Mediating role of self-hate in the relationship between self-esteem and suicide probability among university students

Year 2024, Volume: 17 Issue: 3, 373 - 386, 20.12.2024

Feyza Karslı

https://izlik.org/JA66ZA22TC

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study is to examine the mediating role of self-hate in the relationship between university students' self-esteem and their probability of suicide. Method: The study is a cross-sectional study and was conducted with the predictive correlational method. The participants of the study consisted of a total of 325 university student, 244 women (75.1%) and 81 men (24.9%), who were determined by the convenience sampling method. Participants were aged between 17 and 51 years (M=21.18, SD=3.2). Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Self-Hate Scale, Suicide Probability Scale, and Sociodemographic Information Form were used as data collection tools in the study. Pearson Correlation analysis and mediation analysis (Hayes' Model 4) were performed in the analysis of the data collected at the end of the study. Results: The results of the analyses indicated that self-hate mediates the relationship between university students' self-esteem and probability of suicide. Conclusion: The obtained results have been discussed within the framework of the literature. Additionally, suggestions have been made for future studies and mental health practitioners. According to the study results, understanding the structure of self-esteem and self-hatred is expected to contribute to the protection and prevention of suicide among university students at risk.

Keywords

Self-esteem , self-hate , suicide probabilty

Üniversite öğrencilerinde benlik saygısı ile intihar olasılığı arasındaki ilişkide öz nefretin aracı rolü

https://izlik.org/JA66ZA22TC

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmada üniversite öğrencilerinin benlik saygıları ile intihar olasılıkları arasındaki ilişkide öz nefretin aracı rolünü incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Çalışma kesitsel bir çalışmadır ve yordayıcı korelasyonel yöntem kullanılarak ilişkisel bir araştırma olarak yürütülmüştür. Çalışmanın örneklemi uygun (kolay ulaşılabilir) örnekleme yöntemiyle belirlenmiş olup çalışmaya 244 kadın (%75.1), 81 erkek (%24.9) olmak üzere toplam 325 üniversite öğrencisi katılmıştır. Katılımcılar 17-51 yaş (Ort. 21.18, SS= 3.2) aralığındadır. Veri toplama araçları olarak Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği, Öz-Nefret Ölçeği, İntihar Olasılığı Ölçeği ve Demografik Bilgi Formu kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonunda toplanan verilerin analizinde Pearson Korelasyon analizi ve aracılık analizi (Hayes’in Model 4’ü) yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Yapılan analizler sonucunda üniversite öğrencilerinin benlik saygıları ile intihar olasılıkları arasındaki ilişkide öz nefretin aracı rolü olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç: Elde edilen sonuçlar alanyazın çerçevesinde tartışılmıştır. Ayrıca sonraki çalışmalar için ve ruh sağlığı çalışanları için önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Çalışma sonuçlarının üniversite öğrencilerinde intihar riski taşıyan bireyleri koruma ve önleme amacıyla, benlik saygısı ve öz nefret arasındaki yapının daha iyi anlaşılmasına katkı sağlayacağı öngörülmektedir.

Keywords

Benlik saygısı , öz nefret , intihar olasılığı

References

• James W. The Principles of Psychology. New York: Henry Holt and Company the Principles of Psychology, 1890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/11059-000
• Festinger L. A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations 1954;7:117–140. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675400700202
• Schachter S. The interaction of cognitive and physiological determinants of emotional state. In Advances in experimental social psychology. Academic Press,1964.
• Bem DJ. Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena. Psychological Review 1967;74(3):183–200. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0024835
• Tajfel H. Human Groups and Social Categories—Studies in Social Psychology. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 1981.
• Higgins ET. Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review 1987;94(3):319–340. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.319
• Cooley CH. Human Nature and Social Order. New York; C. Scribner’s Son. 1902.
• Rosenberg M. Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1965.
• Rogers CR. On Becoming a person: A psychotherapists view of psychotherapy. Houghton Mifflin. 1961.
• Sevim K, Artan T. Yüksek ve düşük benlik saygısını etkileyen faktörler. Toplumsal Politika Dergisi 2021;2(2):109-121.
• Gao S, Zhang X, Xu X. A meta-analysis of the relationship between self-esteem and mental health: the sample of Chinese college students. Advances in Psychological Science 2015;23(9):1499-1507. doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2015.01499
• Agrawal B. Self-esteem, adjustment, psychological well-being and academic performance of secondary school students. Ilkogretim Online-Elementary Education Online 2020;19(3):4778-4797. http://doi:10.17051/ilkonline.2020.03.735632
• Kurnaz MF, Teke E, Günaydın HA. Relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction: A meta-analysis study. Research on Education and Psychology (REP) 2020;4(2):236-253.
• Oguz-Duran N, Tezer E. Wellness and self-esteem among Turkish university students. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling 2009;31(1):32-44.
• Doğruyol S, Yetim Ü. Ebeveyne bağlanma, algılanan anne/baba tutumu ile akran ilişkileri arasındaki ilişkide benlik saygısının aracılık rolü. Nesne 2019;7(14):34-51. DOI: 10.7816/nesne-07-14-03
• Hamarta E, Arslan C, Saygın Y, Özyeşil Z. Benlik saygısı ve akılcı olmayan inançlar bakımından üniversite öğrencilerinin stresle başa çıkma yaklaşımlarının analizi. Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi 2009;7(18):25-42.
• Sankır H. Gençlerin sapmış ve suçlu davranışlara yönelmelerinde benlik saygısının etkisi: Lise 11. sınıf örneği. Journal of Turkish Studies 2014;9(2):1311-1333. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.6295
• Yates M, Youniss J. A developmental perspective on community service in adolescence. Social Development 1996;5(1):85–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.1996.tb00073.x
• Eisenberg N, Fabes RA. Prosocial development. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg. Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1998.
• Singhal S, Prakash N. Relationship between self-esteem and psychological well-being among Indian college students. Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research 2021;12(8):748-756.
• Çavuş F, Çıvgın U, Yorulmaz E. Dürtüsellik, utanç ve patolojik kumar oynama ilişkisinde benlik saygısının aracı rolü. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri ve Psikoloji Dergisi 2023;5(3):228-238. https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.23.3.05
• Colmsee ISO, Hank P, Bošnjak M. Low self-esteem as a risk factor for eating disorders: A meta-analysis. Zeitschrift für Psychologie. 2021;229(1):48–69. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000433
• Eskin M, Ertekin K, Dereboy C, Demirkiran F. Risk factors for and protective factors against adolescent suicidal behavior in Turkey. Crisis 2007;28(3):131–139. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.28.3.131
• Orth U, Robins RW, Trzesniewski KH, Maes J, Schmitt M. Low self-esteem is a risk factor for depressive symptoms from young adulthood to old age. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2009;118(3):472–478. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015922
• Sowislo JF, Orth U. Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin 2013;139(1):213–240. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028931
• Eskin M, Harlak H, Demirkıran F, Dereboy Ç. Algılanan stres ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Güvenirlik ve geçerlik analizi. New/Yeni Symposium Journal 2013;51(3):132-140.
• Kuck N, Cafitz L, Bürkner PC, Hoppen L, Wilhelm S, Buhlmann U. Body dysmorphic disorder and self-esteem: A meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2021;21(1):310. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03185-3
• Hasırcı I, Örücü E, Kurt P. Benlik saygısı, yalnızlık ve problemli internet kullanımı ilişkisi: üniversite öğrencileri üzerine bir araştırma. Akademik Hassasiyetler 2023;10(21):116-142.
• Greenberg J, Solomon S, Pyszczynski T, and et al. Why do people need self-esteem? Converging evidence that self-esteem serves an anxiety-buffering function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1992;63(6):913–922. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.6.913
• Rosenberg M. The association between self-esteem and anxiety. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1962;1(2):135–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(62)90004-3
• Basco LM, Han SH. Self-esteem, motivation, and anxiety of Korean university students. Journal of Language Teaching and Research 2016;7(6):1069-1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0706.02
• Byrne B. Relationships between anxiety, fear, self-esteem, and coping strategies in adolescence. Adolescence. 2000;35(137):201–215.
• Liu X, Cao X, Gao W. Does low self-esteem predict anxiety among Chinese college students?. Psychology Research and Behavior Management 2022;15:1481–1487. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S361807
• Eskin M. İntihar: Anlama, Değerlendirme, Tedavi ve Önleme. Ankara, Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları,2014.
• Eskin M, Kaynak-Demir H, Demir S. Same-sex sexual orientation, childhood sexual abuse, and suicidal behavior in university students in Turkey. Archives of Sexual Behavior 2005;34(2):185–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-005-1796-8
• Hirsch JK, Conner KR, Duberstein PR. Optimism and suicide ideation among young adult college students. Archives of suicide research: official journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research 2007;11(2):177–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811110701249988
• Owusu-Ansah FE, Addae AA, Peasah BO, Oppong Asante K, Osafo J. Suicide among university students: Prevalence, risks and protective factors. Health Psychology Behavioral Medicine 2020;8(1):220–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2020.1766978
• Overholser JC, Adams DM, Lehnert KL, Brinkman DC. Self-esteem deficits and suicidal tendencies among adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1995;34(7):919–928. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199507000-00016
• Dat N T, Mitsui N, Asakura S, and et al. The Effectiveness of self-esteem-related interventions in reducing suicidal behaviors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2022;13:925423. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.925423
• Mcgee, R., & Williams, S. (2000). Does low self-esteem predict health compromising behaviours among adolescents?. Journal of Adolescence 2000;23(5):569–582. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2000.0344
• Soto-Sanz, V., Piqueras, J. A., Rodríguez-Marín, J., and et al. Self-esteem and suicidal behaviour in youth: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psicothema 2019;31(3):246–254. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2018.339
• Buecker, S., Doll, J., Diaz, S. A., Haehner, P., Berg, F., Kaurin, A., & Teismann, T. Self-Esteem and Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors: A Meta-Analytic Review. PsyArXiv 2023. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/srkmp
• Thompson AH. The suicidal process and self-esteem. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention 2010;31(6):311–316. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000045
• Grøholt B, Ekeberg O, Wichstrøm L, Haldorsen T. Suicidal and nonsuicidal adolescents: different factors contribute to self-esteem. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior 2005;35(5):525–535. https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.2005.35.5.525
• Yepes, A. C., Rubio, N., Vinaccia, S., & Bernal, S. Relación entre los niveles de autoestima, resiliencia, ideación suicida y riesgo suicida en jóvenes indígenas zenúes de Córdoba, Colombia: Relationship between levels of self-esteem, resilience, suicidal ideation and suicidal risk in Zenú indigenous youth from Córdoba. Colombia. Psicol. Salud, 2022;32, 295-304.
• Cenkseven Önder F, Bölükbaşı A. Ergenlerde intihar olasılığı: benlik saygısı ve öfke açısından incelenmesi. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches 2019;10(17):1522-1543. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.528723
• De Man AF, Gutiérrez BIB. The relationship between level of self-esteem and suicidal ideation with stability of self-esteem as moderator. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement 2002;34(4):235–238. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087176
• Lin CC. Gratitude and depression in young adults: The mediating role of self-esteem and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences 2015;87:30-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.017
• Jang JM, Park JI, Oh KY, and et al. Predictors of suicidal ideation in a community sample: roles of anger, self-esteem, and depression. Psychiatry Research 2014;216(1):74–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.12.054
• Turnell AI, Fassnacht DB, Batterham PJ, Calear AL, Kyrios M. The Self-Hate Scale: Development and validation of a brief measure and its relationship to suicidal ideation. Journal of Affective Disorders 2019;245:779-787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.047
• Lieberman A, Robison M, Wonderlich SA, and et al. Self-hate, dissociation, and suicidal behavior in bulimia nervosa. Journal of Affective Disorders 2023;335:44–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.015
• Arendt F, Scherr S, Romer D. Effects of exposure to self-harm on social media: Evidence from a two-wave panel study among young adults. New Media & Society 2019;21(11-12):2422–2442. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819850106
• Conrad AK, Jacoby AM, Jobes DA, and et al. A psychometric investigation of the Suicide Status Form II with a psychiatric inpatient sample. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior 2009;39(3):307–320. https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.2009.39.3.307
• Van Orden, KA, Witte TK, Cukrowicz KC, Braithwaite SR, Selby EA, Joiner, TEJr. The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychological Review 2010;117(2):575–600. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018697
• Joiner T, Gencoz F, Gencoz T, Metalsky G, Rudd M. The relation of self-hatred and suicidality in people with schizophrenia-spectrum symptoms. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavıoral Assessment 2001;23(2):107-115.
• Çuhadaroğlu F. Adölesanlarda Benlik Saygısı [Yayımlanmamış Uzmanlık Tezi]. Ankara;Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Çocuk Ve Ergen Ruh Sağlığı Ve Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı.1986.
• Cull JG, Gill, WS. Suicide Probability Scale Manual Western Psychological Services. Los Angeles; California.1988.
• Atlı, Z., Eskin, M., & Dereboy, G. Ç. The validity and the reliliability of suicide probability scale (SPS) in clinical sample. J Clin Psy 2009;12(3):111-124.
• Durak Batıgün A, Hisli Şahin N. İntihar Olasılığı Ölçeği: Gözden geçirme, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi 2018;2(2):52-64.
• Kardaş S, Okan N, Güner H. Kendinden nefret ölçeği’nin Türkçeye uyarlanması ve psikometrik yönden incelenmesi. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 2021;22(1):652-673. https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.822538
• Büge B, Bilge Y. Reliability and validity of self-hate scale in turkish community sample. Journal of Happiness and Health 2022;2(2):61–69. https://doi.org/10.47602/johah.v2i2.17
• Mayers A. Introduction to statistics and SPSS in psychology. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.2013.
• Field A. Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. 3rd Edition, Sage Publications Ltd., London,2009.
• Hayes AF. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press,2013.
• Gürbüz, S. Sosyal bilimlerde aracı, düzenleyici ve durumsal etki analizleri. Ankara; Seçkin Yayıncılık,2019.