Batı Şeria’daki Üç Kampta Yaşayan Filistinli Mülteci Öğrencilerin İyimserlik ve Geleceğe Yönelik Algıları

Year 2018, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 19 - 37, 01.06.2018

David Hutton Carter Hutton

https://doi.org/10.12738/mejrs.2018.3.1.0002

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Batı Şeria’da birçok Filistinli genç mülteci, kalabalık mülteci kamplarında, çoğu zaman kötü yaşam koşullarında ve belirsiz bir gelecek öngörüsüyle yaşıyor. Bu araştırma, üç Batı Şeria mülteci kampındaki altı Birleşmiş Milletler Yardım Ajansı URWA okuluna devam eden 227 Filistinli mülteci öğrencinin gelecek beklentilerini ve iyimserliklerini ele almayı amaçlamıştır. Araştırma; öğrencilerin kendi yaşam koşullarını, gelecek hakkında ne düşündüklerini, kişisel hedeflerini ve tutkularını nasıl algıladıklarını anlamak üzere odaklı sınıf tartışmaları yöntemini kullanmıştır. Öğrencilerin genel iyimserlik ve karamsarlık duygularını değerlendirmek için Yaşam Yönelimi Testi’nin Gözden Geçirilmiş versiyonu kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar, Filistinli genç mültecilerin bir bütün olarak çok daha iyimser olduğunu; birçoğunun yaşadıkları kampları ve topluluklarını iyileştirmek yönünde motivasyona sahip olduklarını gösteriyor. Bununla birlikte bu ergenlerin birçoğu kendi geleceği konusunda endişe duymakta ve kişisel hayallerine ulaşacaklarına inanmaktadır. Bu durum özellikle, öğrencilerin şiddete maruz kaldıkları veya daha sınırlı yüksek eğitim veya ekonomik imkâna sahip oldukları kamplarda daha belirgindir.

Keywords

Filistin mülteciler • Batı Şeria • Çatışma • İyimserlik • Dayanışma

Sense of Optimism and Perceptions of the Future among Palestine Refugee Students Living in Three West Bank Camps

Abstract

Many young Palestine refugees in the West Bank continue to reside in refugee camps, often in crowded and poor living conditions with an uncertain future. The present research seeks to explore future aspirations and optimism among 227 Palestine refugee students attending six United Nations Relief and Works Agency schools in three West Bank refugee camps. The research uses focused classroom discussions to gain an understanding of how the students perceive their immediate living conditions, what they think of the future, as well as their personal goals and ambitions. The Life Orientation Test-Revised has been administered to assess the students’ general sense of optimism versus their sense of pessimism. The results show that young Palestine refugees as a whole remain more optimistic than pessimistic, with many being motivated to improve their camps and society. However, many of these adolescents also remain concerned about their future and do not believe they will achieve their personal dreams. This is most apparent in camps where students have been exposed to conflict-related violence or have more limited higher education or economic opportunities.

Keywords

Palestine refugees • West Bank • Conflict • Optimism • Solidarity

References

• Applied Research Institute. (2012). Dier Ammar camp profile. Ramallah, Palestine: A shared commitment.
• Arafat, C. (2003). A psychosocial analysis of Palestinian children. Report prepared for Save the Children. Retrieved from https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/sites/default/files/ documents/2636.pdf
• Aspinwall, L., Richter, L., & Hoffman, R. (2001). Understanding how optimism works: An examination of optimists’ adaptive moderation of belief and behavior. In E. Chang (Ed), Optimism and pessimism (pp. 217–238). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Ayer, L., Venkatesh, B., Stewart, R., Mandel, D., Stein, B., & Schoenbaum, M. (2015). The psychological aspects of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: A systematic review. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 27, 1–17.
• Betancourt, T., & Khan, K. (2008). The mental health of children affected by armed conflict: Protective processes and pathways to resilience. International Review of Psychiatry, 20, 317–328.
• Carver, C. (1998). Resilience and thriving: Issues, models, and linkages. Journal of Social Science, 54, 245–266.
• Carver, C., Scheier, M., & Segerstrom, S. (2010). Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 879–889.
• Conversano, C., Rotondo, A., Della Vista, O., Arpone, F., & Reda, M. (2010). Optimism and its impact on mental and physical well-being. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 6, 25–29.
• Eggerman, M., & Panter-Brick, C. (2010). Suffering, hope, and entrapment: Resilience and cultural values in Afghanistan. Social Science and Medicine, 71(1), 71–83.
• Espie, E., Gaboulaud, V., Baubet, T., Casas, G., Mouchenik, Y., & Yun, O. (2009). Trauma related psychological disorders among Palestinian children and adults in Gaza and West Bank. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 3, 21–25.
• Gibbons, F., Blanton, H., Gerrard, M., Buunk, B., & Eggleston, T. (2000). Does social comparison make a difference? Optimism as a moderator of the relation between comparison level and academic performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 637–648.
• Hecht, D. (2013). The neural basis of optimism and pessimism. Experimental Neurobiology, 22(93), 173–199.
• Hobfoll, S., Mancini, A., Hall, B., Canetti, D., & Bonanno, G. (2011). The limits of resilience: Distress following chronic political violence among Palestinians. Social Science and Medicine, 72, 1400–1408.
• Jovanović, V., & Gavrilov-Jerkovic, V. (2013). Dimensionality and validity of the Serbian version of the Life Orientatation Test-revised in sample of youth. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(3), 771.
• Kallad, Y. (2010). Dispositional optimism among American and Jordanian college students: Are Westerners really more upbeat than Easterners? International Journal of Psychology, 45, 56–63.
• Kleibo, M. (2014, July). The current situation of labour force in the Occupied Palestinian territory: Employment Challenges. Paper presented at the International Labour Organization. Retrieved from www.un.org/.../P1%20MOUNIR%20KLEIBO%20%20%20Ppt%20EN.ppt%20%201J
• Kock, U., Sumlinski, M., & Qassis, H. (2012). West Bank and Gaza: Lanour market trends, growth and unemployment. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. Retrieved from www.imf. org/external/country/WBG/RR/2102/12312.pdf
• Lyrakos, G., Damigos, D., Mavreas, V., Georgia K., &Dimaliatis, I. (2010). A translation and validation study of the Life Orientation Test revised in the Greek speaking population of nurses among three hospitals in Athens and Ioannina. Social Indicators Research, 95, 129–142.
• Nguyen-Gillham, V., Giacaman, R., Naser, G., & Boyce, W. (2008). Normalising the abnormal: Palestinian youth and the contradictions of resilience in protracted conflict. Health and Social Care in the Community, 16(93), 291–298.
• Palestine Central Bureau of Statistics. (2013). On the eve of international youth day. Retrieved from http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/Press_En_Youth-Day-2015-e.pdf
• Palestine Central Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Socio-economic and food security survey 2014. State of Palestine. Retrieved from http://fscluster.org/sites/default/files/documents/sefsec2014_ report_all_web.pdf
• Palestinian Centre for Policy and Survey Research. (2003). PSR polls among Palestinian refugees: Results of the PSR refugees ‘polls in the West Bank/Gaza Strip, Jordan and Lebanon on refugees’ preferences and behavior in a Palestinian-Israeli permanent refugee agreement. Retrieved from http://www.pcpsr.org/en/node/493
• Proctor, C. (2016). Personal communication. November 2.
• Ribeiro, J., Pedro, L., & Marques, S. (2012). Dispositional optimism is unidimensional or bidimensional? The Portuguese Revised Life Orientation Test. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15(3), 1259–1271.
• Robb, K., Simon, A., & Wardle, J. (2009). Socioeconomic disparities in optimism and pessimism. International Journal of behavioral Medicine, 16(4), 331–338.
• Sousa, C., Haj-Yahia, M., & Lee, J. (2013). Individual and collective dimensions of resilience within political violence. Trauma Violence Abuse, 14, 235–254.
• Smith, B., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 194–200.
• Sumi, K. (2004). The Japanese version of the revised Life Orientation Test: Reliability and construct validity. Psychological Reports, 95(1), 86–88.
• Thabet, A., & Thabet, S. (2015). Trauma, PTSD, anxiety, and resilience in Palestinian children in the Gaza Strip. British Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science, 11(1), 1–13.
• Thabet, A., & Vostanis, P. (2011). Impact of political violence and trauma in Gaza on children’s mental health and types of interventions: A review of research evidence in a historical context. International Journal of Peace Development Studies, 2(8), 214–218.
• Tusaie, K., & Dyer, J. (2004). Resilience: A historical review of the construct. Holistic Nursing Practice, 18, 3–8.
• Veronese G., Castiglioni, M., Barola, G., & Said, M. (2012). Living in the shadow of occupation: Life satisfaction and positive emotion as protective factors in a group of Palestinian school children. Children and Youth Services Review, 34, 225–233.
• Ungar, M. (2011). The social ecology of resilience: Addressing contextual and cultural ambiguity of a nascent construct. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81, 1–7.
• United Nations Relief and Works Agency. (2016). Aida camp. Retrieved from http://www.unrwa. org/where-we-work/west-bank/aida-camp.
• United Nations Relief and Works Agency. (2016). Deir Ammar. Retrieved from http://www.unrwa. org/where-we-work/west-bank/deir-ammar-camp.
• United Nations Relief and Works Agency. (2016). Operations support office. Personal Communication. December 14.
• United Nations Relief and Works Agency. (2016). Shu’fat refugee camp. Retrieved from http:// www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/west-bank/shufat-camp.
• United Nations Relief and Works Agency. (2017). Personal communication. August, 28.
• Veronese, G., Castiglioni, M., Barola, G., & Said, M. (2012). Living in the Shadow of Occupation: Life satisfaction and positive emotion as protective factors in a group of Palestinian school children. Children and Youth Services Review, 34, 225–233.
• Wong, S., Lee, B., Ang, R., Oei, T., & Ng, A. (2009). Personality, health, and coping: A cross- national study. Cross-Cultural Research, 43(93), 251–129.
• Zaidi, U. (2014). Dispositional optimism and treatment compliance in heroin addicts. ISSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 19(10), 125–131.