İsrail’de Devlet İdeolojisi, Toplumsal Mobilizasyon ve Dış Politika Etkileşimi Olarak Siyonizmin Görünümleri: Devletçi Siyonizm (Mamlahtiyut), Neo-Siyonizm, Hristiyan-Siyonizmi Anlamlandırmak

Year 2025, Issue: 13, 763 - 806, 15.03.2025

Gökhan Çınkara

https://doi.org/10.56720/mevzu.1596730

Abstract

Bu makale, Siyonizm'i İsrail'de devlet ideolojisi (mamlahtiyut), sağ ve milliyetçi konsolidasyonun billurlaşması (neo-siyonizm) ve nihayetinde Neo-Siyonizmin iç yerleşikleri tasfiyesi ve dış politik etkileşim alanını genişletmesi (Hristiyan Siyonizm) açılarından incelemektedir. 19. yüzyılda bir ulus-devlet ideolojisi ve toplumsal hareket olarak ortaya çıkan Siyonizm'in, Ya-hudi ulusal kimliğinin oluşumunda ve devletin kuruluşunda oynadığı belir-leyici rol önemlidir. Makale, Siyonizm'in kurucu rolünü göz önünde bulun-durarak bunun yanında bu üçlü rotada tarihsel, ideolojik ve politik tezahür-lerini analiz etmiştir. Bu üç rotanın İsrail'in fikirsel ve kurumsal süreçlerinin şekillenmesindeki rollerini tartışmaktadır. Makale, Siyonizm'in İsrail devleti-nin kurucu ideolojisi olarak ortaya çıkışını ve Sosyalist Siyonizm olarak ad-landırılan bir ideolojik akımla 1967’lere kadar olan hegemonik pozisyonunu sürdürdüğünü gözlemlemiştir. Fakat bu ideolojik görünümün Siyonizm’in tekil ve baskın yüzü olmadığı bilakis bu fikrin çok katmanlı bir yapıya sahip olduğu söylenebilir. Bu çeşitliliğin Siyonizm'in ideolojik çatışmalarla yeniden düzenlenişi, toplumu dönüştürme gücü ve dış fikirlerle etkileşim kapasitesini yansıttığı makalenin temel tezlerinden birisidir. Siyonizm statik, yerel ve monoblok bir siyasi fikir ve strateji olmanın ötesindedir. Makalede işlendiği şekliyle Siyonizmin konjonktüre uyumluluğu ve koşulların zorunluluğu içe-risindeki pragmatizmi dikkat çekicidir. Bu çalışmada, Siyonizm'in farklı dö-nemlerdeki gelişimi, ideolojik dönüşümleri ve dışsal etkileşimleri tarihsel ve analitik bir perspektifle ele almaktadır. İlk bölümde Mamlahtiyut yani dev-letçi Siyonizm üzerinden ilerlenmiş ve İsrail’in bir devlet olarak merkezileş-me süreci, toplumsal kolektivizmin endoktrinasyonu ve siyasal birliği inşa etme çabaları analiz edilmiştir. 1967 Savaşı sonrası zayıflayan mamlahtiyut-çu politik bloklar yerlerini alternatif sağ ve milliyetçi kadrolara bırakmaya başlamıştır. Makalenin ikinci bölümü bu yeni politik dönüşümünün ve elitle-rin yükselişinin ideolojik arkaplanı olarak Neo-Siyonizmi ele almaktadır. Fakat makalede de vurgulandığı üzere Neo-Siyonist elitlerin konsolidasyonu Binyamin Netanyahu’nun iktidara gelişiyle netlik kazanmıştır. Makalenin son bölümünde ise Hristiyan Siyonizm tarihsel izlek, temel fikir havuzu ve İsrail’in güncel siyasetiyle etkileşimleri açılarından ele alınmıştır. Hristiyan Siyonizm her ne kadar genel Siyonist okumaların dışında tutulsa da İsrail’de Netanyahu hükümetleri boyunca İsrailli elitlerin etkileşimde olduğu fikirsel akım, toplumsal hareket ve lobi grubu olarak görülebilir. Makalenin son bö-lümünde altı çizildiği şekliyle Neo-Siyonistlerin Hristiyan Siyonistlerle etkile-şimi İsrail siyasetinde ABD sağ siyasetinin temel kavramlarını yani lider ti-polojilerinin, politik çelişkilerin ve alternatif kurumların ihracına da imkân tanımıştır. Bu açıdan Hristiyan Siyonizmi anlamlandırmak ve haritalandır-mak İsrail’in güncel sağ politik retoriğini çözümlemek açısından önemlidir.

Keywords

İsrail, Siyonizm, Mamlahtiyut, Neo-Siyonizm, Hristiyan Siyonizmi

The Manifestations of Zionism as State Ideology, Social Mo-bilization, and Foreign Policy Interaction in Israel: Understanding Statist Zionism (Mamlahtiyut), Neo-Zionism, and Christian Zionism

Abstract

This article examines Zionism from three perspectives: its role as Israel's state ideology (Mamlahtiyut), its crystallization in right-wing and nationalist consolidation (Neo-Zionism), and ultimately, Neo-Zionism’s efforts to disp-lace internal settlers while expanding Israel's external political influence (Christian Zionism). Emerging in the 19th century as a nation-state ideology and social movement, Zionism played a decisive role in shaping Jewish na-tional identity and the establishment of the State of Israel. The article analy-zes the historical, ideological, and political manifestations of Zionism along this triadic trajectory, considering its foundational role while also discussing the influence of these three dimensions on Israel’s intellectual and institutio-nal development. The study observes that Zionism emerged as the founding ideology of the Israeli state and maintained a hegemonic position until the late 1960s under the ideological framework known as Socialist Zionism. However, the article argues that this ideological framework does not repre-sent the singular or dominant face of Zionism, which instead embodies a multi-layered structure. This diversity reflects Zionism's ability to reorganize itself through ideological conflicts, transform society, and interact with external ideas. One of the article’s central theses is that Zionism is not a sta-tic, local, or monolithic political idea and strategy. Rather, it exhibits signifi-cant adaptability to changing contexts and pragmatic responses to prevai-ling conditions, as explored throughout the discussion. The study adopts a historical and analytical perspective to examine the evolution of Zionism, its ideological transformations, and its external interactions across different periods. The first section focuses on Mamlahtiyut, or statist Zionism, analy-zing Israel's centralization process as a state, the indoctrination of social collectivism, and efforts to construct political unity. Following the wea-kening of Mamlahtiyut-oriented political blocs after the 1967 War, alternati-ve right-wing and nationalist groups began to ascend. The second section of the article examines Neo-Zionism as the ideological backdrop to this politi-cal transformation and the rise of new elites, emphasizing that the consoli-dation of Neo-Zionist elites became more evident with the ascendancy of Benjamin Netanyahu. The final section addresses Christian Zionism in terms of its historical trajectory, foundational ideas, and interactions with contemporary Israeli politics. While often excluded from mainstream Zionist interpretations, Christian Zionism is portrayed as a significant intellectual movement, social force, and lobbying group with which Israeli elites enga-ged, particularly during Netanyahu's administrations. As highlighted in the concluding part of the article, Neo-Zionist interactions with Christian Zio-nists facilitated the importation of key concepts from American right-wing politics into Israeli political discourse, including leadership typologies, politi-cal contradictions, and alternative institutional frameworks. Mapping and understanding Christian Zionism, therefore, is crucial for deciphering the current right-wing political rhetoric in Israel.

Keywords

Israel, Zionism, Mamlachtiut, Neo-Zionism, Christian Zionism

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