PESTICIDE and PATHOGEN INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN HONEY BEES (Apis mellifera L.)

Abstract

Honey bees represent an important cultural and economic benefit for humans by pollinating wildflowers and crops. Honey bees, like other organisms, face a wide range of environmental stressors throughout their lives. These stress factors disrupt the physiological balance of the organism. During the use and metabolism of oxygen taken into the organism, aggressive molecules known as free radicals are formed and the organism cannot keep these radicals under control and oxidative stress occurs. In such a situation, free radicals attack, oxidize, and degrade healthy cells. This degradation is characterized by the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the simultaneous degradation of waste systems. Exceeding the oxidative stress threshold in honey bees causes bee losses on an individual or colony level. Colony losses, which have been increasing day by day due to environmental factors, reveal the importance of studies on the formation, physiology, and prevention of oxidative stress. The most important antioxidant enzymes identified in honey bees are glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). This review examines the mechanism of oxidative stress and the effects of pesticides and pathogens on oxidative stress in honey bees.

Keywords

• Honey bee
• Apis mellifera L.
• oxidative stress
• reactive oxygen system (ROS)
• pesticide
• pathogen

Öz

Bal arıları, yabani çiçek ve mahsullerin tozlaşmasını sağlayarak insanlar için önemli bir kültürel ve ekonomik fayda sağlar. Bal arıları, diğer organizmalar gibi, yaşamları boyunca çok çeşitli çevresel stres faktörleri ile karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. Bu stres faktörleri organizmanın fizyolojik dengesini bozar. Organizmaya alınan oksijenin kullanımı ve metabolizması sırasında serbest radikaller olarak bilinen agresif moleküller oluşur ve organizma bu radikalleri kontrol altında tutamaz ve oksidatif stres oluşur. Böyle bir durumda, serbest radikaller sağlıklı hücrelere saldırır, okside eder ve bozarlar. Bu bozulma, reaktif oksijen türlerinin (ROS), atık sistemlerinin aynı anda bozulması ile arttırılmış üretimi ile karakterize edilir. Bal arılarında oksidatif stres eşiğinin aşılması, bireysel ya da koloni bazında arı kayıplarına neden olmaktadır. Her geçen gün çevresel faktörlere bağlı olarak, artarak oluşan koloni kayıpları oksidatif stresin oluşumu, fizyoloisi ve önlenmesi üzerine yapılan çalışmaların önemini gözler önüne sermektedir. Bal arılarında tanımlanan en önemli antioksidan enzimler glutatyon S-transferaz (GST), glutatyon peroksidaz (GPX), katalaz (CAT), ve süperoksit dismutaz (SOD)’dır. Bu derleme oksidatif stresin bal arılarındaki mekanizmasını ve pestisit ve patojenlerin bal arılarında oksidatif stres üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bal arısı
• Apis mellifera L.
• oksidatif stres
• reaktive oksijen türleri (ROS)
• pestisit
• patojen

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