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The Source of Anti-Physicalist Arguments: The Unbridgeable Gap between the Phenomenal and the Physical

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 99 - 119, 30.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.51404/metazihin.847626

Abstract

There is a long-term ongoing discussion on the nature of the relation between the mental and the physical. One of the chief reasons why the nature of this relation resists to a tenable solution for centuries is a compelling gap that philosophers of mind think is inevitable to face when they try to bridge between the mental and the physical. This paper raises three questions regarding the gap, which we call “the phenomenal-physical gap:” what results does this gap have against the materialist-physicalist conception of the world, why do we have this gap or why does it emerge in the first place, and can it be explained away in favor of physicalism? In attempting to answer the first question, the paper analyzes commonly known anti-physicalist arguments to point out the recalcitrant nature of mind (and phenomenality) against the materialist-physicalist conception of the world. To answer the second question, the paper makes three diagnoses and put forward three corresponding constraints that are unavoidable in any (failing) attempt to establish a metaphysical connection between the mental and the physical. Finally, in answering the third question, the paper addresses one attempt made by David Papineau, and implies that his and other similar attempts to explain away the gap in question are not likely to succeed. The ultimate assertion of the paper is that any attempt to bridge the gap between the mental and the physical is destined to fail given the constraints put forward on the phenomenal nature of mind; and thus, the best action is to pursue a more satisfactory level of understanding of the phenomenal first, by postulating new concepts, correctly categorizing those, discovering new dimensions of the phenomenality and so on.

References

  • Arıkan Sandıkcıoğlu, P. (2020). “Epiphenomenalism and the Causal Theory of Knowing.” Beytulhikme, 10(4): 1219-1234.
  • Arici, M. (2011). Physicalism and the Phenomenal-Physical Gap: Can A Posteriori Necessary Physicalism Adequately Respond to The Problem of Phenomenal Subjecthood? Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Middle East Technical University, Social Sciences Institute, Ankara.
  • Arici, M. (2018). “The Problem of Phenomenal Consciousness: A Descriptive and Categorical Analysis.” MetaZihin, 1(1): 14-15.
  • Bealer, G. (1994). "Mental Properties." Journal of Philosophy, 91: 185-208.
  • Block, N. (2006). “Max Black's Objection to Mind-Body Identity.” Oxford Studies in Metaphysics, 2: 3-78.
  • Chalmers, D. J. (1996). The Conscious Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Chalmers, D. J. (2002). “Does Conceivability Entail Possibility?” In T. Gendler and J. Hawthorne (Eds.), Conceivability and Possibility, (pp. 145-200). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Chalmers, David J. (2003). “Consciousness and Its Place in Nature.” In S. Stich and T. Warfield (Eds.), Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Mind. Blackwell.
  • Chalmers, D. J. (2009). “The Two-Dimensional Argument Against Materialism.” In McLaughlin and A. Beckermann (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Philosophy of Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Churchland, P. S. (1996). “The Hornswoggle Problem.” Journal of Consciousness Studies, 3(5-6): 402-408.
  • Descartes, R. (1641). Meditations on the First Philosophy. Translated by Donald A. Cress. In Steven M. Cahn (Eds.), Classics of Western Philosophy (2000) (Sixth Edition). Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company.
  • Feigl, H. (1958). “The “Mental” and the “Physical.”” In H. Feigl, M. Scriven, and G. Maxwell (Eds.), Concepts, Theories and the Mind-Body Problem (Vol.2). Minneapolis: Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science.
  • Jackson, F. (1982). “Epiphenomenal Qualia.” Philosophical Quarterly, 32(April): 127-36.
  • Jackson, F. (1986). “What Mary didn't Know.” Journal of Philosophy, 83: 291-5.
  • Kıymaz, T. (2019). “Subjective Physicalism as a Response to the Knowledge Argument.” MetaZihin, 2(2): 199-211.
  • Kripke, S. (1980). Naming and Necessity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Levine, J. (1983). “Materialism and Qualia: The Explanatory Gap.” Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 64(October): 354-61.
  • Levine, J. (1999). “Conceivability, Identity and the Explanatory Gap.” In S. Hameroff, A. Kaszniak and D. Chalmers (Eds.), Towards a Science of Consciousness: The Third Tuscon Discussions and Debates. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Levine, J. (2001). Purple Haze: The Puzzle of Consciousness. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Levine, J. (2007). “Phenomenal Concepts and the Materialist Constraint.” In T. Alter and S. Walter (Eds.), Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Levine, J. & Trogdon K. (2009). “The Modal Status of Materialism.” Philosophical Studies, 145(3): 351-62.
  • McGinn, C. (1989). “Can We Solve the Mind-Body Problem?” Mind, 98(391): 349-66. Reprinted (1997) in N. Block, O. Flanagan and G. Güzeldere (Eds.), The Nature of Consciousness, (pp. 529-542). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Melnyk, A. (2003). A Physicalist Manifesto: Thoroughly Modern Materialism. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Moore, G. E. (1903). Principia Ethica. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Nagel, T. (1974). “What Is It like to Be a Bat?” Philosophical Review, 83(October): 435-50.
  • Nida-Rümelin, M. (2007). “Grasping phenomenal properties.” In T. Alter and S. Walter (Eds.), Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Papineau, D. (1993). “Physicalism, Consciousness and the Antipathetic Fallacy.” Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 71(2): 169-183.
  • Papineau, D. (2002). Thinking about Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Papineau, D. (2007). “Phenomenal and Perceptual Concepts.” In T. Alter and S. Walter (Eds.), Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Papineau, D. (2008). “The Explanatory Gap and Dualist Intuitions.” In L. Weistrantz and M. Davies (Der.), Frontiers of Consciousness: Chichele Lectures, (pp. 55-68). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Schwitzgebel, E. (2014). “The Crazyist Metaphysics of Mind.” Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 92(4): 665-682.
  • Smart, J. J. C. (1959). “Sensations and Brain Processes.” Philosophical Review, 68: 141-56.
  • Shoemaker, S. (2007). Physical Realization. New York: Oxford University Press.

Anti-Fizikalist Argümanların Kaynağı: Fenomenal Olanla Fiziksel Olan Arasındaki Kapanmaz Gedik

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 99 - 119, 30.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.51404/metazihin.847626

Abstract

Zihinsel ve fiziksel olan arasında ne tür bir metafiziksel ilişkinin olduğuna dair süregelen tartışma oldukça eskidir. Bu ilişkinin doğasının yüzyıllardır ikna edici bir çözüme direnmesinin temel sebeplerinden birisi, zihinsel ile fiziksel olanın arasını ayıran bir tür zorlayıcı gediktir. Zihinsel ile fiziksel olanın arasını kapatmak isteyen neredeyse bütün zihin felsefecileri, “fenomenal-fiziksel gedik” adını verdiğimiz söz konusu gedikle yüzleşmekten kaçınmanın imkânsız olduğunu düşünür. Bu makale söz konusu gedikle ilgili üç temel soruyu gündeme getirmektedir: Bu gediğin evrenin materyalist-fizikalist tasavvuruna karşı ortaya çıkardığı olumsuz sonuçlar nelerdir? Niçin bu tür bir gedikle karşı karşıyayız veya bu gedik neden ortaya çıkmaktadır? Söz konusu gedik fizikalist projeye zarar vermeyecek şekilde açıklanabilir mi? Makale ilk soruyu cevaplamak için, yaygın olarak bilinen anti-fizikalist argümanları analiz ederek zihnin (ve dolayısıyla onun fenomenal yapısının) materyalist-fizikalist dünya tasarımına direnen doğasına işaret etmektedir. İkinci soruyu cevaplamak için makale; üç teşhis yapmakta ve zihinsel ile fiziksel olanın arasında metafiziksel bir ilişki kurma teşebbüslerinde kaçınılmaz olarak ortaya çıkan ve tüm teşebbüsleri başarısızlığa uğratan üç sınırlama öne sürmektedir. Son olarak, üçüncü soruyu cevaplamak için makale; David Papineau’nun söz konusu gediği fizikalizme zarar vermeyecek şekilde açıklama teşebbüsünü irdelemekte; fakat bu ve benzeri teşebbüslerin başarılı olma şanslarının olmadığını ima etmektedir. Makalenin nihai iddiası ise şu şekildedir: Zihnin fenomenal doğasına dair öne sürülen üç sınırlama sebebiyle, zihinsel ile fiziksel olanın arasındaki gediği kapatma girişimlerinin tamamı başarısızlığa mahkumdur. Bu yüzden önümüzdeki en iyi yaklaşım; öncelikle zihnin söz konusu fenomenal doğasını daha yeterli seviyede anlamaya çalışmak, bu amaçla yeni kavram ve kategoriler ortaya koymak, zihnin fenomenal doğasının henüz bilmediğimiz yönlerini ortaya çıkarmak vb. stratejileri benimsemek şeklinde olmalıdır.

References

  • Arıkan Sandıkcıoğlu, P. (2020). “Epiphenomenalism and the Causal Theory of Knowing.” Beytulhikme, 10(4): 1219-1234.
  • Arici, M. (2011). Physicalism and the Phenomenal-Physical Gap: Can A Posteriori Necessary Physicalism Adequately Respond to The Problem of Phenomenal Subjecthood? Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Middle East Technical University, Social Sciences Institute, Ankara.
  • Arici, M. (2018). “The Problem of Phenomenal Consciousness: A Descriptive and Categorical Analysis.” MetaZihin, 1(1): 14-15.
  • Bealer, G. (1994). "Mental Properties." Journal of Philosophy, 91: 185-208.
  • Block, N. (2006). “Max Black's Objection to Mind-Body Identity.” Oxford Studies in Metaphysics, 2: 3-78.
  • Chalmers, D. J. (1996). The Conscious Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Chalmers, D. J. (2002). “Does Conceivability Entail Possibility?” In T. Gendler and J. Hawthorne (Eds.), Conceivability and Possibility, (pp. 145-200). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Chalmers, David J. (2003). “Consciousness and Its Place in Nature.” In S. Stich and T. Warfield (Eds.), Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Mind. Blackwell.
  • Chalmers, D. J. (2009). “The Two-Dimensional Argument Against Materialism.” In McLaughlin and A. Beckermann (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Philosophy of Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Churchland, P. S. (1996). “The Hornswoggle Problem.” Journal of Consciousness Studies, 3(5-6): 402-408.
  • Descartes, R. (1641). Meditations on the First Philosophy. Translated by Donald A. Cress. In Steven M. Cahn (Eds.), Classics of Western Philosophy (2000) (Sixth Edition). Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company.
  • Feigl, H. (1958). “The “Mental” and the “Physical.”” In H. Feigl, M. Scriven, and G. Maxwell (Eds.), Concepts, Theories and the Mind-Body Problem (Vol.2). Minneapolis: Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science.
  • Jackson, F. (1982). “Epiphenomenal Qualia.” Philosophical Quarterly, 32(April): 127-36.
  • Jackson, F. (1986). “What Mary didn't Know.” Journal of Philosophy, 83: 291-5.
  • Kıymaz, T. (2019). “Subjective Physicalism as a Response to the Knowledge Argument.” MetaZihin, 2(2): 199-211.
  • Kripke, S. (1980). Naming and Necessity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Levine, J. (1983). “Materialism and Qualia: The Explanatory Gap.” Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 64(October): 354-61.
  • Levine, J. (1999). “Conceivability, Identity and the Explanatory Gap.” In S. Hameroff, A. Kaszniak and D. Chalmers (Eds.), Towards a Science of Consciousness: The Third Tuscon Discussions and Debates. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Levine, J. (2001). Purple Haze: The Puzzle of Consciousness. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Levine, J. (2007). “Phenomenal Concepts and the Materialist Constraint.” In T. Alter and S. Walter (Eds.), Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Levine, J. & Trogdon K. (2009). “The Modal Status of Materialism.” Philosophical Studies, 145(3): 351-62.
  • McGinn, C. (1989). “Can We Solve the Mind-Body Problem?” Mind, 98(391): 349-66. Reprinted (1997) in N. Block, O. Flanagan and G. Güzeldere (Eds.), The Nature of Consciousness, (pp. 529-542). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Melnyk, A. (2003). A Physicalist Manifesto: Thoroughly Modern Materialism. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Moore, G. E. (1903). Principia Ethica. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Nagel, T. (1974). “What Is It like to Be a Bat?” Philosophical Review, 83(October): 435-50.
  • Nida-Rümelin, M. (2007). “Grasping phenomenal properties.” In T. Alter and S. Walter (Eds.), Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Papineau, D. (1993). “Physicalism, Consciousness and the Antipathetic Fallacy.” Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 71(2): 169-183.
  • Papineau, D. (2002). Thinking about Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Papineau, D. (2007). “Phenomenal and Perceptual Concepts.” In T. Alter and S. Walter (Eds.), Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Papineau, D. (2008). “The Explanatory Gap and Dualist Intuitions.” In L. Weistrantz and M. Davies (Der.), Frontiers of Consciousness: Chichele Lectures, (pp. 55-68). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Schwitzgebel, E. (2014). “The Crazyist Metaphysics of Mind.” Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 92(4): 665-682.
  • Smart, J. J. C. (1959). “Sensations and Brain Processes.” Philosophical Review, 68: 141-56.
  • Shoemaker, S. (2007). Physical Realization. New York: Oxford University Press.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Philosophy
Journal Section Research/Review Articles
Authors

Murat Arıcı 0000-0002-8697-8186

Publication Date December 30, 2020
Acceptance Date December 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 3 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Arıcı, M. (2020). The Source of Anti-Physicalist Arguments: The Unbridgeable Gap between the Phenomenal and the Physical. MetaZihin: Yapay Zeka Ve Zihin Felsefesi Dergisi, 3(2), 99-119. https://doi.org/10.51404/metazihin.847626