Investigation and Optimization of The Effect of Anhydrous Borax Mineral on The Vickers Hardness and Indentation Modulus Values of Iron Material

Year 2024, , 39 - 45, 21.06.2024

Şenol Şahin , Ayşegül Bodur Yılmaz , Talha Tunahan Kesemenli

https://doi.org/10.51354/mjen.1222550

Abstract

In this study, 5% and 10% by weight of anhydrous borax (AHB) was added to the iron (Fe) matrix material by powder metallurgy method and the effects of the additive ratio on the Vickers hardness (HV), Brinell hardness (HB) and Indentation modulus (EIT) values of the composites (Fe/AHB) were investigated. In the productions carried out using Taguchi experimental design method, AHB additive ratio, and sintering temperature parameters were selected as control parameters that were thought to affect the physical and/or mechanical properties of the Fe/AHB composite materials. The productions were carried out according to the Taguchi L4 orthogonal array, which was created depending on the control parameters and levels. Vickers hardness and indentation modulus measurements of pure iron and Fe/AHB composite materials were performed in accordance with BS EN ISO 14577-1 standard and Brinell hardness measurement was performed in accordance with TS EN ISO 6506-1 standard. According to the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) analysis performed with the experimental data, it was determined that the 10% AHB additive ratio and 950oC sintering temperature optimized all the investigated properties of the Fe/AHB composite material. It was determined that the values for Vickers hardness, Brinell hardness and indentation modulus increased by 142.03%, 69.32% and 144.11%, respectively, in the levels where the properties of the composite material were optimized compared to pure Fe material. As a result of the qualitative examination of all samples after storage in a comfortable environment without daylight, it was also observed that the anhydrous borax additive delayed the corrosion time of pure iron material.

Keywords

Anhydrous borax, composites, hardness, iron, powder metallurgy

References

• [1] Petersson, H., “Carbon Fiber Composite Materials in Modern Day Automotive Production Lines: A Case Study”, Proceedings of the ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition IMECE2013, San Diego, California, USA, 2013.
• [2] Reddy V. V., Mandava R. K., Rao V. R., Mandava S., “Optimization of dry sliding wear parameters of Al 7075 MMC’s using Taguchi method”, Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol 62, pp. 6684–6688, 2022
• [3] Rana V., Kumar H., Kumar A., “Fabrication of hybrid metal matrix composites (HMMCs) –A review of comprehensive research studies”, Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol 56 pp. 3102–3107, 2022
• [4] Mangalgiri P.D., “Composite materials for aerospace applications”, J. Bull. Mater. Sci. 22 (3) 657–664, 1999
• [5] Seetharaman S., Subramanian J., Singh R. A., Wong W. L. E., Nai M. L. S., Gupta M., “Mechanical Properties of Sustainable Metal Matrix Composites:A Review on the Role of Green Reinforcements and Processing Methods”, Technologies, https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10010032, 2022
• [6] Karacay E., “Production of boron carbide and its characterization”, Gazi University, Institute of Science and Technology, Master Thesis, Ankara, Türkiye, 2008.
• [7] Surappa M.K., “Microstructure evolution during solidification of DRMMCs (Discontinuously reinforced metal matrix composites): State of art”, Journal of. Material Process Technology, vol 63 (1-3) pp. 325–333, 1997
• [8] C. Xiang∗, L. Yanxiang, “Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of high boron white cast iron”, Materials Science and Engineering A, A 528 pp. 770–775, 2010
• [9] K.A. Taylor, S.S. Hansen, “The boron hardenability effect in thermomechanically processed, direct-quenched 0.2 Pct C steels, Metall”. Trans. A. 21, pp. 1697–1708, 1990
• [10] Inal M., Sahin S., ve Sahin Y., “Optimization of the Young’s Modulus of Low Flow Polypropylene Talc/Colemanite Hybrid Composite Materials with Artificial Neural Networks”, IFAC-PapersOnLine Volume 51, Issue 30, Pages 277-281, 2018
• [11] F. Nair, and M. Hamamci, “Effect of In-Situ Synthesized Boride Phases on the Impact Behavior of Iron-Based Composites Reinforced by B4C Particles”, Metals 2020, 10, 554; doi:10.3390/met10050554
• [12] J. Lentz , A. Röttger, W. Theisen, “Hardness and modulus of Fe2B, Fe3(C,B), and Fe23(C,B)6 borides and carboborides in the Fe-C-B system”, Materials Characterization 135, pp.192–202, 2018
• [13] Z. Lva, H. Fub, J. Xinga, Z. Huanga, S. Maa, Y. Hua, “Influence of boron contents on oxidation behavior and the diffusion mechanism of Fe–B based alloys at 1073K in air”, Corrosion Science, Corros. Sci. 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2016.03.002
• [14] Bodur A., Sahin S., ve Sahin Y., Inal M., “Modelling of the Flexural Strength of Low Flow Polypropylene Talc/Colemanite Hybrid Composite Materials with Taguchi and ANFIS Methods”, IFAC-PapersOnLine Volume 51, Issue 30, Pages 271-276, 2018
• [15] Montealegre-Melendez I., Arévalo C., Ariza E., Pérez-Soriano E. M., Rubio-Escudero C., Kitzmantel M. and Neubauer E., “Analysis of the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Titanium-Based Composites Reinforced by Secondary Phases and B4C Particles Produced via Direct Hot Pressing”, Materials 2017, 10, 1240
• [16] K.A. Taylor, S.S. Hansen, “The boron hardenability effect in thermomechanically processed, direct-quenched 0.2 Pct C steels”, Metall. Trans. A. 21, 1697–1708, 1990
• [17] O. Yu Gutina, N.I. Medvedeva, I.R. Shein, A.L. Ivanovskii, J.E. Medvedeva, “Electronic structure and magnetic properties of Fe3C with 2p and 3p impurities”, Phys. Status Solidi Basic Res. 246, 2167–2171, 2009