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Sokrates, Platon ve Aristoteles’in Atina Demokrasisine Eleştirileri

Year 2023, Issue: 9, 383 - 399, 15.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.56720/mevzu.1233310

Abstract

Bu çalışma insanlık tarihinin en büyük filozofları arasında kabul edilen Sokrates, Platon ve Aristoteles’in Atina demokrasisine yönelttikleri eleştirilere odaklanmakta, bu eleştirilerin modern demokrasiler açısından ne anlam ifade ettiğini ele almaktadır. Sokrates demokrasinin siyasette ehil olmayan şahısları söz sahibi hale getirdiğini ileri sürmektedir. Demokrasiyi istikrarsızlığa zemin hazırlayan bir rejim olarak gören Platon yönetici olma hakkının gerekli yetenek ve eğitime sahip şahıslarla sınırlı olacağı “ideal devletten” yanadır. Aristoteles ise güçlü bir orta sınıf yaratarak zenginler ile yoksulların çıkarları arasında denge kurabilecek olan politeia adını verdiği rejimi savunmaktadır. Bu üç filozofun yaşadıkları çağdan binlerce yıl sonra kurulan modern demokrasiler hakkındaki siyasal düşünce tartışmaları demokrasinin ne ölçüde halk yönetimi olabileceğini masaya yatırmaktadır. Siyaset Bilimi literatürü ise üç filozofun Atina demokrasisine yönelttikleri eleştirilerin bir ölçüde modern demokrasiler için de geçerli olabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır.

References

  • Aktan C. C., & Fettahoğlu Hallier, M. (2021). Antik Atina'da Demokrasi: Kurucular ve Temel Kurumlar. Gorgon Dergisi, 35, 5-27.
  • Aristoteles. (2020). Politika. İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
  • Childers, T. (1983). The Nazi voter: The social foundations of fascism in Germany, 1919-1933. North Carolina: Univ of North Carolina Press.
  • Danziger, N. J. (2012). Understanding the Political World: A Comparative Introduction to Political Science. London: Pearson.
  • Davies, J. K. (1993). Democracy and Classical Greece. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press:
  • Gramsci, A. (1986). Hapishane Defterleri. İstanbul: Onur Yayınları.
  • Heywood, A. (2018). Siyaset. İstanbul:BB101.
  • Hüner, M. F. (2013). Antik Yunan Demokrasisi-Modern Demokrasi Karşılaştırması. Eleştirel Hukuk Dergisi, 13, 183- 203.
  • Hornblower, S. (2011). The Greek World 479-323 BC. London: Routledge.
  • Karagöz, K. (2010). Doğrudan Demokrasi Aracı Olarak Halk Girişimi. Ankara: Yekin Yayınları.
  • Kriesi, H., & Wisler, D. (1996). Social movements and direct democracy in Switzerland. European Journal of Political Research, 30(1), 19-40. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.1996.tb00666.x
  • Laclau, E., & MouffeE, C. (1985). Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics. London: Verso.
  • Lyotard, J.F. (1984). The Postmodern Condition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Marx, K. (2019). Karl Marx: Political Writings. London: Verso.
  • Mazeaud, A., & Nonjon, M. (2017). The participatory democracy market in France: Between standardization and fragmentation. In Bherer, L., Gauthier, M., & Simard, L. (Eds.) The Professionalization of Public Participation, 40-64. London: Routledge:
  • McClelland, J.S. (1996). A History of Western Political Thought. London: Routledge.
  • Merriman, F. V. (1915). The Rise and Fall of the Platonic Kallipolis. Mind, 24(93), 1-15.
  • Monoson, S. S. (2000). Plato's Democratic Entanglements. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Mosca, G. (1939). The Ruling Class. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Norris, P. (2004). Electoral engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ober, J. (2015). The Rise and Fall of Classical Greece. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Pareto, V. (1968). The Rise and Fall of the Elites. New Jersey: The Bedminster.
  • Platon. (2000). Devlet. İstanbul: Sosyal Yayınlar.
  • Platon. (2005). Sokrates'in Savunması. İstanbul: Bordo Siyah.
  • Raaflaub, K. (2004). The Discovery of Freedom in Ancient Greece: Revised and Updated Edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Rousseau, J. J. (2014). Toplum Sözleşmesi. Ankara: Tutku Yayınevi.
  • Russell, B. (2012). Batı Felsefesi Tarihi Cilt I. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
  • Sharrock, A., & Ashley, R. (2013). Fifty key classical authors. London: Routledge.
  • Şaylan, G. (2002). Postmodernizm. Ankara: İmge.
  • Tridimas, G. (2012). Constitutional choice in ancient Athens: the rationality of selection to office by lot. Constitutional Political Economy, 23(1), 1-21.
  • Urbinati, N. (2006). Representative democracy: principles and genealogy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Thorley, J. (2012). Athenian democracy. London: Routledge.
  • Yıldırım, M. (2009). Modernizm, postmodernizm ve kamu yönetimi. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi 6(2), 380- 397.
  • Zafirovski, M. (2010). The Enlightenment and its Effects on Modern Society. Cham: Springer.

Criticisms to Athenian Democracy by Socrates, Plato and Aristotle

Year 2023, Issue: 9, 383 - 399, 15.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.56720/mevzu.1233310

Abstract

This study focuses on the criticisms of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, who are considered among the greatest philosophers of human history, to Athenian democracy. It also discusses what these criticisms mean for modern democracies. Socrates argues that democracy authorizes persons who are not qualified enough to have a say in politics. Plato, who sees democracy as a regime that paves the way for instability, is in favour of the "ideal state" in which the right to be a member of the ruling class will be limited to individuals with the necessary skills and education. Aristotle defines democracy as a regime that only serves the interests of the poor and defends the politeia, which will create a strong middle class and balance the interests of the rich and the poor. Political thinkers of the last two centuries argued to what extent the modern democracy is the “rule of the people”. Moreover, the Political Science literature reveal that the criticisms of these three philosophers against Athenian democracy might to some extent be valid for modern democracies as well.

References

  • Aktan C. C., & Fettahoğlu Hallier, M. (2021). Antik Atina'da Demokrasi: Kurucular ve Temel Kurumlar. Gorgon Dergisi, 35, 5-27.
  • Aristoteles. (2020). Politika. İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
  • Childers, T. (1983). The Nazi voter: The social foundations of fascism in Germany, 1919-1933. North Carolina: Univ of North Carolina Press.
  • Danziger, N. J. (2012). Understanding the Political World: A Comparative Introduction to Political Science. London: Pearson.
  • Davies, J. K. (1993). Democracy and Classical Greece. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press:
  • Gramsci, A. (1986). Hapishane Defterleri. İstanbul: Onur Yayınları.
  • Heywood, A. (2018). Siyaset. İstanbul:BB101.
  • Hüner, M. F. (2013). Antik Yunan Demokrasisi-Modern Demokrasi Karşılaştırması. Eleştirel Hukuk Dergisi, 13, 183- 203.
  • Hornblower, S. (2011). The Greek World 479-323 BC. London: Routledge.
  • Karagöz, K. (2010). Doğrudan Demokrasi Aracı Olarak Halk Girişimi. Ankara: Yekin Yayınları.
  • Kriesi, H., & Wisler, D. (1996). Social movements and direct democracy in Switzerland. European Journal of Political Research, 30(1), 19-40. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.1996.tb00666.x
  • Laclau, E., & MouffeE, C. (1985). Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics. London: Verso.
  • Lyotard, J.F. (1984). The Postmodern Condition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Marx, K. (2019). Karl Marx: Political Writings. London: Verso.
  • Mazeaud, A., & Nonjon, M. (2017). The participatory democracy market in France: Between standardization and fragmentation. In Bherer, L., Gauthier, M., & Simard, L. (Eds.) The Professionalization of Public Participation, 40-64. London: Routledge:
  • McClelland, J.S. (1996). A History of Western Political Thought. London: Routledge.
  • Merriman, F. V. (1915). The Rise and Fall of the Platonic Kallipolis. Mind, 24(93), 1-15.
  • Monoson, S. S. (2000). Plato's Democratic Entanglements. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Mosca, G. (1939). The Ruling Class. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Norris, P. (2004). Electoral engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ober, J. (2015). The Rise and Fall of Classical Greece. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Pareto, V. (1968). The Rise and Fall of the Elites. New Jersey: The Bedminster.
  • Platon. (2000). Devlet. İstanbul: Sosyal Yayınlar.
  • Platon. (2005). Sokrates'in Savunması. İstanbul: Bordo Siyah.
  • Raaflaub, K. (2004). The Discovery of Freedom in Ancient Greece: Revised and Updated Edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Rousseau, J. J. (2014). Toplum Sözleşmesi. Ankara: Tutku Yayınevi.
  • Russell, B. (2012). Batı Felsefesi Tarihi Cilt I. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
  • Sharrock, A., & Ashley, R. (2013). Fifty key classical authors. London: Routledge.
  • Şaylan, G. (2002). Postmodernizm. Ankara: İmge.
  • Tridimas, G. (2012). Constitutional choice in ancient Athens: the rationality of selection to office by lot. Constitutional Political Economy, 23(1), 1-21.
  • Urbinati, N. (2006). Representative democracy: principles and genealogy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Thorley, J. (2012). Athenian democracy. London: Routledge.
  • Yıldırım, M. (2009). Modernizm, postmodernizm ve kamu yönetimi. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi 6(2), 380- 397.
  • Zafirovski, M. (2010). The Enlightenment and its Effects on Modern Society. Cham: Springer.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Şevki Kıralp 0000-0003-1969-2257

Publication Date March 15, 2023
Submission Date January 12, 2023
Acceptance Date February 20, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 9

Cite

ISNAD Kıralp, Şevki. “Sokrates, Platon Ve Aristoteles’in Atina Demokrasisine Eleştirileri”. Mevzu – Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 9 (March 2023), 383-399. https://doi.org/10.56720/mevzu.1233310.

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