Sedimentological and mineralogical-petrographic characteristics of Miocene evaporitic deposits (SW Erzincan)

Year 2021, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 169 - 183, 06.12.2021

Pelin Güngör Yeşilova , Şeyma Yavuz

https://doi.org/10.51354/mjen.954609

Cited By: 2

Abstract

 This study aimed to find the depositional environment and formation conditions of the gypsum-dominated Miocene succession alternated and intercalated with clastics and carbonates in the southwestern part of the Erzincan Basin. As a result of sedimentological, mineralogical-petrographic investigations, it was determined that the gypsum in this sequence was formed as primary and secondary. Primary lithofacies; nodular anhydrite, selenitic, discoidal, gypsum arenitic secondary lithofacies; It is divided into massive, laminated, banded, nodular, brecciated, satin-spar. The facies repetitions and folds, fractures, cracks and faulting in the sequence showed the effect of tectonism with the water level fluctuations in the basin. In addition, these investigations revealed sedimentary structures such as cross-bedding, ripple undulations, chicken-wire, enterolithic and bacterial-algal structures, parallel laminations in gypsum lithofacies. In addition to these, it was understood that gypsum lithofacies were exposed to diagenetic processes under the influence of a hot-humid and semi-arid climate, organic matter activity, meteoric/underground-water and hydrothermal solution factors, and were subjected to high temperature, pressure, salinity and pH conditions.

Keywords

evaporite, lagoon, playa lake, Miocene, Erzincan

Supporting Institution

Yüzüncü Yıl University Scientific Research Projects

Project Number

FYL-2019-8742

Thanks

This study was carried out within the scope of Yüzüncü Yıl University Scientific Research Projects project no " FYL-2019-8742". I would like to thank Çetin Yeşilova for their contribution in the preparation of the article and field studies.

References

• Brinkmann, R., “Geology of Turkey”, Elsevier, Amsterdam, (1976), 158.
• Açlan, M., Altun, Y., “Syn-collisional I-type Esenköy Pluton (Eastern Anatolia-Turkey): an indication for collision between Arabian and Eurasian plates”, J. African Ear. Sci., 142, (2018), 1–11.
• Oyan, V., “Ar-Ar dating and petrogenesis of the Early Miocene Taşkapı-Mecitli (Erciş-Van) granitoid, Eastern Anatolia Collisional Zone, Turkey”, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 158, (2018), 210-226.
• Şengör, A. M. C., Yılmaz, Y., “Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach” Tectonophysics, 75, (1981), 181–241.
• Hall, R., “Ophiolite emplacement and the evolution of the Taurus Suture Zone, southeastern Turkey”, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 87, (1976), 1078-1088.
• Kurtman, F., Akkuş, M. F., Gedik, A., “The geology and oil potential of the Muş-Van region”, Miner. Res. Explor. Inst., 169, (1978), 124-133.
• Koşun, E., Çiner, A., “Zara güneyi (Sivas havzası) karasal-sığ denizel Miyosen çökellerinin litostratigrafisi ve fasiyes özellikleri”, MTA Dergisi, 125, (2002), 65-88.
• Tüysüz, O., “Erzincan çevresinin jeolojisi ve tektonik evrimi”, 2nd National Earthquake Engineering Conference, Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects Chambers of Civil Engineers, (1993), 271–280.
• Çiner, A., Koşun, E., “Hafik güneyindeki (Sivas Havzası) Oligo-Miyosen yaşlı çökellerin stratigrafisi ve sedimantolojisi” TPJD Bült., 8 (1966a), 16-34.
• Kurtman, F., “Sivas-Hafik-Zara ve imranlı bölgesinin jeolojik ve tektonik yapısı” MTA Derg., 80 (1973), 1-32.
• Tatar, Y., “Kuzey Anadolu Fay zonunun Erzincan-Refahiye arasındaki bölümü üzerinde tektonik incelemeler” Yerbilimleri Derg., 4 (1978), 201-236.
• Poisson, A. M., Guezou, J. C., Öztürk, A., İnan, S., Temiz, H., Gürsoy, H., Kavak, K., Özden, S., “Tectonic setting and evolution of the Sivas Basin, Central Anatolia, Turkey”, Int. Geol. Rev., 38 (1996), 838-853.
• Koçyiğit, A., Özkan, S., Rojay, B., “Examples from the forearc basin remnants at the active margin of northern Neo-Tethys: development and emplacement ages of the Anatolian Nappes, Turkey”, Metu Journal of Pure And Applied Sciences, 21 (1988), 183-210.
• Yılmaz, A., “Çarpışma sonrası bir çanak örneği: Sivas Havzası, Türkiye”, Türkiye 10. Petrol Kongresi ve Sergisi Bildirileri, (1994), 21-33.
• Kavak, K.S., İnan, S., “Savcun ve Karacaören (Ulaş-Sivas) yörelerinde Sivas havzası güney kenarındaki tektonostratigrafik özellikleri”, Yerbilimleri, 23 (2001), 113-127.
• Rojay, B., Karaca, A., “Post-Miocene deformation in the south of the Galatean Volcanic Province, NW of Central Anatolia (Turkey)”, Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences,17 (2008), 653–672.
• Akpınar, Z., Gürsoy. H., Tatar, O., Büyüksaraç, A., Koçbulut, F., Piper, J. D., “Geophysical analysis of fault geometry and volcanic activity in the Erzincan Basin, Central Turkey: complex evolution of a mature pull-apart basin” Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 116 (2016), 97–114.
• Arpat, E., Şarolu, F., “Türkiye’deki bazı önemli genç tektonik olaylar”, Bullet. Geol. Cong.18 (1975), 91–101.
• Özgül, N. Ç., Turşucu, A., Özyardımcı, N., Şenol, M., Bingöl, İ., Uysal, Ş., “Munzur Dağlarının jeolojisi, MTA Derleme Rap., No. (1981), 6995.
• Barka, A. A., “Some neotectoic features of the Erzincan basin”, Earthq. Symp. Spec. Publs., (1984), 115-125.
• Gökçen. S. L., Kelling, G., “Oligocene deposits of the Zara-Hafik region (Sivas, Central Turkey); evolution from storrn-infuenced shelf to evaporitic basin”, Geol. Rundschau, 74 (1985), 139-153.
• Yılmaz, A., “Yukarı Kelkit Çayı ile Munzur Dağları arasının temel jeoloji özellikleri ve yapısal evrimi” Türkiye Jeol. Kur. Bült., 28 (1985), 79-92.
• Barka, A. A., Gülen, L., “New constraints on the age and total offset of the North Anatolian Fault Zone: implifications for tectonics of the Eastern Mediterranean Region”, METU Journal of Pure Applied Science, 21 (1989), 39-63.
• Norman, T. N., “On the structural evolution of the melange belt, north of Hafik (Sivas), Central Turkey”, Türkiye 8. Petrol Kongresi Bildiriler kitabı, Ankara, (1990).
• Koçyiğit, A., “Neotectonic structures and related landforms expressing the contractional and extensional strains along the North Anatolian Fault at the northwetern margin of the Erzincan basin, NE Turkey” Bull. Tech. Univ., 44 (1991), 455-473.
• Aktimur, H. T., Sarıaslan, M., Keçer, M., Turşucu, A., Örçen, S., Yurdakul, M. E., Mutlu, G., Aktimur, S., 1988., Yıldırım, T., “Erzincan dolayının jeolojisi” MTA Rapor No. (1995), 9772.
• Emre, Ö., Duman T. Y., Kondo, H., Olgun, Ş., Özalp, S., Elmacı, H., “1/250 000 ölçekli Türkiye diri fay haritası serisi, Erzincan (NJ 37-3) Paftası”, MTA Rapor No. (2012), 44.
• Atalay, Z., “Sivas'ın batı ve güneybatısındaki çökellerin stratigrafisi ve çökel ortamları, Sivas Baseni Oturumu”, Cumhuriyet Univ. Müh. Fak., (1993), 6-8.
• Bayhan, H., Baysal, O., “Güneş-Soğucak (Divriği-Sivas) yöresinni petrografik ve petrolojik incelenmesi”, TJK Bülteni, 25 (1982), 1-13.
• Tunç, M., Özçelik, O., Tutkun, Z., Gökçe, A., “Divriği-Yakuplu-İliç-Hamo (Sivas) yöresinin temel jeoloji özellikleri”, Tr. J. Eng. And Envi. Scie., 15 (1993), 225-245.
• Yılmaz, A., Sümengen, M., Terlemez, İ., Bilgiç, T., “1/100000 ölçekli Türkiye jeoloji haritaları serisi. Sivas-G23 paftası”, MTA, (1989), Ankara.
• Aktimur, H. T., Ateş, Ş., Atalay, Z., Tekirli, M. E., Yurdakul, M. E., “Munzur Dağları ile Çavuşdağı arasının jeolojisi” MTA Derleme Rapor No. (1988), 8320.
• Kurtman, F., “Munzurlarda Kemah ve Ovacık bölgelerine ait petrol istikşaf etüdü” MTA Petrol Şubesi Rap. No. (1961), 22.
• Özdemir, C., İçen, C., “Erzincan İli İliç İlçesi ve civarı demir etütleri raporu”, MTA Rapor No. (1971), 4461.
• Aktimur, H. T., Tekirli, M. E., Yurdakul, M. E., “Sivas-Erzincan Tersiyer Havzasının jeolojisi” MTA Derg., 111, (1990), 25-36.
• Temiz, H., “The role of thrust ramp reactivation in pull-apart mechanism of the Erzincan basin, North Anatolian Fault Zone, Turkey”, Geodinam. Acta, 17, (2004), 219–228.
• Schreiber, B. C., Freidman, G. M., Decima, A., Schreiber, E., “Depositional environments of Upper Miocene (Messinien) evaporite deposites of the Silician Basin”, Sedimentology, 23, (1976), 729–760.
• Shearman, D. J., “Origin of marine evaporites by diagenesis” Trans. Inst. Min. Metal., 75 (1966), 208-215.
• Warren, J. K., Kendall, G. C. S. C., “Comparison of marine sabkhas (subareial) and saline (subaqueous) evaporites: Modern and ancient”, Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., 69, (1985), 1013-1023.
• Warren, J. K., “Evaporites: sediments, resources and hydrocarbons”, (2006) Springer, Berlin.
• Garrison, R. E., Schreiber, B. C., Bernoulli, D., Fabricius, F. H., Kidd, R. B., Melieres, F., “Sedimentary petrology and structures of Messinian evaporitic sediments in the Mediterranean Sea,”, Ini. Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Pro., 42, (1978), 571-611.
• Babel, M., “Models for evaporite, selenite and gypsum microbialite deposition in ancient saline basins”, Acta Geologica Polonica, 54, (2004), 219–249.
• Schreiber, B. C., Babel, M., Lugli, S., “Evaporites through Space and Time”, Geological Society, London Special Publications, 285, (2007), 1-13.
• Cody, R. D., “Lenticular gypsum: occurrences in nature, and experimental determinations of effects of soluble green plant material on its formation”, J. Sed. Pet., 49, (1979), 1015–1028.
• Cody, R. D., Cody, A. M., “Gypsum nucleation and crystal morphology in analog saline terrestrial environments”, J. Sediment. Petrol., 58 (1988), 247–255.
• Shearman, D. J., Orti, F., “Upper Miocene gypsum: San Miguel de Salinas, SE Spain”, Soc. Geol. Ital., 16, (1976), 327–339.
• Warren, J. K., “The hydrological setting, ocuurence and significance of gypsum in the late Quaternery salt lakes in South Australia”, Sedimentology, 29, (1982), 609–637.
• Manzi, V., Lugli, S., Ricci Lucchi, F., Roveri, M., “Deepwater clastic evaporites deposition in the Messinian Adriatic foredeep (northern Apennines, Italy): did the Mediterranean ever dry out?”, Sedimentology, 52, (2005), 875-902.
• Carrillo, E., Rosell, L., Ortí, F., “Multiepisodic evaporite sedimentation as an indicator of palaeogeographic evolution in foreland basins (Southeastern Pyrenean basin, Early–Middle Eocene)”, Sedimentology, 61, (2014), 7.
• Kinsman, D. J. J., “Models of formation, sedimentary associations and diagnositic features of shallow water and supratidal evaporites”, Am, Assoc: Petr. Geol., 53, (1969), 830-840.
• Caldwell, R. H., “Holocene gypsum deposits of the Bullara Sunkland, Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia”, Thesis, Univ.Western Australia, (1976), 123.
• Hardie, L. A., Smooth, J. P., Eugster, H. P., “Saline lakes and their deposits”, Sedimentology, 2, (1978), 7-41.
• El-Tabakh, M., Riccioni, R., Schreiber, B. C., “Evolution of Late Triassic rift basin evaporites (Passaic Formation); Newark Basin, eastern North America”, Sedimentology, 44 (1997), 767–790.
• Arakel, A. V., “Genesis and diagenesis of Holocene evaporitic sediments in Hurt and Leeman Lagoons, western Australia”, J. Sedimen. Petrol., 50, (1980), 1305-1326.
• Magee, J. W., “Late Quaternary Lacustrine, groundwater, aeolian pedogenic gypsum in the Prungle lakes, Southeastern Australia”, Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology-Paleoecology, 84, (1991), 3–42.
• Ogniben, L., “Inverse graded bedding in primary gypsum of chemical deposition”, J. Sed. Petrology, 25, (1955), 273-281.
• Arzaghi, I. S., Khosrow-Tehrani. K., Afghah, M., “Sedimentology and petrography of Paleocene–Eocene evaporites: The Sachun Formation, Zagros Basin”, Carbonates Evaporites, 27, (2012), 43–53.
• Çiner, A., Koşun, E., Deynoux, M., “Fluvial, evaporitic and shallow-marine facies architecture, depositional evolution and cyclicity in the Sivas Basin (Lower to Middle Miocene), Central Turkey”, J. Asian Earth Sci., 21, (2002), 147-165.
• Aref, M. A., Basyoni, M. H., Bachmann, G. H., “Microbial and physical sedimentary structures in modern evaporitic coastal environments of Saudi Arabia and Egypt”, Facies 60, (2014), 371–388.
• Hardie, L. A., “Evaporites: Marine or non-marine” Amer. Jour. Scien., 284, (1984),193–240.
• Hardie, L. A., Lowenstein, T. K., Spencer, R. W., “The problem of distinguishing between primary and secondary features in evaporites”, Salt Institute, 1, (1985), 11-39.
• Reineck, H. E., Singh, I. B., “Depositional Sedimentary environments”, Springer verlag, Berlin, (1975), 549.
• Orti, F., Rosell, L., “Evaporite systems and diagenetic patterns in the Calatayud Basin (Miocene, central Spain)” Sedimentology, 47, (2000), 665–685.
• Peryt, T. M., Ortí, F., Rosell, L., “Sulfate platform-basin transition of the lower Werra Anhydrite (Zechstein, Upper Permian), western Poland: facies and petrography”, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 63, (1993), 646–658.
• Kendall, A. C., “Evaporites. Facies Models-response to sea level change”, Geological Association of Canada, St John’s, (1992), 375–409.
• Ortí, F., Salvany, J. M., “Coastal salina evaporites of the Triassic–Liassic boundary in the Iberian Peninsula: The Alacón borehole”, Geologica Acta, 2, (2004), 291–304.
• Orti, F., Salvany, M., “Continental evaporitic sedimentation in the Ebro Basin during the Miocene. Sedimentary Deposition in Rift and Foreland Basins in France and Spain (Paleogene and Lower Neogene)”, Columbia University Press, New York, (1997), 420-430.
• Holliday, D. W., “The petrology of secondary gypsum rocks”, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 40, (1970), 734-744.
• Abdioğlu, E., Arslan, M., Kadir, S., Temizel, İ., “Alteration minerology, lithochemistry and stable isotope geochemistry of the Murgul (Artvin, Ne Turkey) volcanic hosted massive sulfide deposit: implications to alteration age and ore forming fluids”, Ore Geol. Rev., 66, (2015), 219–242.
• Orti, F., Rosell, L., “Sulfatos evaporiticos de interés petrologico (In Spanish)”, Edicions Universitad de Barcelona, Fundacio Folch, (1997).
• Forjanes, P., Astilleros, J. M., Fernández-Díaz, L., “The Formation of barite and celestite through the replacement of gypsum”, Minerals, 10, (2020), 189.
• Kushnir, J., “The composition and origin of brines during the Messinian desiccation event in the Mediterrnnean basin as deduced from concentrations of ions coprccipitated with gypsum and anhydrite” Chern. Geol., 35, (1982), 333–350.
• Lan, X. H., “Clay minerals as an index of paleoclimate. Geological Science and Technology Information”, 9, (1990), 31 – 35.
• Kovacs, G. T., Morgan, G., Levine, M., McCrann, J.,“The Australian community overwhelmingly approves IVF to treat subfertility, with increasing support over three decades”, Obstetr Gynaecol, 52, (2012), 302– 304.
• Temel, A., Gençoğlu, H., Bayhan, H., Öner, F., Ağrılı, H., “Meke Dere (Güzelyurt-Aksaray) kaolinit ocağının hidrotermal mineral oluşumları”, VII. Ulusal Kil Sempozyumu, (1995), 76-87.
• Scholle, P. A., Ulmer, D. S., Melim, L. A., “Late-stage calcites in the Permian Capitan Formation and its equivalents, Delaware Basin margin, west Texas and New Mexico: evidence for replacement of precursor evaporites”, Sedimentology, 39, (1992), 207–234.
• Pryor, W. A., “Biogenie sedimentation and alteration of argillaceous sediments in shallow marine environments”, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 86, (1975), 1244-1254.
• Deik, H., Reuning, L., Petrick, B., Takayanagi, H., “Hardened faecal pellets as a significant component in deep water, subtropical marine environments”, A Jour. Inter. Assoc. Sedim., (2019), DOI: 10.1002/dep2.64
• Tucker, R. M., “Giant polygons in the Triassic salt of Cheshire, England: a thermal contraction model for their origin”, J. Sediment. Pet., 51, (1981), 779-786.
• Playa, E., Orti, F., Rosell, L., “Marine to non-marine sediementation in the upper Miocene evaporites of the Eastern Betics, SE Spain: sedimentological and geochemical evidences”. Sed. Geol., 133, (2000), 135–166.
• Hardie, L. A., Eugster, H. P., “The depositional environment of marine evaporites: a case for shallow, clastic accumulation” Sedimentology, 16, (1971), 187–220.