odontol Scand. 1975;33:183-90.
• de Siqueira SR, Vilela TT, Florindo AA. Prevalence of headache and orofacial pain in adults and elders in a Brazilian community: an epidemiological study. Gerodontology. 2015;32:123-31.
• Phillips B, Young T, Finn L, et al. Epidemiology of restless legs symptoms in adults. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:2137-41.
• Ohayon MM, Roth T. Prevalence of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in the general population. J Psychosom Res. 2002;53:547-54.
• Allen RP, Picchietti D, Hening WA, et al. Restless legs syndrome: diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health. Sleep Med. 2003;4:101-19.
• Montplaisir J, Boucher S, Poirier G, et al. Clinical, polysomnographic, and genetic characteristics of restless legs syndrome: a study of 133 patients diagnosed with new standard criteria. Mov Disord. 1997;12:61-5.
• Bucher SF, Seelos KC, Oertel WH, et al. Cerebral generators involved in the pathogenesis of the restless legs syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1997;41:639-45.
• Earley CJ, Connor JR, Beard JL, et al. Abnormalities in CSF concentrations of ferritin and transferrin in restless legs syndrome. Neurology. 2000;54:1698-700.
• Sun ER, Chen CA, Ho G, et al. Iron and the restless legs syndrome. Sleep. 1998;21:371-7.
• Walters AS, LeBrocq C, Dhar A, et al; International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group. Validation of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group rating scale for restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med. 2003;4:121-32.
• Saletu A, Parapatics S, Anderer P, et al. Controlled clinical, polysomnographic and psychometric studies on differences between sleep bruxers and controls and acute effects of clonazepam as compared with placebo. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2010;260:163-74.
• Winkelmann J, Schormair B, Lichtner P, et al. Genome-wide association study of restless legs syndrome identifies common variants in three genomic regions. Nat Genet. 2007;39:1000-6.
• Kuang B, Li D, Lobbezoo F, et al. Associations between sleep bruxism and other sleep-related disorders in adults: a systematic review. Sleep Med. 2022;89:31-47.
• Carra MC, Huynh N, Lavigne G. Sleep bruxism: a comprehensive overview for the dental clinician interested in sleep medicine. Dent Clin North Am. 2012;56:387-413.
• Ohayon MM, Roth T. Prevalence of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in the general population. J Psychosom Res. 2002;53:547-54.
• Kato T, Blanchet PJ, Lavigne GJ. Sleep bruxism and other disorders of oral movement. Dent Clin North Am. 2001;45:657-84.
• Earley CJ, Silber MH. Restless legs syndrome: understanding its consequences and the need for better treatment. Sleep Med. 2010;11:807-15.
• Gardiner C, Weakley J, Burke LM, et al. The effect of caffeine on subsequent sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2023;69:101764.
• Uca AU, Uğuz F, Kozak HH, et al. Antidepressant-Induced Sleep Bruxism: Prevalence, Incidence, and Related Factors. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2015;38:227-30.
• Lobbezoo F, Soucy JP, Montplaisir JY, Lavigne GJ. Striatal D2 receptor binding in sleep bruxism: a controlled study with iodine-123-iodobenzamide and single-photon-emission computed tomography. J Dent Res. 1996;75:1804-10.
• Batool-Anwar S, Li Y, De Vito K, et al. Lifestyle factors and risk of restless legs syndrome: prospective cohort study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2016;12:187-94.
• Lahan V, Ahmad S, Gupta R. RLS relieved by tobacco chewing: paradoxical role of nicotine. Neurol Sci. 2012;33:1209-10.