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Türkiye’de Zorunlu Yerinden Edilme ve Akıl Sağlığı Çalışmalarında Metodolojik Sorunlar

Year 2017, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 281 - 297, 01.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.12738/mejrs.2017.2.2.0111

Abstract

Türk akıl sağlığı uzmanları, son yirmi yılda uzun vadeli iki büyük zorunlu yerinden edilme olayının yönetimi konusunda pratik ve metodolojik zorluklarla karşılaştılar. Bu olaylardan birincisi dâhiliydi ve kendi ülkesinde yerinden edilenlerle internally displaced persons [IDPs] yani Türkiye’deki Kürt nüfusla ilişkiliydi. İkincisi ise hariciydi ve 2011 yılından bu yana Suriye’den gelen mülteci hareketiyle ilişkiliydi. Zorunlu yerinden edilmenin sadece politik, hukuki ve sosyoekonomik sonuçları olmadığını, bunun yanında beden sağlığı ve psikolojik sağlık üzerinde olumsuz etkileri de bulunduğu dikkate alındığında zorunlu göçe maruz kalanların akıl sağlıkları üzerine araştırma yapmanın ne kadar hayati bir konu olduğu ve teşvik edilmesi gerektiği görülür. Bununla birlikte yerinden edilmiş kitlenin akıl sağlığı durumunu değerlendirmek, tartışmasız bir iş değildir. Sözü edilen her iki yerinden edilme olayının yönetiminin, araştırmacılara ve doğrudan müdahale alanında çalışan uzmanlara yönelik zorlukları ve karmaşık boyutları bulunmaktadır. Bu makalede, Türk akıl sağlığı uzmanlarının hem Türkiye’de yerinden edilmiş Kürt nüfusla hem de Suriyeli mültecilerle çalışırken karşılaştıkları metodolojik zorluklar ve güçlükler tartışılmıştır.

References

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  • Aker, A. T., Çelik, A. B., Kurban, D., Ünalan, T., & Yükseker, H. D. (2005). Türkiye’de ülke içinde yerinden edilme sorunu: Tespitler ve çözüm önerileri [The problem of internal displacement in Turkey: Assessment and policy proposals]. Istanbul, Turkey: Türkiye Ekonomik ve Sosyal Estüdler Vakfı.
  • Aker, T., Ayata, B., Özeren, M., Buran, B., & Bay, A. (2002). Zorunlu iç göç: Ruhsal ve toplumsal sonuçları [Forced migration: Its spiritual and social results]. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 3(2), 97−103.
  • Amnesty International. (2015). The state of the world’s human rights (Amnesty International Report No. 2014/15). Retrieved from https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/0001/2015/en/
  • Ataman, M. (2008). Prevalence of PTSD and related factors in communities living in conflictual area: The case of Diyarbakır. Torture, 18(1), 29−37.
  • Cetrez, Ö., & DeMarinis, V. (2017). A psychosocial, spiritual, and physical health study among Assyrian- Syrian refugees in Istanbul: Activating resilience in the midst of hardship [Special Issue]. Middle East Journal of Refugee Studies, 2, 43–70.
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  • Karalı, N., & Yüksel, Ş. (1997, June). Effects of forced migration on psychological problems seen after torture. Paper presented at 5th European Conference on Traumatic Stress. Maastricht, The Netherlands.
  • Phillips, J. (2013). Asylum seekers and refugees: What are the facts? Department of Parliamentary Services, Parliament of Australia. Retrieved from http://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/bn/sp/ asylumfacts.pdf
  • Sahin-Mencutek, Z., & Gokalp-Aras, N. E. (2015, June). Coping with mass influxes: Turkey`s management of 1991 Iraqi and on-going Syrian refugee crises. Paper presented at the Turkish Migration Conference 2015: Economics, Identities and Geographies. Regent’s College and Charles University. Prague, Czech Republic.
  • Sır, A., Bayram, Y., & Özkan, M. (1998). Zorunlu iç göç yaşamış bir grupta travma sonrası stres bozukluğu üzerine bir ön çalışma. [Preliminary research on post-traumatic stress disorder in a group of internally displaced people]. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 9, 173−180.
  • Siriwardhana, C., & Stewart, R. (2012). Forced migration and mental health: Prolonged internal displacement, return migration and resilience. International Health, 5(1), 19−23. http://dx.doi. org/10.1093/inthealth/ihs014
  • Triandafyllidou, A. (Ed.). (2015). Routledge handbook of immigration and refugee studies. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyet İçişleri Bakanlığı Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü. (2016). Göç tarihi [History of Immigration]. Retrieved from http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik/goc-tarihi_363_380
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2005). Genel Nüfus Sayımı 2000 Göç İstatistikleri [General Census 2000, Immigration Statistics]. Ankara, Turkey: Author.
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2015a). Global trends 2014. Retrieved from http:// unhcr.org/556725e69.html
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2015b). Syria regional refugee response [Data file]. Retrieved from http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=224
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2017). Syria regional refugee response [Data file]. Retrieved from http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php
  • Zübeyit, G. Ü. N., & Bayraktar, F. (2008). Türkiye’de iç göçün ergenlerin uyumundaki rolü [The role of internal migration in Turkey that is compatible with adolescents]. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 19(2), 167−176.

Methodological Challenges in the Study of Forced Displacement and Mental Health in Turkey

Year 2017, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 281 - 297, 01.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.12738/mejrs.2017.2.2.0111

Abstract

Turkish mental health professionals have faced practical and methodological challenges regarding two major long-term forced displacement management issues over the past two decades. The first one of these issues is internal and relates to internally displaced persons IDPs , which, in this case, refers to the Kurdish population in Turkey. The second is external and refers to the incoming movement of refugees from Syria since 2011. Considering how forced displacement carries not only political, legal, and socio-economic ramifications, but also negative physical and psychological health effects, research on the mental health of forced migrants is a vital issue that needs to be addressed. Yet, assessing the mental health condition of displaced populations is not an unequivocal task. Both of the aforementioned displacement management issues have their own complexities that present difficulties to researchers and to those working on direct intervention. In this paper, we discuss these complexities and the methodological challenges that Turkish mental health professionals have faced regarding both the Kurdish IDPs in Turkey and the incoming Syrian refugees.

References

  • Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı. (2013). Türkiye’deki Suriyeli sığınmacılar, saha araştırması sonuçları [Syrian Refugees in Turkey, Results of Field Research]. Retrieved from https://www.afad. gov.tr/Dokuman/TR/60-2013123015491-syrian-refugees-in-turkey-2013_baski_30.12.2013_tr.pdf
  • Aker, A. T., Çelik, A. B., Kurban, D., Ünalan, T., & Yükseker, H. D. (2005). Türkiye’de ülke içinde yerinden edilme sorunu: Tespitler ve çözüm önerileri [The problem of internal displacement in Turkey: Assessment and policy proposals]. Istanbul, Turkey: Türkiye Ekonomik ve Sosyal Estüdler Vakfı.
  • Aker, T., Ayata, B., Özeren, M., Buran, B., & Bay, A. (2002). Zorunlu iç göç: Ruhsal ve toplumsal sonuçları [Forced migration: Its spiritual and social results]. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 3(2), 97−103.
  • Amnesty International. (2015). The state of the world’s human rights (Amnesty International Report No. 2014/15). Retrieved from https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/0001/2015/en/
  • Ataman, M. (2008). Prevalence of PTSD and related factors in communities living in conflictual area: The case of Diyarbakır. Torture, 18(1), 29−37.
  • Cetrez, Ö., & DeMarinis, V. (2017). A psychosocial, spiritual, and physical health study among Assyrian- Syrian refugees in Istanbul: Activating resilience in the midst of hardship [Special Issue]. Middle East Journal of Refugee Studies, 2, 43–70.
  • Chatty, D. (2010). Displacement and dispossession in the modern Middle East. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Chemin, J. E. (2016). Guests and hosts relations in the context of the Syrian exodus: A study of reciprocal attitudes among Turkish and Syrian populations in the eastern Mediterranean. Middle East Journal of Refugee Studies, 1(2), 49−74.
  • Chemin, J. E. (2017) Methodological challenges in the study of forced migration: Trauma, resilience, religion and politics in the context of the Syrian diaspora in Turkey [Special Issue]. Middle East Journal of Refugee Studies, 2, 85 –106.
  • Chemin, J. E., & Gokalp-Aras, E. (2017). The Syrian iaspora in contemporary Turkey: From “refugee crisis” to “minority problem”. In M. Barlai, B. Fährmrich, C. Griessler, & M. Rhomberg (Eds.), The migrant crisis: European perspectives and national discourses (pp. 321–336). Berlin, Germany: LIT Verlag.
  • Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, E., Loescher, G., Long, K., & Sigona, N. (Eds.). (2014). The Oxford handbook of refugee and forced migration studies. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Kara, H. (1997, December). Göç ve psikiyatri [Migration and psychiatry]. In 6. Anadolu Psikiyatri Günleri Kongresi Bilimsel Çalışmalar Kitabı [6th Anatolian Psychiatry Days Congress, Book of Scientific Work] (pp. 167−174). Erzurum, Turkey: Unknown.
  • Karalı, N., & Yüksel, Ş. (1997, June). Effects of forced migration on psychological problems seen after torture. Paper presented at 5th European Conference on Traumatic Stress. Maastricht, The Netherlands.
  • Phillips, J. (2013). Asylum seekers and refugees: What are the facts? Department of Parliamentary Services, Parliament of Australia. Retrieved from http://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/bn/sp/ asylumfacts.pdf
  • Sahin-Mencutek, Z., & Gokalp-Aras, N. E. (2015, June). Coping with mass influxes: Turkey`s management of 1991 Iraqi and on-going Syrian refugee crises. Paper presented at the Turkish Migration Conference 2015: Economics, Identities and Geographies. Regent’s College and Charles University. Prague, Czech Republic.
  • Sır, A., Bayram, Y., & Özkan, M. (1998). Zorunlu iç göç yaşamış bir grupta travma sonrası stres bozukluğu üzerine bir ön çalışma. [Preliminary research on post-traumatic stress disorder in a group of internally displaced people]. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 9, 173−180.
  • Siriwardhana, C., & Stewart, R. (2012). Forced migration and mental health: Prolonged internal displacement, return migration and resilience. International Health, 5(1), 19−23. http://dx.doi. org/10.1093/inthealth/ihs014
  • Triandafyllidou, A. (Ed.). (2015). Routledge handbook of immigration and refugee studies. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyet İçişleri Bakanlığı Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü. (2016). Göç tarihi [History of Immigration]. Retrieved from http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik/goc-tarihi_363_380
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2005). Genel Nüfus Sayımı 2000 Göç İstatistikleri [General Census 2000, Immigration Statistics]. Ankara, Turkey: Author.
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2015a). Global trends 2014. Retrieved from http:// unhcr.org/556725e69.html
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2015b). Syria regional refugee response [Data file]. Retrieved from http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=224
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2017). Syria regional refugee response [Data file]. Retrieved from http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php
  • Zübeyit, G. Ü. N., & Bayraktar, F. (2008). Türkiye’de iç göçün ergenlerin uyumundaki rolü [The role of internal migration in Turkey that is compatible with adolescents]. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 19(2), 167−176.
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

A. Tamer Aker This is me

Esra Işık This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Aker, A. T., & Işık, E. (2017). Türkiye’de Zorunlu Yerinden Edilme ve Akıl Sağlığı Çalışmalarında Metodolojik Sorunlar. Middle East Journal of Refugee Studies, 2(2), 281-297. https://doi.org/10.12738/mejrs.2017.2.2.0111