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Devlet Korkar Muhacir Sıralanır: Göç Kategorilerini Değerlendirmede Bir Yöntem Olarak Tarihsel Analiz

Year 2017, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 97 - 115, 01.06.2017
https://doi.org/10.12738/mejrs.2017.2.1.0107

Abstract

Bu makale, göç rejimlerinin tarihlerinin, kurumlar ve yasal kategoriler tarafından zorunlu göç çalışmalarında kullanılan kavramların üretilme biçimlerini aydınlatabileceğini iddia etmektedir. 1860’da Muhacirin Komisyonunun kurulmasının akabinde Osmanlı Devleti, muhacirlik konusunu muvakkat bir mesele olmaktan çıkarıp göçü ve yerleşimi merkezî yönetim yoluyla düzenlemeye başlamıştır. Osmanlıca muhacir kelimesinin tercümelerinde göçmen migrant , nüfus azaltıcı emigrant , nüfus arttırıcı immigrant ve mülteci refugee ifadelerinin hepsi yer alır. Terimin anlamındaki bu belirsizlik onun tarihsel kullanımının maddi önemi ile uğraşmayı gerektirir. Çağdaş çeviriler, hareket koşullarını vurgulamakla birlikte göçmen tecrübelerini belirlemek noktasında göçmen nüfusun iç bölümlemelerine dayalı Osmanlı idari kategorileri de aynı derecede önemlidir. Bu makalede Osmanlı Muhacirin Komisyonunun kurumsal tarihini, organizasyon yapısını ve politikalarını inceleyerek yönetimin oluşmasının göçmen nüfusta cinsiyet, yaş, sınıf ve din temelinde nasıl alt kategoriler oluşturduğu görülebilecektir. Göç yönetiminin tarihsel analizi, Osmanlı göçmen teşekkülünün süreçlerini araştırmak için daha net bir çerçeve sunar ve zorunlu göç konusunu çalışan uzmanların göç kategorilerinin evrimini ve devam eden etkisini daha derinlemesine görmelerini sağlar.

References

  • Bakewell, O. (2011). Conceptualising displacement and migration: Processes, conditions, and categories. In K. Koser & S. Martin (Eds.), The migration-displacement nexus: Patterns, processes, and policies (pp. 14–28). Oxford, UK: Berghahn Books.
  • Başaran, B. (2006). Remaking the gate of felicity: Policing, social control, and migration in Istanbul at the end of the 18th Century, 1789-1793 (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3240069)
  • Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi [The Ottoman Archives of the Prime Minister’s Office]. Istanbul, Turkey.
  • Chochiev, G., & Koç, B. (2006). Some notes on the settlement of Northern Caucasians in Eastern Anatolia and their adaptation problems (The second half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century). Journal of Asian History, 40(1), 80−103.
  • Cuthell, D. C. (2005). The Muhacirin Komisyonu: An agent in the transformation of Ottoman Anatolia, 1860-1866 (Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University, Columbia, NY).
  • Dündar, F. (2001). İttihat ve Terakki’nin Müslümanları İskan Politikası (1913-1918) [Union and Progress’ settlement policy of Muslims]. Istanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Elie, J. (2010). The historical root of cooperation between the UN High Commissioner for Refugees and the International Organization for Migration. Global Governance, 16(3), 345−360.
  • Eren, A. C. (1966). Türkiye’de Göç ve Göçmen Meseleleri [Migration and migrant issues in Turkey]. Istanbul, Turkey: Nurgök Matbaası.
  • Herzog, C. (2011). Migration and the state: On Ottoman regulations concerning migration since the age of Mahmud II. In U. Freitag, M. Fuhrmann, N. Lafi, & F. Riedler (Eds.), The city in the Ottoman Empire: Migration and the making of urban modernity (pp. 117−134). London, UK: Routledge.
  • Kale, B. (2014). Transforming an empire: The Ottoman Empire’s immigration and settlement policies in the 19th & early 20th centuries. Middle Eastern Studies, 50(2), 252−271. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2013.870894
  • Karatini, R. (2005). How history separated refugee and migrant regimes: In search of their institutional origins. International Journal of Refugee Law 17(3), 517−541. http://dx.doi. org/10.1093/jrl/eei019
  • Karpat, K. (1985). Ottoman population 1830-1914: Demographic and social characteristics. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Karpat, K. (2002). Studies on Ottoman social and political history: Selected articles and essays. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  • Kasaba, R. (2009). A moveable empire: Ottoman nomads, migrants, and refugees. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
  • Kocacık, F. (1980). Balkanlar’dan Anadolu’ya Yönelik Göçler (1878-1890) [Migrations from the Balkans to Anatolia]. Osmanlı Araştırmaları, 1(1), 137−190.
  • Long, K. (2013). When refugees stopped being migrants: Movement, labour, and humanitarian protection. Migration Studies, 1(1), 4−26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/migration.mns001
  • Maksudyan, N. (2011). Orphans, cities, and the state: Vocational orphanages (Islahhanes) and reform in the late Ottoman urban space. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 43, 493−511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0020743811000638
  • Meyer, J. (2007). Immigration, return, and the politics of citizenship: Russian Muslims in the Ottoman Empire, 1860-1914. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 39(1), 15−32. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1017.S0020743806391027
  • Pinson, M. (1970). Demographic Warfare: An Aspect of Ottoman and Russian Policy, 1854-1866 (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
  • Reinkowski, M. (2005). The state’s security and the subject’s prosperity: Notions of order in Ottoman bureaucratic correspondence (19th Century). In H. T. Karateke & M. Reinkowski (Eds.), Legitimizing the order: The OttomanrRhetoric of state power (pp. 195−214). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  • Rogan, E. L. (1996). Aşiret Mektebi: Abdülhamid II’s schools for tribes (1892-1907). International Journal of Middle East Studies, 28(1), 83−107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0020743800062796
  • Rogan, E. L. (1999). Frontiers of the state in the late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850-1921. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Saydam, A. (1997). Kırım ve Kafkas Göçleri (1856-1876) [Crimea and the Caucasus migrations]. Ankara, Turkey: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
  • Scalettaris, G. (2007). Refugee studies and the international refugee regime: A reflection on a desirable separation. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 26(3), 36−50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rsq/ hdi0241
  • Shaw, S., & Shaw, E. Z. (1997). History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey (Vol. 2). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Tekeli, İ. (1994). Involuntary displacement and the problem of resettlement in Turkey from the Ottoman Empire to the present [Special issue]. Center for Migration Studies, 11, 202–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2050-411X.1994.tb00808.x
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyet Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü. (2012). Osmanlı Belgelerinde Kafkas Göçleri (Vol. 1) [Caucasian Migration in Ottoman archives]. Istanbul, Turkey: Başbakanlık Basımevi.
  • Williams, B. (2000). Hijra and forced migration from 19th century Russia to the Ottoman Empire: A critical analysis of the Great Crimean Tatar emigration of 1860-1861. Cahiers du Monde Russe, 41(1), 79−108.
  • Yosmaoğlu, İ. (2006). Counting bodies, shaping souls: The 1903 census and national identity in Ottoman Macedonia. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 38(1), 55−77. http://dx.doi. org/10.1017/S0020743806412253
  • Zetter, R. (1988). Refugees and Refugee Studies: a Label and an Agenda, Editorial Introduction. Journal of Refugee Studies 1(1), 1−11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/1.1.1
  • Zetter, R. (1991). Labelling refugees: Forming and transforming a bureaucratic identity. Journal of Refugee Studies, 4(1), 39−63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/4.1.39

State Fears and Immigrant Tiers: Historical Analysis as a Method in Evaluating Migration Categories

Year 2017, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 97 - 115, 01.06.2017
https://doi.org/10.12738/mejrs.2017.2.1.0107

Abstract

This article argues that histories of migration regimes can illuminate ways in which institutions and legal categories produce concepts used in studies of forced migration. Following the development of the Immigrant Commission Muhacirin Komisyonu in 1860, the Ottoman State shifted from addressing the issue of immigration on an ad hoc basis to organizing migration and settlement through a central administration. Translations of the Ottoman term “muhacir” include migrant, emigrant, immigrant, and refugee. The ambiguity of this term requires engagement with the material significance of its historical usage. Contemporary translations highlight conditions of movement, but Ottoman administrative categories based on internal divisions within the immigrant population were equally important in determining migrant experiences. Through exploring the institutional history, organization, and policies of the Ottoman Immigrant Commission, this article considers how the development of administration created sub-categories within the migrant population based on sex, age, class, and religion. Historical analysis of migration administration offers a more precise framework for investigating processes of Ottoman immigrant incorporation and provides researchers of forced migration insight into the evolution and persisting impact of migration categories.

References

  • Bakewell, O. (2011). Conceptualising displacement and migration: Processes, conditions, and categories. In K. Koser & S. Martin (Eds.), The migration-displacement nexus: Patterns, processes, and policies (pp. 14–28). Oxford, UK: Berghahn Books.
  • Başaran, B. (2006). Remaking the gate of felicity: Policing, social control, and migration in Istanbul at the end of the 18th Century, 1789-1793 (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3240069)
  • Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi [The Ottoman Archives of the Prime Minister’s Office]. Istanbul, Turkey.
  • Chochiev, G., & Koç, B. (2006). Some notes on the settlement of Northern Caucasians in Eastern Anatolia and their adaptation problems (The second half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century). Journal of Asian History, 40(1), 80−103.
  • Cuthell, D. C. (2005). The Muhacirin Komisyonu: An agent in the transformation of Ottoman Anatolia, 1860-1866 (Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University, Columbia, NY).
  • Dündar, F. (2001). İttihat ve Terakki’nin Müslümanları İskan Politikası (1913-1918) [Union and Progress’ settlement policy of Muslims]. Istanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Elie, J. (2010). The historical root of cooperation between the UN High Commissioner for Refugees and the International Organization for Migration. Global Governance, 16(3), 345−360.
  • Eren, A. C. (1966). Türkiye’de Göç ve Göçmen Meseleleri [Migration and migrant issues in Turkey]. Istanbul, Turkey: Nurgök Matbaası.
  • Herzog, C. (2011). Migration and the state: On Ottoman regulations concerning migration since the age of Mahmud II. In U. Freitag, M. Fuhrmann, N. Lafi, & F. Riedler (Eds.), The city in the Ottoman Empire: Migration and the making of urban modernity (pp. 117−134). London, UK: Routledge.
  • Kale, B. (2014). Transforming an empire: The Ottoman Empire’s immigration and settlement policies in the 19th & early 20th centuries. Middle Eastern Studies, 50(2), 252−271. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2013.870894
  • Karatini, R. (2005). How history separated refugee and migrant regimes: In search of their institutional origins. International Journal of Refugee Law 17(3), 517−541. http://dx.doi. org/10.1093/jrl/eei019
  • Karpat, K. (1985). Ottoman population 1830-1914: Demographic and social characteristics. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Karpat, K. (2002). Studies on Ottoman social and political history: Selected articles and essays. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  • Kasaba, R. (2009). A moveable empire: Ottoman nomads, migrants, and refugees. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
  • Kocacık, F. (1980). Balkanlar’dan Anadolu’ya Yönelik Göçler (1878-1890) [Migrations from the Balkans to Anatolia]. Osmanlı Araştırmaları, 1(1), 137−190.
  • Long, K. (2013). When refugees stopped being migrants: Movement, labour, and humanitarian protection. Migration Studies, 1(1), 4−26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/migration.mns001
  • Maksudyan, N. (2011). Orphans, cities, and the state: Vocational orphanages (Islahhanes) and reform in the late Ottoman urban space. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 43, 493−511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0020743811000638
  • Meyer, J. (2007). Immigration, return, and the politics of citizenship: Russian Muslims in the Ottoman Empire, 1860-1914. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 39(1), 15−32. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1017.S0020743806391027
  • Pinson, M. (1970). Demographic Warfare: An Aspect of Ottoman and Russian Policy, 1854-1866 (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
  • Reinkowski, M. (2005). The state’s security and the subject’s prosperity: Notions of order in Ottoman bureaucratic correspondence (19th Century). In H. T. Karateke & M. Reinkowski (Eds.), Legitimizing the order: The OttomanrRhetoric of state power (pp. 195−214). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  • Rogan, E. L. (1996). Aşiret Mektebi: Abdülhamid II’s schools for tribes (1892-1907). International Journal of Middle East Studies, 28(1), 83−107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0020743800062796
  • Rogan, E. L. (1999). Frontiers of the state in the late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850-1921. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Saydam, A. (1997). Kırım ve Kafkas Göçleri (1856-1876) [Crimea and the Caucasus migrations]. Ankara, Turkey: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
  • Scalettaris, G. (2007). Refugee studies and the international refugee regime: A reflection on a desirable separation. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 26(3), 36−50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rsq/ hdi0241
  • Shaw, S., & Shaw, E. Z. (1997). History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey (Vol. 2). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Tekeli, İ. (1994). Involuntary displacement and the problem of resettlement in Turkey from the Ottoman Empire to the present [Special issue]. Center for Migration Studies, 11, 202–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2050-411X.1994.tb00808.x
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyet Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü. (2012). Osmanlı Belgelerinde Kafkas Göçleri (Vol. 1) [Caucasian Migration in Ottoman archives]. Istanbul, Turkey: Başbakanlık Basımevi.
  • Williams, B. (2000). Hijra and forced migration from 19th century Russia to the Ottoman Empire: A critical analysis of the Great Crimean Tatar emigration of 1860-1861. Cahiers du Monde Russe, 41(1), 79−108.
  • Yosmaoğlu, İ. (2006). Counting bodies, shaping souls: The 1903 census and national identity in Ottoman Macedonia. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 38(1), 55−77. http://dx.doi. org/10.1017/S0020743806412253
  • Zetter, R. (1988). Refugees and Refugee Studies: a Label and an Agenda, Editorial Introduction. Journal of Refugee Studies 1(1), 1−11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/1.1.1
  • Zetter, R. (1991). Labelling refugees: Forming and transforming a bureaucratic identity. Journal of Refugee Studies, 4(1), 39−63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/4.1.39
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ella Fratantuono This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Fratantuono, E. (2017). Devlet Korkar Muhacir Sıralanır: Göç Kategorilerini Değerlendirmede Bir Yöntem Olarak Tarihsel Analiz. Middle East Journal of Refugee Studies, 2(1), 97-115. https://doi.org/10.12738/mejrs.2017.2.1.0107