Research Article
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Year 2021, , 37 - 50, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.47512/meujmaf.1018026

Abstract

References

  • Ahmad, M. (2020). “Maritime piracy operations: Some legal issues”, Journal of International Maritime Safety, Environmental Affairs, and Shipping, Vol.4, No. 3, pp. 63.
  • Alessi C and Hanson, S. (2010). “Combating Maritime Piracy”, http:// www.cfr.org/publication/18376/combating_maritime_piracy.html, [Accessed 12 May 2019].
  • Chalk, P. (1998). “Contemporary maritime piracy in Southeast Asia”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, DOI: 10.1080/10576109808436055, pp.87, 103-104.
  • Chalk, P. (2008). “The Maritime Dimension of International Security”, http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2008/RAND_MG697.pdf. [Accessed 17 May 2019].
  • Chalk, P. (2009). “Maritime Piracy Reasons, Dangers and Solutions”. RAND Corporation, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/testimonies/2009/RAND_CT317.pdf. [Accessed 25 January 2018].
  • Chew, F. (2005) “Piracy, maritime terrorism and regional interests”, http://www.defence.gov.au/ADC/Publications/Geddes/2005/PublcnsGeddes2005_310310_PiracyMaritime.pdf. [Accessed 18 January 2020].
  • Çaycı, S. (2009). “The Struggle Against Piracy: The Somalia Case and Turkey’s Position”, Center For Middle Eastern Strategic Studies The Public Research Foundation, No: 1, pp. 9-12.
  • Ece, N.J. (2012). “The Maritime Dimension of International Security: Piracy Attacks”, in Uzuner, F.,B. (Ed), NATO Science for Peace and Security Series - E: Human and Societal Dynamics, Maritime Security and Defence Against Terrorism, IOS Press, Amsterdam, Netherlands pp. 33-49.
  • European Union (2015). “EU legislation on Maritime Security”, http://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/maritime/security/doc/legislation_maritime_security.pdf. [Accessed 20 January 2015].
  • Flückiger, M. and Ludwig, M. (2015). “Economic shocks in the fisheries sector and maritime piracy”, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 114, pp. 107.
  • ICC Commercial Crime Services (2015). “Piracy & Armed Robbery Prone Areas and Warnings”, http://www.icc-ccs.org/piracy-reporting-centre/prone-areas-and-warnings. [Accessed 09 April 2021].
  • ICC International Maritime Bureau. (2015). “Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships Annual Report for the Period 1 January-31 December 2015”, available at: https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/2015-Annual-IMB-Piracy-Report-ABRIDGED.pdf. [Accessed 20 June 2021].
  • ICC International Maritime Bureau. (2016). “Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships Annual Report for the Period 1 January-31 December 2016, available at: http://lignesdedefense.blogs.ouest-france.fr/files/2016-Annual-IMB-Piracy-Report.pdf. [Accessed 22 June 2021].
  • ICC International Maritime Bureau. (2017). “Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships Annual Report for the Period 1 January-31 December 2017”, https://www.icc-ccs.org/reports/2017-Annual-IMB-Piracy-Report.pdf. [Accessed 24 June 2021].
  • ICC International Maritime Bureau. (2018). “Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships Annual Report for the Period 1 January-31 December 2018”, https://www.icc-ccs.org/reports/2018_Annual_IMB_Piracy_Report.pdf. [Accessed 26 June 2021].
  • ICC International Maritime Bureau. (2019). “Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships Annual Report for the Period 1 January-31 December 2019”, https://www.icc-ccs.org/reports/2019_Annual_Piracy_Report.pdf . [Accessed 09 July 2021].
  • ICC International Maritime Bureau. (2020). “Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships Annual Report for the Period 1 January-31 December 2020”, available at https://www.icc-ccs.org/reports/2020_Annual_Piracy_Report.pdf: [Accessed 15 July 2021].
  • ICC Commercial Crime Services (2020), “Crew kidnappings surge in seas off West Africa, IMB reports”, https://www.icc-ccs.org/index.php/1293-crew-kidnappings-surge-in-seas-off-west-africa-imb-reports. . [Accessed 20 September 2021].
  • International Maritime Organization (IMO). (2013). “The Djibouti Code of Conduct Resolution”, http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Security/PIU/ Pages/DCoC.aspx. [Accessed 20 December 2020].
  • IMO. (2009). “Advice From IMO: Circulars on Somalia Piracy”, http://www.imo.org/blast/mainframe.asp?topic_id=1613. [Accessed 16 March 2021].
  • IMO. (2015). “Piracy Guidance”, http://www.imo.org/Documents/IMO_Piracy_Guidance.pdf. [Accessed 20 January 2021].
  • IMO (2009). Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships in Waters Off The Coast Of Somalia, available at: https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Security/Documents/SN.1-Circ.281.pdf. [Accessed 26 January 2021].
  • IMO (2021a). “Private Armed Security”, https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Security/Pages/Private-Armed-Security.aspx, [Accessed 06 October 2021].
  • IMO (2021b). Maritime Security, https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Security/Pages/GuideMaritimeSecurityDefault.aspx. [Accessed 12 April 2021].
  • IMO (2021c). Maritime Security and Piracy, https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Security/Pages/MaritimeSecurity.aspx. . [Accessed 16 May 2021].
  • IMO (2021d). Piracy and armed robbery against ships, https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Security/Pages/PiracyArmedRobberydefault.aspx. [Accessed 17 June 2021].
  • International Chamber of Shipping (2011). “BMP 4 – Best Management”, https://www.ics-shipping.org/publication/bmp4-best-management-practices-for-protection-against-somali-based-piracy/, [Accessed 15 September 2021].
  • The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) (2020). “The Montreux Document on Private Military and Security Companies”, https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/0996-montreux-document-private-military-and-security-companies [Accessed 04 October 2021].
  • The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2014). Part II An Overview of The International Legal Framework And of Multilateral Cooperation To Combat Piracy, New York and Geneva, pp. 44-45.
  • Martínez-Zarzoso, I and Bensassı, S. (2013). “The Prıce Of Modern Marıtıme Pıracy”, Defence and Peace Economics, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 397.
  • Mejia, M., Cariou, P. and Wolff, F.C. (2009). Is maritime piracy random?, Applied Economics Letters, Vol. 16, No. 9, pp. 891-892.
  • McHugh, M.L. (2013). The Chi Square test of independence, Biochemia Medica, 143-144. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3900058/.[Accessed 08 October 2021].
  • Mo, J. (2002). “Options to Combat Maritime Piracy in Southeast Asia”, Ocean Development &International Law, 33, pp.345.
  • Nincic, D. (2009). Maritime piracy in Africa: The humanitarian dimension, African Security Studies, Vol. 18, No.3, pp. 15.
  • Oilprice (2010). “Piracy In The Puntland Region of Somalia”, http://oilprice.com/Geopolitics/Africa/Piracy-In-The-Puntland-Region-Of-Somalia.html. [Accessed 20 May 2020].
  • Okoronkwo, U.L., Okpara, E.N. and Onyinyechi, C.E. (2014).” Natıonal Securıty And Marıtıme Pıracy In Nıgerıa: A Socıologıcal Dıscourse”, Humanities and Social Sciences Letters, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 68-69.
  • Oyenuga, A. (2021). “Perspectives on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global and African maritime transport sectors, and the potential implications for Africa’s maritime governance”, WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 20:220.
  • Özdemir, Ü. and Güneroğlu, A. (2017), “International Journal Of Transport Economics”, Vol. XLIV, No, 3, pp. 427,441- 442.
  • Pristrom, S., Li, K.X.,, Yang,Z., Wang, J. (2013), “A study of maritime security and piracy, Maritime Policy & Management, Vol. 40, No. 7, pp.690, 692.
  • Reyes, G.J.P. “Maritime Piracy during the Covid-19 Pandemic”, SOV Consultores, https://sovconsultores.com.ve/en/maritime-piracy-during-covid-19-pandemic/ [accessed 09 June 2021].
  • Shepardi J.U. and Pratson, L.F. (2020). “Maritime piracy in the Strait of Hormuz and implications of energy export security”, Energy Policy, Vol.140,1.
  • Sheskin, D. J. (2004), Handbook of Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Procedures, Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC, New York.
  • United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2005), “National Rapid Environmental Desk Assessment – Somalia”, http://www.unep.org/tsunami/reports/TSUNAMI_SOMALIA_LAYOUT.pdf. [Accessed 08 March 2020].

ANALYSIS OF MARITIME PIRACY BY USING QUALITATIVE METHODS

Year 2021, , 37 - 50, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.47512/meujmaf.1018026

Abstract

Nearly 90% of world trade is transported by sea. Maritime piracy is a major threat for maritime security, shippers, crews, cargo owners and insurance companies. Main reasons of piracy and armed robbery attacks, piracy statistics, international conventions, regulation and multinational efforts were examined and maritime piracy against ships are analyzed in the period 2015 to 2020 in the study. The Chi Square Test (χ2) was used to test statistical relationship between categorical variables such as piracy attacks by years, months and hours, types, regions and type of vessels attacked. The results of the frequeny distributions show that the most piracy attacks occurred in 2015 (20.9%), the most attacks were in March-April-May (30.2%), the most attacks were occured between the hours 24:00-04:00 (29.2%) the most attacks occurred in South East Asia (42.6%), the most type of attacks against to ships were boarded (79.1%), the most attacks were occurred against bulk carriers (28.6), Marshall Islands-flagged ships were the most attacked (17.1%). The results of Chi-Square Test show that there is a weak statistical relationship between the piracy attacks by months and regions; there is a weak statistical relationship between the piracy attacks by years and type of attacks. There is no statistical relationship between other variables. In the conclusion part of the study, some suggestions are proposed to combat the maritime piracy.

References

  • Ahmad, M. (2020). “Maritime piracy operations: Some legal issues”, Journal of International Maritime Safety, Environmental Affairs, and Shipping, Vol.4, No. 3, pp. 63.
  • Alessi C and Hanson, S. (2010). “Combating Maritime Piracy”, http:// www.cfr.org/publication/18376/combating_maritime_piracy.html, [Accessed 12 May 2019].
  • Chalk, P. (1998). “Contemporary maritime piracy in Southeast Asia”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, DOI: 10.1080/10576109808436055, pp.87, 103-104.
  • Chalk, P. (2008). “The Maritime Dimension of International Security”, http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2008/RAND_MG697.pdf. [Accessed 17 May 2019].
  • Chalk, P. (2009). “Maritime Piracy Reasons, Dangers and Solutions”. RAND Corporation, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/testimonies/2009/RAND_CT317.pdf. [Accessed 25 January 2018].
  • Chew, F. (2005) “Piracy, maritime terrorism and regional interests”, http://www.defence.gov.au/ADC/Publications/Geddes/2005/PublcnsGeddes2005_310310_PiracyMaritime.pdf. [Accessed 18 January 2020].
  • Çaycı, S. (2009). “The Struggle Against Piracy: The Somalia Case and Turkey’s Position”, Center For Middle Eastern Strategic Studies The Public Research Foundation, No: 1, pp. 9-12.
  • Ece, N.J. (2012). “The Maritime Dimension of International Security: Piracy Attacks”, in Uzuner, F.,B. (Ed), NATO Science for Peace and Security Series - E: Human and Societal Dynamics, Maritime Security and Defence Against Terrorism, IOS Press, Amsterdam, Netherlands pp. 33-49.
  • European Union (2015). “EU legislation on Maritime Security”, http://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/maritime/security/doc/legislation_maritime_security.pdf. [Accessed 20 January 2015].
  • Flückiger, M. and Ludwig, M. (2015). “Economic shocks in the fisheries sector and maritime piracy”, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 114, pp. 107.
  • ICC Commercial Crime Services (2015). “Piracy & Armed Robbery Prone Areas and Warnings”, http://www.icc-ccs.org/piracy-reporting-centre/prone-areas-and-warnings. [Accessed 09 April 2021].
  • ICC International Maritime Bureau. (2015). “Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships Annual Report for the Period 1 January-31 December 2015”, available at: https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/2015-Annual-IMB-Piracy-Report-ABRIDGED.pdf. [Accessed 20 June 2021].
  • ICC International Maritime Bureau. (2016). “Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships Annual Report for the Period 1 January-31 December 2016, available at: http://lignesdedefense.blogs.ouest-france.fr/files/2016-Annual-IMB-Piracy-Report.pdf. [Accessed 22 June 2021].
  • ICC International Maritime Bureau. (2017). “Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships Annual Report for the Period 1 January-31 December 2017”, https://www.icc-ccs.org/reports/2017-Annual-IMB-Piracy-Report.pdf. [Accessed 24 June 2021].
  • ICC International Maritime Bureau. (2018). “Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships Annual Report for the Period 1 January-31 December 2018”, https://www.icc-ccs.org/reports/2018_Annual_IMB_Piracy_Report.pdf. [Accessed 26 June 2021].
  • ICC International Maritime Bureau. (2019). “Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships Annual Report for the Period 1 January-31 December 2019”, https://www.icc-ccs.org/reports/2019_Annual_Piracy_Report.pdf . [Accessed 09 July 2021].
  • ICC International Maritime Bureau. (2020). “Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships Annual Report for the Period 1 January-31 December 2020”, available at https://www.icc-ccs.org/reports/2020_Annual_Piracy_Report.pdf: [Accessed 15 July 2021].
  • ICC Commercial Crime Services (2020), “Crew kidnappings surge in seas off West Africa, IMB reports”, https://www.icc-ccs.org/index.php/1293-crew-kidnappings-surge-in-seas-off-west-africa-imb-reports. . [Accessed 20 September 2021].
  • International Maritime Organization (IMO). (2013). “The Djibouti Code of Conduct Resolution”, http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Security/PIU/ Pages/DCoC.aspx. [Accessed 20 December 2020].
  • IMO. (2009). “Advice From IMO: Circulars on Somalia Piracy”, http://www.imo.org/blast/mainframe.asp?topic_id=1613. [Accessed 16 March 2021].
  • IMO. (2015). “Piracy Guidance”, http://www.imo.org/Documents/IMO_Piracy_Guidance.pdf. [Accessed 20 January 2021].
  • IMO (2009). Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships in Waters Off The Coast Of Somalia, available at: https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Security/Documents/SN.1-Circ.281.pdf. [Accessed 26 January 2021].
  • IMO (2021a). “Private Armed Security”, https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Security/Pages/Private-Armed-Security.aspx, [Accessed 06 October 2021].
  • IMO (2021b). Maritime Security, https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Security/Pages/GuideMaritimeSecurityDefault.aspx. [Accessed 12 April 2021].
  • IMO (2021c). Maritime Security and Piracy, https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Security/Pages/MaritimeSecurity.aspx. . [Accessed 16 May 2021].
  • IMO (2021d). Piracy and armed robbery against ships, https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Security/Pages/PiracyArmedRobberydefault.aspx. [Accessed 17 June 2021].
  • International Chamber of Shipping (2011). “BMP 4 – Best Management”, https://www.ics-shipping.org/publication/bmp4-best-management-practices-for-protection-against-somali-based-piracy/, [Accessed 15 September 2021].
  • The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) (2020). “The Montreux Document on Private Military and Security Companies”, https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/0996-montreux-document-private-military-and-security-companies [Accessed 04 October 2021].
  • The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2014). Part II An Overview of The International Legal Framework And of Multilateral Cooperation To Combat Piracy, New York and Geneva, pp. 44-45.
  • Martínez-Zarzoso, I and Bensassı, S. (2013). “The Prıce Of Modern Marıtıme Pıracy”, Defence and Peace Economics, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 397.
  • Mejia, M., Cariou, P. and Wolff, F.C. (2009). Is maritime piracy random?, Applied Economics Letters, Vol. 16, No. 9, pp. 891-892.
  • McHugh, M.L. (2013). The Chi Square test of independence, Biochemia Medica, 143-144. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3900058/.[Accessed 08 October 2021].
  • Mo, J. (2002). “Options to Combat Maritime Piracy in Southeast Asia”, Ocean Development &International Law, 33, pp.345.
  • Nincic, D. (2009). Maritime piracy in Africa: The humanitarian dimension, African Security Studies, Vol. 18, No.3, pp. 15.
  • Oilprice (2010). “Piracy In The Puntland Region of Somalia”, http://oilprice.com/Geopolitics/Africa/Piracy-In-The-Puntland-Region-Of-Somalia.html. [Accessed 20 May 2020].
  • Okoronkwo, U.L., Okpara, E.N. and Onyinyechi, C.E. (2014).” Natıonal Securıty And Marıtıme Pıracy In Nıgerıa: A Socıologıcal Dıscourse”, Humanities and Social Sciences Letters, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 68-69.
  • Oyenuga, A. (2021). “Perspectives on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global and African maritime transport sectors, and the potential implications for Africa’s maritime governance”, WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 20:220.
  • Özdemir, Ü. and Güneroğlu, A. (2017), “International Journal Of Transport Economics”, Vol. XLIV, No, 3, pp. 427,441- 442.
  • Pristrom, S., Li, K.X.,, Yang,Z., Wang, J. (2013), “A study of maritime security and piracy, Maritime Policy & Management, Vol. 40, No. 7, pp.690, 692.
  • Reyes, G.J.P. “Maritime Piracy during the Covid-19 Pandemic”, SOV Consultores, https://sovconsultores.com.ve/en/maritime-piracy-during-covid-19-pandemic/ [accessed 09 June 2021].
  • Shepardi J.U. and Pratson, L.F. (2020). “Maritime piracy in the Strait of Hormuz and implications of energy export security”, Energy Policy, Vol.140,1.
  • Sheskin, D. J. (2004), Handbook of Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Procedures, Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC, New York.
  • United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2005), “National Rapid Environmental Desk Assessment – Somalia”, http://www.unep.org/tsunami/reports/TSUNAMI_SOMALIA_LAYOUT.pdf. [Accessed 08 March 2020].
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Nur Jale Ece 0000-0003-2048-5458

Hilal Kurt 0000-0001-7299-7055

Publication Date December 30, 2021
Submission Date November 2, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Ece, N. J., & Kurt, H. (2021). ANALYSIS OF MARITIME PIRACY BY USING QUALITATIVE METHODS. Mersin University Journal of Maritime Faculty, 3(2), 37-50. https://doi.org/10.47512/meujmaf.1018026
AMA Ece NJ, Kurt H. ANALYSIS OF MARITIME PIRACY BY USING QUALITATIVE METHODS. MEUJMAF. December 2021;3(2):37-50. doi:10.47512/meujmaf.1018026
Chicago Ece, Nur Jale, and Hilal Kurt. “ANALYSIS OF MARITIME PIRACY BY USING QUALITATIVE METHODS”. Mersin University Journal of Maritime Faculty 3, no. 2 (December 2021): 37-50. https://doi.org/10.47512/meujmaf.1018026.
EndNote Ece NJ, Kurt H (December 1, 2021) ANALYSIS OF MARITIME PIRACY BY USING QUALITATIVE METHODS. Mersin University Journal of Maritime Faculty 3 2 37–50.
IEEE N. J. Ece and H. Kurt, “ANALYSIS OF MARITIME PIRACY BY USING QUALITATIVE METHODS”, MEUJMAF, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 37–50, 2021, doi: 10.47512/meujmaf.1018026.
ISNAD Ece, Nur Jale - Kurt, Hilal. “ANALYSIS OF MARITIME PIRACY BY USING QUALITATIVE METHODS”. Mersin University Journal of Maritime Faculty 3/2 (December 2021), 37-50. https://doi.org/10.47512/meujmaf.1018026.
JAMA Ece NJ, Kurt H. ANALYSIS OF MARITIME PIRACY BY USING QUALITATIVE METHODS. MEUJMAF. 2021;3:37–50.
MLA Ece, Nur Jale and Hilal Kurt. “ANALYSIS OF MARITIME PIRACY BY USING QUALITATIVE METHODS”. Mersin University Journal of Maritime Faculty, vol. 3, no. 2, 2021, pp. 37-50, doi:10.47512/meujmaf.1018026.
Vancouver Ece NJ, Kurt H. ANALYSIS OF MARITIME PIRACY BY USING QUALITATIVE METHODS. MEUJMAF. 2021;3(2):37-50.

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