Ege’nin Devinimi: Ege Denizi’ndeki Dört Farklı Göç Evresinin Felaketleri, Sebepleri ve Sonuçları

Year 2018, Issue: 3, 56 - 74, 01.07.2018

Şahizer Samuk Hazal Papuççular

https://doi.org/10.32325/iaad.2018.3

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Ege’nin devinimi konseptinin Türkiye’de oluşturulan göç politikalarıyla olan çelişkilerini incelemektedir. Ege’nin farklı sebep ve sonuçlarla da olsa her zaman bir göç rotası olduğunu belirtmektedir. Makalenin amacı dört farklı dönemdeki göçün aşamalarına dikkat çekmektir. Çalışmada öncelikle, 19. yüzyıl ile başlayan ve Türk-Yunan Nüfus Mübadelesi ile sona eren döneme bakılacaktır. Bu göç akımı daha çok, savaş, devlet kurma ve yeni yeni oluşturulan sınırlarla birlikte etnik homojenleştirme politikası ile yakından ilintilidir. İkinci dönemdeki göç ise 1930’ların sonunda İtalya’daki faşist politikaların yükselişiyle ortaya çıkıp II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında zirveye ulaşmıştır. Bu dönem, yine siyasi krizler ve savaş ile ilintili olarak Türkiye’nin göç alan devlet konumuna geldiğini göstermekte ve farklı gruplara uyguladığı çeşitli politikalarını sergilemektedir: Türkler, Yunanlar, ve Mihver askerleri. Üçüncü dönemdeki hareket ise 1980 sonrasına denk gelmektedir. Bu dönem Türkiye’nin hem göç alan hem de transit ülke olarak anıldığı bir zaman dilimdir. Yapılan araştırmalara göre, mültecilerin yolculuğu transit ve kısa zamanda değil, bölük pörçük bir yolculuktur ve birçok mülteci Türkiye’de uzun süre geçirmek zorunda kalmıştır. 2000 sonrası dönemde ise göç politikaları birçok çıkmazla karşı karşıya kalmıştır: Türkiye’den Yunanistan’a geçen yüksek sayıdaki göçmenler, mülteciler, bir sene içinde gerçekleşen binlerce ölüm, Avrupa Birliği AB ve Türkiye arasında imzalanan Geri Kabul Anlaşması, Türkiye’nin Yunanistan ile olan sınırlarının Frontex ile güçlendirilmesi ve AB’nin göçü dışsallaştırma politikası. Bu dört dönem arşiv çalışmaları ve literatür taramasında akademik makalelerin tarihsel bir şekilde kategorize edilmesi ile incelenmiştir. Her dönem için bir göç politikası modeli ve devletin göçe verdiği tepki incelenmektedir

Keywords

Ege Denizi, yasadışılaştırma, göçün araçsallaştırılması, göç tarihi, Türkiye’nin göç politikaları

Aegean in Motion: The Reasons, Consequences, and Tragedies of Four Distinct Phases of Migration in the Aegean Sea

Abstract

This study deals with the concept of Aegean in Motion and this concept’s conflict with migration policymaking in Turkey. We argue that the region has always been a route for immigration and emigration with distinct causes and consequences. Our aim is to focus on four different and massive phases of this motion. First, we look at the period that started in the nineteenth century and ended with the Turkish-Greek population exchange. This wave was closely associated with war, state building, and the aims of ethnic homogenization within newly-formed borders. The second phase of this migration started with the rising fascist policies of Italy in the Dodecanese in the second half of the 1930s and reached its peak during the Second World War. This period, again related to political crisis and war, indicates fragmented policies by the host state, Turkey, towards different nationalities: Turks, Greeks, and Axis soldiers. The third phase of movement was in the post-1980 period, when Turkey became an immigration and so-called “a transit country”. It was discovered later that the migrant and refugee journeys were fragmented and refugees were stranded in the region. The post-2000 period faced many dilemmas: major numbers of crossings from Turkey to Greek shores, thousands of deaths in one year, the readmission deal between the EU and Turkey and the strengthening of border controls via Frontex and EU externalization of migration policy. These four phases are examined via archival work and desk-based research/literature review of articles with a historical perspective, and for each phase a model of immigration policy and state response to/facilitation of these mobilities will be elaborated

Keywords

Aegean Sea, illegalization, instrumentalization of migration, history of migration, Turkish immigration politics

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