Refugee Rights in Islam and in Modern Refugee Law With Special Reference to The Non-Refoulement Principle

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 51 - 68, 29.12.2023

Khadija Elmadmad

Abstract

Zorunlu göç (hicret) ile ilgili İslami, insani ve koruyucu ilkeler, İslam tarihi ve teorisinin önemli temalarındandır. İslam'da hicret gerçek bir insan hakkıdır. Hicret, bir görev ve bir hak olup kapsamlı ve etkili bir koruma sağlar. Kur'an-ı Kerim'in birçok ayeti ve çok sayıda Hadis (Hz. Muhammed'in (s.a.v.) sözleri) zorunlu göç ve mültecilerle ilgilidir. Hicret hukuku modern mülteci hukukundan oldukça farklıdır. Zorunlu göçmenlere (muhacirlere), özellikle sığınma hakkı, geri gönderilmeme ve korunma hakkı gibi daha fazla hak garanti eder. Modern uluslararası mülteci hukukunda, zorunlu göçmenlerin sığınma talep etme ve geri gönderilmeme hakları vardır, ancak sığınma alma hakları yoktur. Yani garanti edilen koruma oldukça sınırlıdır. Hicret hukuku ise uluslararası mülteci hukukunda yer alan geri göndermeme ilkesinin ötesine geçmektedir. Zorunlu göçmenler için sadece geri gönderilmeme hakkını değil, ev sahibi toplumun bir parçası olarak yaşama hakkını da garanti altına almaktadır. Ancak, barış ve güvenlik dünyası olması gereken günümüz İslam dünyası, çatışmaların ve zorla yerinden edilmenin dünyası haline gelmiştir. Zorunlu göç ve göçmenler söz konusu olduğunda, günümüz dünyası daha ziyade modern mülteci hukukuna atıfta bulunmakta, hicret ve muhacirlerle ilgili İslami öğretilere ve ilkelere pek değinmemektedir. Hicret hukuku gündeme alınıp uygulandığı takdirde, zorla yerinden edilmiş kişilere sağlanacak korunmanın geliştirilmesine ve geri gönderme de dahil olmak üzere şu anda karşı karşıya oldukları sorunların azaltılmasına büyük katkı sağlayabilir.

Keywords

Forced Migration, hijra, refugee law, refugees, forced migrants, migrants’ rights, non-refoulement principle, Islamic law and principles relating to migration and population movements.

Refugee Rights in Islam and in Modern Refugee Law With Special Reference to The Non-Refoulement Principle

Abstract

The Islamic humanitarian and protective principles relating to forced migration (hijrah) are important themes of the Islamic history and theory. In Islam, hijrah is a genuine human right. It is a duty, a right and a comprehensive and effective protection. Many verses of the Holy Quran and numerous Hadith (Sayings of Prophet Muhammed, peace be upon him (PBUH)) deal with forced migration and refugees. Hijrah law is quite different from modern refugee law. It guarantees more rights to forced migrants (muhājirūn), notably the right to be granted asylum, not to be returned and to be protected. Comparatively, in modern refugee law, forced migrants have the right to seek asylum, the right not to be refouled, but not the right to get asylum. The protection guaranteed in this law is quite limited. Hijrah law goes beyond the principle of non-refoulement as included in international refugee law. It guarantees for forced migrants the right to live as part of the host community and not only not to be refouled. The present Islamic world, which is supposed to be the world of peace and security (dar assalaam wal amaan), has become the world of conflicts and of forced displacement (dar al-harb wal hijrah). However, when dealing with forced migration and with migrants, this world refers rather to modern refugee law and hardly to the Islamic teachings and principles relating to hijrah and muhājirūn. until recently, hijra theory and law have been overlooked by scholars and researchers and only a few specific studies have been conducted about the subject. If taken into consideration and practiced, hijrah law could contribute a lot to enhancing the protection of the forcibly displaced persons and reduce the problems they are facing now, including refoulement.

Keywords

Forced Migration, hijra, refugee law, refugees, forced migrants, migrants’ rights, non-refoulement principle, Islamic law and principles relating to migration and population movements.

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