Number as a Numerical Reminder, a Signifier, among other numerical forms of Literary Expression - Employed in both Christian and Muslim Accounts of the First Crusade

Year 2020, Issue: 2, 18 - 56, 31.12.2020

Terrance Michael Duggan

Abstract

This article provides a brief excursus on some use of number in literature, on the vexed matter of misreading recorded numerical hyperbole, of the use of number as a literary form of expression, numerical figures of speech, and as signifiers, numbers which - perhaps more often than one might think, have been and are being misread - read in a modern literal fashion as a measure of quantity, rather than as an understood Medieval form of literary expression concerning not only the expression of hyperbole but also of relative numbers and sizes, common to both Christian and Muslim authors-chroniclers, numbers representing the concepts of relatively many, relatively very many and relatively, a multitude, as also for relative lengths of time. There was also the use of number to convey to the educated particular significant meaning associated with particular numbers that served as numerical reminders, as signifiers, linking the respective religious knowledge to chronicled historical events, as in accounts of the First Crusade - 600,000 and 10,000, employed by Fulcher of Chartres, 70,000 by ibn al-Athīr, and 600,000, 40,000 and 10,000 by Albert of Aachen.

Keywords

First Crusade, Holy Places, Numerical Reminders, Signifiers, Hyperbole

References

• Akkuş, Tacettin, Tanzimat başlarında Balıkesir Kazası: demografik durum, Zağnos Kültür ve Eğitim Vakfı, Balıkesir, 2001
• The Alexiad of Anna Comnena Trans. E.R. A. Sewter, Penguin, London 1969
• Ali, Syed Ameer, The Life and Teachings of Mohammed: Or, The Spirit of Islam, W. H. Allen, London, 1891
• Eds. Allen, Susan Jane - Amt, Emilie, The Crusades: A Reader, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 2014
• Andrea, Alfred J.; Holt, Andrew, Seven Myths of the Crusades, Hackett Publishing Company, Indianapolis, 2015
• Asbridge, Thomas, The First Crusade: A New History, OUP, Oxford-New York, 2005
• Asbridge, Thomas, The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land, Simon & Schuster UK Ltd. 2010
• Asali, Kāmil Jamīl, Jerusalem in History: 3,000 B.C. to the Present Day, Kegan Paul International, London, 1997
• Ibn al-Athīr, al-Kāmil fī al-ta ʾrīkh, ed. C. J. Tornberg (Beirut, 1965–67),
• Ayalon, David, Regarding Population Estimates in the Countries of Medieval Islam, JESHO, Vol. XXVIII, 1-19, 1985
• Ayhan, Aydın, Balıkesir ve çevresinde iskân hareketleri, Balıkesir Rotary Kulüp, Ankara, 1997;
• Baykara, Tuncer, Türk kültürü, 1. Cilt, IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2003
• Stephan Barisitz, Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia, Springer Nature, Cham, Switzerland, 2017
• Bartold, Vasiliĭ Vladimirovich, Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion, Gibb Memorial Series, London, 1928
• Bashīr, Sulaymān, Studies in Early Islamic Tradition, JSAI, Jerusalem, 2004
• Baykara, Tuncer, Türk kültürü, 1. Cilt, IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2003
• Bibi 1996 Ibn Bibi, el-Hüseyin b. Muhammed b. Ali el-Ca’feri er-Rugadi. M. Oztürk (trans.), El Evamiru’l-Ale’iye Fi’l-Umuri’l-Ala’iye (Selçukname) Vol. I, II, Ankara, 1996
• Bonner, Michael, Arab-Byzantine Relations in Early Islamic Times, Routledge, London & New York, 2017
• Bourne, David, Livestock Dynamics in the Arabian Peninsula: A Regional Review of National Livestock Resources and International Livestock Trade, Environmental Research Group Oxford, 2003 https://ergodd.zoo.ox.ac.uk/download/reports/Livestock%20Dynamics%20in%20the%20Arabian%20Peninsula.pdf
• Gerard J. Brault, Song of Roland: An Analytical Edition: Introduction and Commentary, Penn State Press, 2010
• Browne, Edward Granville, An Abridged Translation of the History of Tabaristan compiled about A.H. 613 (A.D. I2l6) by Muhammad b. Al-Hasan b. Isfandiyar, Trans. Edward G. Browne, Leiden, Brill, 1905
• Burge, Stephen, Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik, Routledge, London & New York, 2015 https://era.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1842/4110/Burge2010.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
• Cahen, Claude, “Ibn Sa‛īd sur l’Asie Mineure Seldjuqide”, 41-50 in, A. Ü. D. T. C. F. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, IV, 10-11, Ankara, 1968 (reprinted, Turcobyzantina et Oriens Christianus, Variorum Reprints, No. XI, London, 1974).
• Chambers, William - Chambers, Robert, Chambers’s Information for the People, J. B. Lippincott and Co., II., Philadelphia, 1867
• Charanis, Peter, The demography of the Byzantine Empire, Variorum Reprints., London, 1972
• Chevalier, Louis, Towards A History of Population, 70-78, in, Eds. D. V. Glass, D. E. C. Eversley, Population in History: Essays in Historical Demography, Vol. I., General and Great Britain, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick-London, 2008
• Robert de Clari, La Conquête de Constantinople, Trans. Noble, Peter S., Société Rencevals British Branch, Edinburgh, 2005
• Cline, Eric H., Jerusalem Besieged: From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 2004
• Cobb, Paul M., The Race for Paradise: An Islamic History of the Crusades, Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York, 2016
• Cook, Margaret, Lords of Creation, the demented world of men in power, Robson, London, 2002
• Crane, Howard “Notes on Saldjūq Architectural Patronage in Thirteenth Century Anatolia” JESHO 36 (1): 1-57, 1993, doi: 10.1163/156852093X00010.
• Doosselaere, Quentin van, Commercial Agreements and Social Dynamics in Medieval Genoa, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009
• Edwards, William, Notes on European History: To 1494, Rivingtons, London, 1964
• Eröz, Mehmet, Yörükler, Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı, İstanbul, 1991
• France, John, The Crusades and the Expansion of Catholic Christendom, 1000-1714, Routledge, London & New York, 2006
• France, John, Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994
• The First Crusade, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Material, Ed. Peters, Edward, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1998
• Gabrieli, Francesco, Arab Historians of the Crusades, Trans. E. J. Costello, Routledge, London & New York, 2010
• Galtekin, Ahmed Nezih, Kocaeli Körfez İlçesi: tarih ve kültür mirası eserler, 2. Cilt, Körfez Belediyesi, 2008
• Ghassan, Abdul-Jabbar, Bukhari, I. B. Tauris, London, 2007
• Ghunaimi, Mohammad Talaat, The Muslim Conception of International Law and the Western Approach, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1968
• Giusberti, F.,- Roversi Monaco, F., Economy and Demography 154-184 in, Ed. S. R. Blanshei, A Companion to Medieval and Renaissance Bologna, Brill, Leiden, 2017
• Gökçe, Turan, Onaltıncı ve onyedinci yüzyıllarda Lâzıkıyye (Denizli) Kazâsı, TTK, Ankara, 2000
• Grabar, Oleg, - Kedar, Benjamin Z., Where Heaven and Earth Meet: Jerusalem’s Sacred Esplanade, University of Texas Press, Austin, 2009
• Grant, Alasdair C., 'Pisan Perspectives: The Carmen in victoriam and Holy War, c.1000-1150', The English Historical Review, cxxxi, no. 552 (2016), 983-1009, 2016
• Grigg, David B., Population Growth and Agrarian Change: An Historical Perspective, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1980
• Guénon, René, The Reign of Quantity and the Signs of the Times, Sophia Perennis, 2001
• Gül, Kemāl Vehbi, Anadolu'nun Türkleştirilmesi ve İslamlastirilmasi, Toker Yayinlari, İstanbul, 1971
• Gündüz, Tufan, Anadolu Selçukluları ve Türkmenler, 265-274, Ed. Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar, Anadolu Selçukluları ve Beylikler dönemi: I, Sosyal ve Siyasal hayat, T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, Ankara, 2006
• Gündüz, Tufan, Anadolu'da Türkmen aşiretleri: Bozulus Türkmenleri, 1540-1640, Yeditepe Yay. İstanbul, 2007
• Gündüz, Tufan,Yörükler ve Türkmenler, Yörtürk Vakfı, Ankara, 2000
• Hagler, Aaron M., "The Echoes of Fitna: Developing Historiographical Interpretations of the Battle of Siffin" (2011). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/397
• Ed. Hallam, Elizabeth, Chronicles of the Crusades, Eye-Witness accounts of the wars between Christianity and Islam, Weidenfeld & Nicholson, London, 1989
• Hanaoka, Mimi, Authority and Identity in Medieval Islamic Historiography: Persian Histories from the Peripheries, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2016
• Hillenbrand, Carole, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, Psychology Press, 2000
• Hirschler, Konrad, “The Jerusalem Conquest of 492/1099 in the Medieval Arabic Historiography of the Crusades: From Regional Plurality to Islamic Narrative,” Crusades, 13. 2014, pp. 37-76.
• Holt, Andrew P., - ‎Muldoon, James, Competing Voices from the Crusades, Greenwood World Pub., Westport, 2008
• Housley, Norman, Fighting for the Cross: Crusading in the Holy Land, Yale University Press, 2008
• İnalcık, Halil “The Yoruks Their Origins, Expansion, and Economic Role,” 467-495, Cedrus II, 2014 http://proje.akdeniz.edu.tr/mcri/cedrus/2-2014/Cedrus-22-Halil_inalcik_The_Yoruks_Their_Origins_Expansion_and_Economic_Role_467-495.pdf
• İnalcık, Halil, "The Yürüks: Their Origins, Expansion and Economic Role", The Middle East and the Balkans under the Ottoman Empire, Bloomington, IN., 1993
• Joinville and Villehardouin, Chronicles of the Crusade, trans. Shaw, Margaret R. B., Penguin, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1963
• Kaniewski, David, E. Paulissen, E. Van Campo, M. Al-Maqdissi, J. Bretschneider, and K. Van Lerberghe, Middle East coastal ecosystem response to middle-to-late Holocene abrupt climate changes, PNAS September 16, 2008 105 (37) 13941-13946; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803533105 https://www.pnas.org/content/105/37/13941
• Khan, Nasir, Perceptions of Islam in the Christendoms: A Historical Survey, ISBSI, Solum Forlag, Oslo, 2006
• Kleinhenz, Christopher, Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia, Routledge, London, 2004
• Knappert, Jan, Swahili Culture, Vol. 2, E. Mellen Press, New York, 2005
• Koföglu, Sait, Hamidoğulları Beyliği, Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, Ankara, 2006
• Krey, August C., The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eye-Witnesses and Participants, Wipf and Stock Publishers, Eugene, Oregon, 2007
• Krey, August C., The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eye-Witnesses and Participants, Princeton and Oxford, 1921
• Köprülü, Mehmet Fuat,- Leiser, Gary, The Origins of the Ottoman Empire, SUNY Press, New York, 1992
• Korkmaz, Zeynep, Bartın ve yöresi ağızları, Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, Ankara, 1994
• Korobeinikov 2016 Korobeinikov, Dimitri A., The Formation of Turkish Principalities in the Boundary Zone: From the Emirate of Denizli to the Beylik of Menteşe (1256-1302), 65-76 in, Uluslararası Batı Anadolu Beylikleri Tarih, Kültür ve Medeniyeti Sempozyumu-II Menteşeoğulları Tarihi 25-27 Nisan 2012-Muğla (Bildiriler), T.T.K., Ankara, 2016
• Korobeinikov, Dimitri, Byzantium and the Turks in the Thirteenth Century, Oxford University Press, 2014
• Lane 1973 Lane, Frederic Chapin, Venice: A Maritime Republic, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1973
• Laroussi, Farid, Postcolonial Counterpoint: Orientalism, France, and the Maghreb, University of Toronto Press, 2016
• Lawson Younger, Jr., K., Ancient Conquest Accounts: A Study in Ancient Near Eastern and Biblical History Writing, Bloomsbury, London & Oxford, 1990
• Leiser, Gary, The History of the Patriarchs of the Egyptian Church as a Source for the History of the Seljuks of Anatolia, 107-128, Ed. Suleiman, Yasir, Living Islamic History: Studies in Honour of Professor Carole Hillenbrand, Edinburgh University Press, 2010
• Lilie, Ralph-Johannes, Byzantium and the Crusader States, 1096-1204, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993,
• Linder, Rudi Paul, Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia, Bloomington, Indiana, 1983
• Lundskow, George, The Sociology of Religion: A substantive and Transdisciplinary Approach, Pine Forge Press, Sage Pub., L.A., London, New Delhi, Singapore, 2008
• Luzzatto Gino, An Economic History of Italy: From the Fall of the Roman Empire to the Beginning of the 16th Century, Taylor & Francis, Oxford & New York, 2005
• Maclagan, Edward, Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province: Based on the Census Report of the Punjab, 1883, by the Late Sir Denzil Ibbetson, and the Census Report for the Punjab, Vol. I., Amar Prakashan, 1892, 1980
• Madden, Thomas F. ‘Rivers of Blood: An Analysis of One Aspect of the Crusader Conquest of Jerusalem in 1099’, 25-37 in, Revista Chilena de Estudios Medievales, Número 1, enero-junio 2012
• Maalouf, Amin, The Crusade through Arab Eyes, Trans. Rothschild, Jon, Saqi, London, 2006
• Marracci, Luigi, 1698 ALCORANI Textus Universus…Auctore L. Marraccio, Patavii, MDCXCVIII
• Masson, David M., Medieval History, W & R Chambers, London & Edinburgh, 1855.
• Ed. Erçil, Erdoğan, Türk Dünyası Kültür Atlası: The Seljuk period, Türk Kültürüne Hizmet Vakfı, Turkish Cultural Service Foundation, İstanbul, 1996
• Molin, Kristian, Unknown Crusader Castles, Bloomsbury, London & New York, 2001
• Newman, Daniel L., “Italy in Arabic travel literature until the end of the 19th century: Cultural Encounters and Perceptions of the Other”, 197-234 in, Équivalences, 29-1-2, 2001, at: https://www.persee.fr › doc › equiv_0751-9532_2001_num_29_1_1246
• Nicolle, David, The Fourth Crusade 1202–04: The betrayal of Byzantium, Bloomsbury, London & New York, 2011.
• Noble, Thomas F. X., Western Civilization: The Continuing Experiment, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA., 2004
• Norwich, John Julius, The Middle Sea: A History of the Mediterranean, Knopf Doubleday Pub., New York, 2007
• Nott, Josiah Clark, Types of Mankind: Or, Ethnological Researches, Based Upon the Ancient Monuments, Paintings, Sculptures, and Crania of Races, and upon their Natural, Geographical, Philological, and Biblical History,…, Trübner & Company, London, 1854
• Ørum, Olav Gjertsen, “Migrated Features from Ancient Yemen and North Africa, and Vestiges of a Pre-Modern Cairene Arabic Variety,” 89-118, Eds. Eggen Nora Sunniva, - Issa, Rana, Philologists in the World, A Festschrift in Honour of Gunvor Mejdell, Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture, Nova Press, Oslo, 2017
• Özdeğer, Mehtap, 15.-16. yüzyıl arşiv kaynaklarına göre Uşak kazasının sosyal ve ekonomik tarihi, Filiz Kitabevi, İstanbul, 2001
• Paine, Lauran, Saladin; A Man For All Ages, Robert Hale and Co., London, 1974
• Matthew Paris, Matthæi Parisiensis, Monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica Majora, Ed. Luard, Henry Richards, Vol. V, Longman & Company, London, 1874
• Peacock, Andrew C. S., Court and Nomadic Life in Saljuq Anatolia, 191-222 in, Ed. D. Durand-Guedy, Turko-Mongol Rulers, Cities and City Life, Brill, Leiden, 2013
• Peacock, Andrew C. S., “The Saljuq campaign against the Crimea and the Expansionist Policy of the Early Reign of Ala’al-Din Kayqubad”, 133-149 in, JRAS, Series 3, 16, 2, 2006.
• Pernoud, Régine, The Crusaders, Trans. Enid Grant, Ignatius Press, San Francisco, 2003
• Peters, Edward, The First Crusade: “The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres” and Other Source Materials, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 2011
• Phillips, Jonathan, P., The Life and Legend of the Sultan Saladin, Yale University Press, New Haven – London, 2019
• Phillips, Jonathan, P., The Crusades 1095-1197, Taylor & Francis, Oxford & New York, 2013
• Phillips, Jonathan P., The Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom, Yale University Press, New Haven-London, 2007
• Pool, John J., Studies in Mohammedanism, Historical and Doctrinal, with a Chapter on Islam in England, Archibald Constable and Co., London, 1892
• Pringle, Denys, The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: Vol. 3, The City of Jerusalem, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993
• Pryor, John H., A Medieval Siege of Troy: The Fight to the Death at Acre, 1189-1191 or The Tears of Salāh ad-Dīn, 97-116, Ed. Halfond, Gregory I., The Medieval Way of War: Studies in Medieval Military History in Honor of Bernard S. Bachrach, Routledge, London & New York, 2016
• Queller, Donald E. & Madden, Thomas F., The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1999
• Randall, Albert, B., Theologies of War and Peace Among Jews, Christians, and Muslims, Edwin Mellen Press, New York, 1998
• Rashid, Ahmed, The Resurgence of Central Asia: Islam or Nationalism, Oxford University Press,, London & New York, 1994
• Regan, Geoffrey, First Crusader: Byzantium’s Holy Wars, Sutton Pub., Stroud, 2001
• Richards 2006 The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athīr for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi’l-Ta’rikh, part 1, trans. Richards, Donald Sidney, Burlington, VT: Ashgate, Aldershot, 2006
• Richardson, Mathew, The West & the Map of the World: A Reappraisal of the Past, Miegunyah Press, Melbourne University Pub., 2010
• Rietbergen, Peter J. A. N., Europe: A Cultural History, Routledge, London & New York, 2006
• Rosser, John Hutchins, Historical Dictionary of Byzantium, Scarecrow Press inc. Lanham, Toronto-Plymouth, 2012
• Rubenstein, Jay, Armies of Heaven: The First Crusade and the Quest for Apocalypse, Hachette, UK, 2011
• Rubruck, The Mission of Frair William of Rubruck, his journey to the court of the Great Khan Möngke 1253-1255, Trans. Jackson, Peter, The Hakluyt Society, London, 1990
• Rugoff, Milton, Marco Polo’s Adventures in China, Harper-Collins, New York, 1964
• Runciman, Steven, A History of the Crusades, Vol. II, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987
• Russell, Josiah C., Ancient and Medieval Populations, 1-152 in, Transactions American Philosophical Soc., Vol. 48, No. 3, 1958
• Samarjani, Hasan Sadeghi; Nia, Ahmad Abbasi. ‘Military Policies of Muaviyah in the Battle of Siffin,’ J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci., 5(5S)354-359, 2015 https://www.textroad.com/pdf/JAEBS/J.%20Appl.%20Environ.%20Biol.%20Sci.,%205(5S)354-359,%202015.pdf
• Sarı, İbrahim, Oğuz Boyları: Türkler, Oğuzların Neslindendir, noktaekitap, Antalya, 2018
• Sattin, Anthony, Lifting the Veil: British Society in Egypt, 1768-1956, J. M. Dent and Co., London, 1988
• Schaff, Phillip, Theological Propaedeutic: A General Introduction to the Study of Theology, (1893) 2007
• Searight, Sarah - Wagstaff, ‎John Malcolm, Travellers in the Levant: Voyagers and Visionaries, David Brown Book Company, Oakville, CT, 2001
• Silverstein, Adam J., Islamic History-A very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford-New York, 2010
• Smith, William, A Dictionary of the Bible: Comprising Its Antiquities, Biography, and Natural History, Little, Brown and Co., Vol. 1, Boston, 1861
• Sonn, Tamara, Islam a Brief History, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 2011
• Sprenger, Aloys “As-Soyuti’s work on Earthquakes,” Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, No. 141. New Series, No. 57, Vol. XII, 1843, 741-749
• Stevenson, William Barron, The Crusaders in the East, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1907
• Sümer, Faruk, Çepniler: Anadolu'daki Türk yerleşmesinde önemli rol oynayan bir Oğuz boyu, Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı, İstanbul, 1992
• Sümer, Faruk, Türkler'de atçılık ve binicilik, 1. Cilt, Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı, İstanbul, 1983
• Sümer, Faruk, Oğuzlar, Türkmenler: tarihleri, boy teşkilâtı, destanları, Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, Ankara, 1967
• Şahin, İlhan, The Oghuz Turks of Anatolia, 228-252, Journal of Turkic Civilisation Studies, 1 (2004), Bishkek
• Şahin, İlhan, Nomads in the Ottoman Empire, Eren, İstanbul, 2006
• Şahin, Naci, XIX. yüzyılda Karahisar-ı Sahib Sancağı: sosyo-ekonomik ve kültürel yapı IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2007
• Şapolyo, Enver Behnan, Selçuklu İmparatorluğu tarihi, Güven Matbaasi, Ankara, 1972
• Al-̣Tabarī: Volume 1, The Reign of Abū Ja'Far Al-Maṇsūr A. D. 754-775: The Early ‛Abbāsī Empire, Trans. J. A. Williams, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988
• The History of al-Tabari Vol. 28: 'Abbasid Authority Affirmed: The Early Years of al-Mansur A.D. 753-763/A.H. 136-145, Trans. Jane Dammen McAuliffe, SUNY, New York, 1995
• Thomson, David, Renaissance Architecture: Critics, Patrons, Luxury, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1993
• Thonemann, Peter, The Maeander Valley: A Historical Geography from Antiquity to Byzantium, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2011
• Torsello, Marino Sanudo, The Book of the Secrets of the Faithful of the Cross: Liber Secreta fidelium Crucis, Trans. P. Lock, Ashgate Publishing Ltd., Aldershot, 2013
• Tucker, Spencer, A Global Chronology of Conflict; From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, ABC-CLIO, 2010
• Turan, Osman, Türk Cihân Hâkimiyeti Mefküresi Tarihi, Ötüken, İstanbul, 2003
• Turan, Osman, Selçuklular Tarihi ve Türk İslâm Medeniyeti, TKAE Yay., Ankara, 1965
• Tyerman, Christopher, Fighting for Christendom: Holy War and the Crusades, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004
• Willian of Tyre, Ed. Dana, Cushing, A Middle English Chronicle of the First Crusade: The Caxton Eracles, Vol. 1., Mellen Press, New York, 2001
• Wright, Thomas, Early Travels in Palestine: Comprising the Narratives of Arculf, Willibald, Bernard, Saewulf, Sigurd, Benjamin of Tudela, John Maundeville, de la Brocquiere, and Maundrell, Cosimo, Inc., New York, 2011
• Vámbéry, Ármin, History of Bokhara from the Earliest Period Down to the Present: Composed for the First Time After Oriental Known and Unknown Historical Manuscripts, H. S. King & Co., London, 1873
• Vambery, Ármin, Travels in Central Asia: Being the Account of a Journey from Teheran Across the Turkoman Desert on the Eastern Shore of the Caspian to Khiva, Bokhara, and Samarcand Performed in the Year 1863, John Murray, London, 1864
• Vinogradov, Andrei G., The population of the countries of the world from most ancient times to the present days: Demography, WP IPGEB, 2014
• Vryonis Jr. Speros, The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century, Berkley, 1971
• Webb, Mohammed Alexander Russell, Islam in America: A Brief Statement of Mohammedanism and an Outline of the American Islamic Propaganda, Oriental Publishing Company, New York, 1893
• Wickham, Chris, Medieval Rome: Stability and Crisis of a City, 900-1150, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015
• Williams, Gwyn A. Medieval London from Commune to Capital, University of London, London, 2013
• Wittek, Paul, Menteşe Beyliği: 13-15 inci asırda garbî Küçük Asya tarigine ait tetkik, T.T.K., Ankara, 1944
• Yapıcı, Mestan, Beydağ, "Balyambolu", "Palaipolis" M. Yapıcı, İzmir, 1995
• Yıldız, Bilal, Denizli (Lazkiye) sancağı'nda gayrimüslimler (1876-1935), Denizli Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, Denizli, 2014
• Internet:
• https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803533105
• https://www.pnas.org/content/105/37/13941
• https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000069594
• https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/aleppos-landmark-mosque-bears-scars-of-syrias-war/
• http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkeys-last-nomads-roam-anatolia-134626
• https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/aleppos-landmark-mosque-bears-scars-of-syrias-war/
• https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/bath/hd_bath.htm