Green extraction of value-added flavonoids from selected citrus wastes

Mustafa Zafer Özel

Green extraction of value-added flavonoids from selected citrus wastes

Abstract

Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds with many potential pharmacological benefits; they are abundantly present in citrus peels. This study employed Microwave-Enhanced Subcritical Water Extraction (MESWE), Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE), and Soxhlet extraction to extract flavonoids from three different citrus peels (orange, grapefruit, and lemon). For optimisation, 20 grapefruit peel samples were prepared, varying three variables: sample amount, solvent, and extraction time, to assess their effects on the percentage yield of flavonoids and to determine optimal extraction conditions. The best conditions identified via MESWE were applied to orange and lemon peels. The optimised MESWE results were compared with UAE and Soxhlet extraction. The analysis provided qualitative and quantitative data on the flavonoids extracted, revealing the optimal conditions for extraction from each citrus peel. Samples were analysed using reverse-phase HPLC to quantify four specific flavonoids: naringin, hesperidin, naringenin, and hesperetin. The highest flavonoid content was 1.53%, with naringin being the predominant compound at 1.45% in grapefruit extracts. This work demonstrates the efficacy of two green, cost-effective extraction techniques (MESWE and UAE) for producing high-value flavonoids from citrus peels.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

No

Project Number

No project number

Ethical Statement

In this study, the author declares that there is no violation of research and publication ethics and that the study does not require ethics committee approval.

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Separation Science

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Mustafa Zafer Özel ^*
0000-0003-3585-9117
United Kingdom

Publication Date

June 30, 2026

Submission Date

November 20, 2025

Acceptance Date

January 8, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 2 Number: 1

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA97NH67YU

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Özel, M. Z. (2026). Green extraction of value-added flavonoids from selected citrus wastes. Mediterranean Journal of Engineering and Scientific Research, 2(1), 1-8. https://izlik.org/JA97NH67YU

AMA

1.Özel MZ. Green extraction of value-added flavonoids from selected citrus wastes. Mediterranean Journal of Engineering and Scientific Research. 2026;2(1):1-8. https://izlik.org/JA97NH67YU

Chicago

Özel, Mustafa Zafer. 2026. “Green Extraction of Value-Added Flavonoids from Selected Citrus Wastes”. Mediterranean Journal of Engineering and Scientific Research 2 (1): 1-8. https://izlik.org/JA97NH67YU.

EndNote

Özel MZ (June 1, 2026) Green extraction of value-added flavonoids from selected citrus wastes. Mediterranean Journal of Engineering and Scientific Research 2 1 1–8.

IEEE

[1]M. Z. Özel, “Green extraction of value-added flavonoids from selected citrus wastes”, Mediterranean Journal of Engineering and Scientific Research, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–8, June 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA97NH67YU

ISNAD

Özel, Mustafa Zafer. “Green Extraction of Value-Added Flavonoids from Selected Citrus Wastes”. Mediterranean Journal of Engineering and Scientific Research 2/1 (June 1, 2026): 1-8. https://izlik.org/JA97NH67YU.

JAMA

1.Özel MZ. Green extraction of value-added flavonoids from selected citrus wastes. Mediterranean Journal of Engineering and Scientific Research. 2026;2:1–8.

MLA

Özel, Mustafa Zafer. “Green Extraction of Value-Added Flavonoids from Selected Citrus Wastes”. Mediterranean Journal of Engineering and Scientific Research, vol. 2, no. 1, June 2026, pp. 1-8, https://izlik.org/JA97NH67YU.

Vancouver

1.Mustafa Zafer Özel. Green extraction of value-added flavonoids from selected citrus wastes. Mediterranean Journal of Engineering and Scientific Research [Internet]. 2026 Jun. 1;2(1):1-8. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA97NH67YU