Variation Of Ge Concentration In Some Coniferous Species Over Long Years

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 24 - 33, 28.03.2025

Nurcan Yiğit

https://doi.org/10.58626/memba.1667327

https://izlik.org/JA75KU37KA

Abstract

: Increasing natural events and human activities in the last century led to the release of an excessive amount of inorganic and organic pollutants into the environment and natural ecosystems. One of the most important pollutants disrupting the balance between living organisms in the ecosystem is metals. Heavy metals, in particular, are transported to the top levels of the food chain and cause harm to the living organisms. Therefore, among the pollutants, heavy metals have a specific ecological importance. Heavy metals are carcinogenic and, due to their bioaccumulative, non-degradable, and refractory characteristics, they pose serious health risks to living systems and the environment. Pinus pinaster (Pp), Cupressus arizonica (Cpa), Picea orientalis (Po), Cedrus atlantica (Cda) and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Pm) species were examined in the present study. Changes in Ge concentrations in these species by directions and organs in the periods 1988-1992 and 2013-2017 were determined. As a result of the study, the lowest Ge concentration was found in the west in the Pb (872.8) and the highest one in the north in the Cpa (6367.5). The present study revealed that Ge accumulation in the plant species analyzed here is at a considerably high level. These results suggest that Ge pollution in the air is very high.

Keywords

Germanium , Cedrus atlantica , Pinus pinaster , Heavy Metals

Bazı İğne Yapraklı Türlerde Uzun Yıllar Boyunca Ge Konsantrasyonunun Değişimi

https://izlik.org/JA75KU37KA

Abstract

Son yüzyılda artan doğa olayları ve insan faaliyetleri, aşırı miktarda inorganik ve organik kirleticinin çevreye ve doğal ekosistemlere salınmasına neden olmuştur. Ekosistemde canlı organizmalar arasındaki dengeyi bozan en önemli kirleticilerden biri metallerdir. Özellikle ağır metaller besin zincirinin en üst basamaklarına taşınarak canlı organizmalara zarar vermektedir. Bu nedenle kirleticiler arasında ağır metallerin özel bir ekolojik önemi vardır. Ağır metaller kanserojendir ve biyoakümülatif, parçalanmayan ve dirençli özellikleri nedeniyle canlı sistemleri ve çevre için ciddi sağlık riskleri oluştururlar. Bu çalışmada Pinus pinaster (Pp), Cupressus arizonica (Cpa), Picea orientalis (Po), Cedrus atlantica (Cda) ve Pseudotsuga menziesii (Pm) türleri incelenmiştir. Bu türlerdeki Ge konsantrasyonlarının 1988-1992 ve 2013-2017 dönemlerinde yönlere ve organlara göre değişimleri belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda en düşük Ge konsantrasyonu batıda Pb'de (872,8) ve en yüksek Ge konsantrasyonu kuzeyde Cpa'da (6367,5) bulunmuştur. Mevcut çalışma burada analiz edilen bitki türlerinde Ge birikiminin oldukça yüksek seviyede olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Bu sonuçlar havadaki Ge kirliliğinin çok yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir.

Keywords

Germanyum , Cedrus atlantica , Pinus pinaster , Ağır Metaller

References

• Aricak, B., Canturk, U., Koc, I., Erdem, R., Sevik, H. (2024). Shifts That May Appear in Climate Classifications in Bursa Due to Global Climate Change. Forestist, 74: 129-137. Doi:10.5152/ forestist.2024.23074
• Bayraktar, O. Y., Özel, H. B., Benli, A., Yılmazoğlu, M. U., Türkel, İ., Dal, B. B., Şevik, H. & Kaplan, G. (2024). Sustainable foam concrete development: Enhancing durability and performance through pine cone powder and fly ash incorporation in alkali-activated geopolymers. Construction and Building Materials, 457, 139422.
• Canturk, U., Koç, İ., Ozel, H.B., Sevik, H. (2024). Identification of proper species that can be used to monitor and decrease airborne Sb pollution. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-34939-7
• Cobanoglu, H., Sevik, H., & Koç, İ. (2023). Do Annual Rings Really Reveal Cd, Ni, and Zn Pollution in the Air Related to Traffic Density? An Example of the Cedar Tree. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 234(2), 65.
• Cobanoglu, H., Canturk, U., Koc, I., Kulac, S., Sevik, H. (2023). Climate Change Effect on Potential Distribution of Anatolian Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) in the Upcoming Century in Türkiye, Forestist, 73(3): 247-256
• Erdem, R., Çetin, M., Arıcak, B., & Sevik, H. (2023a). The change of the concentrations of boron and sodium in some forest soils depending on plant species. Forestist, 73(2), 207-212.
• Erdem, R., Aricak, B., Cetin, M., & Sevik, H. (2023b). Change in some heavy metal concentrations in forest trees by species, organ, and soil depth. Forestist, 73(3), 257-263.
• Erdem, R., Koç, İ., Çobanoğlu, H., & Şevik, H. (2024). Variation of magnesium, one of the macronutrients, in some trees based on organs and species. Forestist, 74(1), 84-93.
• Erturk, N., Aricak, B., Sevik, H., & Yigit, N. (2024). Possible Change in Distribution Areas of Abies in Kastamonu due to Global Climate Change. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 24 (1), 81-91.
• Ghoma, W. E. O., Sevik, H., & Isinkaralar, K. (2023). Comparison of the rate of certain trace metals accumulation in indoor plants for smoking and non-smoking areas. Environmental science and pollution research, 30(30), 75768-75776.
• Gültekin, Y., Kılıç Bayraktar, M., Sevik, H., Cetin, M., Bayraktar, T. (2025). Optimal Vegetable Selection in Urban and Rural Areas Using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm: Heavy Metal Assessment and Health Risk, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2024.107169.
• Isinkaralar, K., Isinkaralar, O., Koç, İ., Özel, H. B., & Şevik, H. (2023). Assessing the possibility of airborne bismuth accumulation and spatial distribution in an urban area by tree bark: A case study in Düzce, Türkiye. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 1-12. DOI: 10.1007/s13399-023-04399-z
• Isinkaralar, K., Isinkaralar, O., Özel, H.B. & Sevik, H. (2024). A Comparative Study About Physical Properties of Copper Oxide and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Fagus orientalis L. as Bioindicator. Water Air Soil Pollut 235, 738 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-07551-1
• Isinkaralar, K., Koc, I., Erdem, R., Sevik, H. (2022). Atmospheric Cd, Cr, and Zn Deposition in Several Landscape Plants in Mersin, Türkiye. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05607-8
• Istanbullu, S. N., Sevik, H., Isinkaralar, K., & Isinkaralar, O. (2023). Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metal Contamination in Road Dust Samples from an Urban Environment in Samsun, Türkiye. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 110(4), 78.
• Keith, L. S., & Maples-Reynolds, N. (2022). Germanium. In Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals (pp. 289-316). Academic Press.
• Key, K., Kulaç, Ş., Koç, İ., & Sevik, H. (2023). Proof of concept to characterize historical heavy-metal concentrations in atmosphere in North Turkey: determining the variations of Ni, Co, and Mn concentrations in 180-year-old Corylus colurna L.(Turkish hazelnut) annual rings. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 45(10), 120.
• Key, K., Kulaç, Ş., Koç, İ., & Sevik, H. (2022). Determining the 180-year Change of Cd, Fe, and Al Concentrations in the Air by Using Annual Rings of Corylus colurna L. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 233(7), 1-13.
• Koc, I., Cobanoglu, H., Canturk, U., Key, K., Kulac, S., & Sevik, H. (2024). Change of Cr concentration from past to present in areas with elevated air pollution. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 21(2), 2059-2070.
• Koç, İ., Canturk, U., Isinkaralar, K., Ozel, H. B., & Sevik, H. (2024). Assessment of metals (Ni, Ba) deposition in plant types and their organs at Mersin City, Türkiye. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 196(3), 282.
• Koc, İ., Canturk, U., Cobanoglu, H., Kulac, S., Key, K., & Sevik, H. (2025). Assessment of 40-year Al Deposition in some Exotic Conifer Species in the Urban Air of Düzce, Türkiye. Water Air Soil Pollut 236, 76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-07723-z
• Kuzmina, N., Menshchikov, S., Mohnachev, P., Zavyalov, K., Petrova, I., Ozel, H. B., Aricak, B., Onat, S. M., and Sevik, H. (2023). Change of aluminum concentrations in specific plants by species, organ, washing, and traffic density. BioResources, 18(1), 792-803.
• Li, L., Ruan, T., Lyu, Y., & Wu, B. (2017). Advances in effect of germanium or germanium compounds on animals—a review. Journal of biosciences and medicines, 5(7), 56-73. Nordberg, G. F., Fowler, B. A., Nordberg, M., & Friberg, L. (2005). Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen
• Ozturk Pulatoglu, A., Koç, İsmail, Özel, H. B., Şevik, H., and Yıldız, Y. (2025). "Using trees to monitor airborne Cr pollution: Effects of compass direction and woody species on Cr uptake during phytoremediation." BioResources, 20(1), 121–139.
• Şevik, H., Yıldız, Y., Özel, H.B. (2024). Phytoremediation and Long-term Metal Uptake Monitoring of Silver, Selenium, Antimony, and Thallium by Black Pine (Pinus nigra Arnold)”. BioResources, 19(3). 4824-4837.
• Sevik, H., Koç, İ. & Cobanoglu, H. (2024). Determination of Some Exotic Landscape Species As Biomonitors That Can Be Used for Monitoring and Reducing Pd Pollution in the Air. Water Air Soil Pollut, 235, 615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-07429-2
• Sevik, H., Ucun Ozel, H., Yildiz, Y., and Ozel, H. B. (2025). Effects of adding Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles to soil on germination and seedling characteristics of Oriental beech. BioResources, 20(1), 70-82.
• Sulhan, O.F., Sevik, H. & Isinkaralar, K. (2022). Assessment of Cr and Zn deposition on Picea pungens Engelm. in urban air of Ankara, Türkiye. Environ Dev Sustain, (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02647-2
• Tao, S. H., & Bolger, P. M. (1997). Hazard assessment of germanium supplements. Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology, 25(3), 211-219. WHO, (2024) https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_1
• Yasar Ismail, T. S., Ismail, M. D., Çobanoğlu, H., Koç, İ., & Sevik, H. (2024). Monitoring arsenic concentrations in airborne particulates of selected landscape plants and their potential for pollution mitigation. Forestist, DOI:10.5152/forestist.2024.24071
• Yayla, E. E., Sevik, H., & Isinkaralar, K. (2022). Detection of landscape species as a low-cost biomonitoring study: Cr, Mn, and Zn pollution in an urban air quality. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(10), 1-10.
• Zhang, X. (2019). The history of pollution elements in Zhengzhou, China recorded by tree rings. Dendrochronologia, 54, 71-77.
• Zheng, J., Yang, L., Deng, Y., Zhang, C., Zhang, Y., Xiong, S., ... & Gong, D. (2020). A review of public and environmental consequences of organic germanium. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 50(13), 1384-1409.