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Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 1 - 12, 30.12.2025

Abstract

References

  • Archivo Segreto Vaticano, Regista Supplicatiorum 4, fol. 225r
  • Archivo Segreto Vaticano, Regista Vaticano 138, fols. 124v-125r, ep. 442, 268v-269r, ep. 524
  • Archivo Segreto Vaticano, Regista Supplicatiorum 13, fol. 167r
  • Archivo Segreto Vaticano, Regista Supplicatiorum
  • Aberth J. 2001, From The Brink Of The Apocalypse. Confronting Famine, War, Plague, And Death İn The Later Middle Ages. New York.
  • Behringer W. 2010, A Cultural History of Climate. Cambridge.
  • Boccaccio, G. 2021, Decameron. Çev. R. Teksoy. İstanbul.
  • Bücking, J. 1975. Der Bauernkrieg in den habsburgischen Ländern als sozialer Systemkonflikt 1524–1526. Geschichte und Gesellschaft, (Sonderheft: Der Deutsche Bauernkrieg 1524–1526), 168–192.
  • Cahen, C. 1984, Osmanlıdan Önce Anadolu'da Türkler. İstanbul.
  • Cantacuzenus, I. 1832. “Ioannis Cantacuzeni Eximperatoris Historiarum Libri IV”. Eds. L. Schopeni, Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae III, Paris.
  • Cardini, F., ve Montesano, M. (2006). Storia medievale. Firenze: Le Monnier Università.
  • Carr, M. 2015. Mercant Crusades In The Aegean 1291-1352. Woodbridge.
  • Clement VI, 1925, Lettres Closes, Patentes Et Curiales Du Pape Clément VI Se Rapportant À La France Tome I. Eds. Eugene Depréz et al., Paris.
  • Davis, W. 2004, “Din Sosyolojisi.”, Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 11, 291-308.
  • Diplomatarium Veneto-Levantinum. 1880. Venetiis.
  • Dols, M. 1977, The Black Death in The Middle East. Princeton.
  • Emecen, F. M. 2021, İlk Osmanlılar ve Batı Anadolu Beylikleri Dünyası. İstanbul.
  • Gay, J. 1904, Le Papa Clément VI et Les Affaires D'orient . Paris.
  • Genicot, L. 1971, “Crises: From the Middile Ages to Modern Times.” Eds. M. M. Postan, The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, The Agrarian Life of The Middie Ages. V. I. Cambridge.
  • Gregoras, N. 1930, “Byzantina Historia.” Eds. L. Schopeni, Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae II. Paris.
  • Jordan, W. C., 1996, The Great Famine: northern Europe in the early fourteenth century Princeton.
  • Karpov, S. 1997, “Black Sea And The Crisis Of The Mid XIVth Century: An Underestimated Turning Point.” Thesaurismata, 27, 65-77.
  • Kedar, B. Z. 1976, Merchants in Crisis: Genoese And Venetian Men Of Affairs And Fourteenth Century Depression. New Haven.
  • Lucas, H. 1930, The Great Eurepean Famine of 1315, 1316 and 1317, Speculum, 5 (4), 343-377.
  • Marco Polo. 2014. The Travels of Marco Polo. Çev. L. Benedetto, London.
  • Michaelis Platiensis. 1797, “Historia Sicula.” Bibliotheca Xcriptorum Qui Res in Sicilia Gestas. Panormi, 511-780.
  • Regestes Des Deliberations Du Senat De Venise Concernant La Romanie 1329-1399. 1958, Paris.
  • Russell, J. C. (1972). Population in Europe. C. M. Cipolla (Ed.), The Fontana Economic History of Europe (Vol. I: The Middle Ages, pp. 25-71). Glasgow.
  • Sapori A. 1926, La Crisi Delle Compagnie Mercantili Dei Bardi E Dei Peruzzi. Firenze.
  • Schamiloğlu, U. 2004, "The Rise Of The Ottoman Empire: The Black Death İn Medieval Anatolia And İts Impact On Turkish Civilization.” Views from the Edge: Essays in Honor of Richard W. Bulliet. New York.
  • Scheidel W. 2017, The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century. Princeton.
  • Slavin, P. 2012, The Great Bovine Pestilence and Its Economic and Environmental Consequence in England and Wales 1318-50. The Economic History Review, 65 (4), 1239-1266.
  • Stantchev, S. 2012. “The Medieval Origins Of Embargo As A Policy Tool.” History Of Political Thought, 33 (3), 373-399.
  • Turan, Ş. 2020, Türkiye -İtalya İlişkileri I Selçuklular’dan Bizans’ın Sona Erişine. Ankara.
  • William C. J. 1996, The Great Famine. Northern Europe in the Early Fourteenth Century. Princeton.
  • Zachariadou, E. A. 1983. Trade and crusade Venetian Crete And The emırates of Menteshe and Aydın 1300-1415. Venice.
  • Zuchello, P. 1957, Lettere di mercanti a Pignol Zuchello (1334-1350). Eds. M. D. Rocca, Venezia.

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 1 - 12, 30.12.2025

Abstract

References

  • Archivo Segreto Vaticano, Regista Supplicatiorum 4, fol. 225r
  • Archivo Segreto Vaticano, Regista Vaticano 138, fols. 124v-125r, ep. 442, 268v-269r, ep. 524
  • Archivo Segreto Vaticano, Regista Supplicatiorum 13, fol. 167r
  • Archivo Segreto Vaticano, Regista Supplicatiorum
  • Aberth J. 2001, From The Brink Of The Apocalypse. Confronting Famine, War, Plague, And Death İn The Later Middle Ages. New York.
  • Behringer W. 2010, A Cultural History of Climate. Cambridge.
  • Boccaccio, G. 2021, Decameron. Çev. R. Teksoy. İstanbul.
  • Bücking, J. 1975. Der Bauernkrieg in den habsburgischen Ländern als sozialer Systemkonflikt 1524–1526. Geschichte und Gesellschaft, (Sonderheft: Der Deutsche Bauernkrieg 1524–1526), 168–192.
  • Cahen, C. 1984, Osmanlıdan Önce Anadolu'da Türkler. İstanbul.
  • Cantacuzenus, I. 1832. “Ioannis Cantacuzeni Eximperatoris Historiarum Libri IV”. Eds. L. Schopeni, Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae III, Paris.
  • Cardini, F., ve Montesano, M. (2006). Storia medievale. Firenze: Le Monnier Università.
  • Carr, M. 2015. Mercant Crusades In The Aegean 1291-1352. Woodbridge.
  • Clement VI, 1925, Lettres Closes, Patentes Et Curiales Du Pape Clément VI Se Rapportant À La France Tome I. Eds. Eugene Depréz et al., Paris.
  • Davis, W. 2004, “Din Sosyolojisi.”, Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 11, 291-308.
  • Diplomatarium Veneto-Levantinum. 1880. Venetiis.
  • Dols, M. 1977, The Black Death in The Middle East. Princeton.
  • Emecen, F. M. 2021, İlk Osmanlılar ve Batı Anadolu Beylikleri Dünyası. İstanbul.
  • Gay, J. 1904, Le Papa Clément VI et Les Affaires D'orient . Paris.
  • Genicot, L. 1971, “Crises: From the Middile Ages to Modern Times.” Eds. M. M. Postan, The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, The Agrarian Life of The Middie Ages. V. I. Cambridge.
  • Gregoras, N. 1930, “Byzantina Historia.” Eds. L. Schopeni, Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae II. Paris.
  • Jordan, W. C., 1996, The Great Famine: northern Europe in the early fourteenth century Princeton.
  • Karpov, S. 1997, “Black Sea And The Crisis Of The Mid XIVth Century: An Underestimated Turning Point.” Thesaurismata, 27, 65-77.
  • Kedar, B. Z. 1976, Merchants in Crisis: Genoese And Venetian Men Of Affairs And Fourteenth Century Depression. New Haven.
  • Lucas, H. 1930, The Great Eurepean Famine of 1315, 1316 and 1317, Speculum, 5 (4), 343-377.
  • Marco Polo. 2014. The Travels of Marco Polo. Çev. L. Benedetto, London.
  • Michaelis Platiensis. 1797, “Historia Sicula.” Bibliotheca Xcriptorum Qui Res in Sicilia Gestas. Panormi, 511-780.
  • Regestes Des Deliberations Du Senat De Venise Concernant La Romanie 1329-1399. 1958, Paris.
  • Russell, J. C. (1972). Population in Europe. C. M. Cipolla (Ed.), The Fontana Economic History of Europe (Vol. I: The Middle Ages, pp. 25-71). Glasgow.
  • Sapori A. 1926, La Crisi Delle Compagnie Mercantili Dei Bardi E Dei Peruzzi. Firenze.
  • Schamiloğlu, U. 2004, "The Rise Of The Ottoman Empire: The Black Death İn Medieval Anatolia And İts Impact On Turkish Civilization.” Views from the Edge: Essays in Honor of Richard W. Bulliet. New York.
  • Scheidel W. 2017, The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century. Princeton.
  • Slavin, P. 2012, The Great Bovine Pestilence and Its Economic and Environmental Consequence in England and Wales 1318-50. The Economic History Review, 65 (4), 1239-1266.
  • Stantchev, S. 2012. “The Medieval Origins Of Embargo As A Policy Tool.” History Of Political Thought, 33 (3), 373-399.
  • Turan, Ş. 2020, Türkiye -İtalya İlişkileri I Selçuklular’dan Bizans’ın Sona Erişine. Ankara.
  • William C. J. 1996, The Great Famine. Northern Europe in the Early Fourteenth Century. Princeton.
  • Zachariadou, E. A. 1983. Trade and crusade Venetian Crete And The emırates of Menteshe and Aydın 1300-1415. Venice.
  • Zuchello, P. 1957, Lettere di mercanti a Pignol Zuchello (1334-1350). Eds. M. D. Rocca, Venezia.

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 1 - 12, 30.12.2025

Abstract

References

  • Archivo Segreto Vaticano, Regista Supplicatiorum 4, fol. 225r
  • Archivo Segreto Vaticano, Regista Vaticano 138, fols. 124v-125r, ep. 442, 268v-269r, ep. 524
  • Archivo Segreto Vaticano, Regista Supplicatiorum 13, fol. 167r
  • Archivo Segreto Vaticano, Regista Supplicatiorum
  • Aberth J. 2001, From The Brink Of The Apocalypse. Confronting Famine, War, Plague, And Death İn The Later Middle Ages. New York.
  • Behringer W. 2010, A Cultural History of Climate. Cambridge.
  • Boccaccio, G. 2021, Decameron. Çev. R. Teksoy. İstanbul.
  • Bücking, J. 1975. Der Bauernkrieg in den habsburgischen Ländern als sozialer Systemkonflikt 1524–1526. Geschichte und Gesellschaft, (Sonderheft: Der Deutsche Bauernkrieg 1524–1526), 168–192.
  • Cahen, C. 1984, Osmanlıdan Önce Anadolu'da Türkler. İstanbul.
  • Cantacuzenus, I. 1832. “Ioannis Cantacuzeni Eximperatoris Historiarum Libri IV”. Eds. L. Schopeni, Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae III, Paris.
  • Cardini, F., ve Montesano, M. (2006). Storia medievale. Firenze: Le Monnier Università.
  • Carr, M. 2015. Mercant Crusades In The Aegean 1291-1352. Woodbridge.
  • Clement VI, 1925, Lettres Closes, Patentes Et Curiales Du Pape Clément VI Se Rapportant À La France Tome I. Eds. Eugene Depréz et al., Paris.
  • Davis, W. 2004, “Din Sosyolojisi.”, Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 11, 291-308.
  • Diplomatarium Veneto-Levantinum. 1880. Venetiis.
  • Dols, M. 1977, The Black Death in The Middle East. Princeton.
  • Emecen, F. M. 2021, İlk Osmanlılar ve Batı Anadolu Beylikleri Dünyası. İstanbul.
  • Gay, J. 1904, Le Papa Clément VI et Les Affaires D'orient . Paris.
  • Genicot, L. 1971, “Crises: From the Middile Ages to Modern Times.” Eds. M. M. Postan, The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, The Agrarian Life of The Middie Ages. V. I. Cambridge.
  • Gregoras, N. 1930, “Byzantina Historia.” Eds. L. Schopeni, Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae II. Paris.
  • Jordan, W. C., 1996, The Great Famine: northern Europe in the early fourteenth century Princeton.
  • Karpov, S. 1997, “Black Sea And The Crisis Of The Mid XIVth Century: An Underestimated Turning Point.” Thesaurismata, 27, 65-77.
  • Kedar, B. Z. 1976, Merchants in Crisis: Genoese And Venetian Men Of Affairs And Fourteenth Century Depression. New Haven.
  • Lucas, H. 1930, The Great Eurepean Famine of 1315, 1316 and 1317, Speculum, 5 (4), 343-377.
  • Marco Polo. 2014. The Travels of Marco Polo. Çev. L. Benedetto, London.
  • Michaelis Platiensis. 1797, “Historia Sicula.” Bibliotheca Xcriptorum Qui Res in Sicilia Gestas. Panormi, 511-780.
  • Regestes Des Deliberations Du Senat De Venise Concernant La Romanie 1329-1399. 1958, Paris.
  • Russell, J. C. (1972). Population in Europe. C. M. Cipolla (Ed.), The Fontana Economic History of Europe (Vol. I: The Middle Ages, pp. 25-71). Glasgow.
  • Sapori A. 1926, La Crisi Delle Compagnie Mercantili Dei Bardi E Dei Peruzzi. Firenze.
  • Schamiloğlu, U. 2004, "The Rise Of The Ottoman Empire: The Black Death İn Medieval Anatolia And İts Impact On Turkish Civilization.” Views from the Edge: Essays in Honor of Richard W. Bulliet. New York.
  • Scheidel W. 2017, The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century. Princeton.
  • Slavin, P. 2012, The Great Bovine Pestilence and Its Economic and Environmental Consequence in England and Wales 1318-50. The Economic History Review, 65 (4), 1239-1266.
  • Stantchev, S. 2012. “The Medieval Origins Of Embargo As A Policy Tool.” History Of Political Thought, 33 (3), 373-399.
  • Turan, Ş. 2020, Türkiye -İtalya İlişkileri I Selçuklular’dan Bizans’ın Sona Erişine. Ankara.
  • William C. J. 1996, The Great Famine. Northern Europe in the Early Fourteenth Century. Princeton.
  • Zachariadou, E. A. 1983. Trade and crusade Venetian Crete And The emırates of Menteshe and Aydın 1300-1415. Venice.
  • Zuchello, P. 1957, Lettere di mercanti a Pignol Zuchello (1334-1350). Eds. M. D. Rocca, Venezia.

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 1 - 12, 30.12.2025

Abstract

References

  • Archivo Segreto Vaticano, Regista Supplicatiorum 4, fol. 225r
  • Archivo Segreto Vaticano, Regista Vaticano 138, fols. 124v-125r, ep. 442, 268v-269r, ep. 524
  • Archivo Segreto Vaticano, Regista Supplicatiorum 13, fol. 167r
  • Archivo Segreto Vaticano, Regista Supplicatiorum
  • Aberth J. 2001, From The Brink Of The Apocalypse. Confronting Famine, War, Plague, And Death İn The Later Middle Ages. New York.
  • Behringer W. 2010, A Cultural History of Climate. Cambridge.
  • Boccaccio, G. 2021, Decameron. Çev. R. Teksoy. İstanbul.
  • Bücking, J. 1975. Der Bauernkrieg in den habsburgischen Ländern als sozialer Systemkonflikt 1524–1526. Geschichte und Gesellschaft, (Sonderheft: Der Deutsche Bauernkrieg 1524–1526), 168–192.
  • Cahen, C. 1984, Osmanlıdan Önce Anadolu'da Türkler. İstanbul.
  • Cantacuzenus, I. 1832. “Ioannis Cantacuzeni Eximperatoris Historiarum Libri IV”. Eds. L. Schopeni, Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae III, Paris.
  • Cardini, F., ve Montesano, M. (2006). Storia medievale. Firenze: Le Monnier Università.
  • Carr, M. 2015. Mercant Crusades In The Aegean 1291-1352. Woodbridge.
  • Clement VI, 1925, Lettres Closes, Patentes Et Curiales Du Pape Clément VI Se Rapportant À La France Tome I. Eds. Eugene Depréz et al., Paris.
  • Davis, W. 2004, “Din Sosyolojisi.”, Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 11, 291-308.
  • Diplomatarium Veneto-Levantinum. 1880. Venetiis.
  • Dols, M. 1977, The Black Death in The Middle East. Princeton.
  • Emecen, F. M. 2021, İlk Osmanlılar ve Batı Anadolu Beylikleri Dünyası. İstanbul.
  • Gay, J. 1904, Le Papa Clément VI et Les Affaires D'orient . Paris.
  • Genicot, L. 1971, “Crises: From the Middile Ages to Modern Times.” Eds. M. M. Postan, The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, The Agrarian Life of The Middie Ages. V. I. Cambridge.
  • Gregoras, N. 1930, “Byzantina Historia.” Eds. L. Schopeni, Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae II. Paris.
  • Jordan, W. C., 1996, The Great Famine: northern Europe in the early fourteenth century Princeton.
  • Karpov, S. 1997, “Black Sea And The Crisis Of The Mid XIVth Century: An Underestimated Turning Point.” Thesaurismata, 27, 65-77.
  • Kedar, B. Z. 1976, Merchants in Crisis: Genoese And Venetian Men Of Affairs And Fourteenth Century Depression. New Haven.
  • Lucas, H. 1930, The Great Eurepean Famine of 1315, 1316 and 1317, Speculum, 5 (4), 343-377.
  • Marco Polo. 2014. The Travels of Marco Polo. Çev. L. Benedetto, London.
  • Michaelis Platiensis. 1797, “Historia Sicula.” Bibliotheca Xcriptorum Qui Res in Sicilia Gestas. Panormi, 511-780.
  • Regestes Des Deliberations Du Senat De Venise Concernant La Romanie 1329-1399. 1958, Paris.
  • Russell, J. C. (1972). Population in Europe. C. M. Cipolla (Ed.), The Fontana Economic History of Europe (Vol. I: The Middle Ages, pp. 25-71). Glasgow.
  • Sapori A. 1926, La Crisi Delle Compagnie Mercantili Dei Bardi E Dei Peruzzi. Firenze.
  • Schamiloğlu, U. 2004, "The Rise Of The Ottoman Empire: The Black Death İn Medieval Anatolia And İts Impact On Turkish Civilization.” Views from the Edge: Essays in Honor of Richard W. Bulliet. New York.
  • Scheidel W. 2017, The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century. Princeton.
  • Slavin, P. 2012, The Great Bovine Pestilence and Its Economic and Environmental Consequence in England and Wales 1318-50. The Economic History Review, 65 (4), 1239-1266.
  • Stantchev, S. 2012. “The Medieval Origins Of Embargo As A Policy Tool.” History Of Political Thought, 33 (3), 373-399.
  • Turan, Ş. 2020, Türkiye -İtalya İlişkileri I Selçuklular’dan Bizans’ın Sona Erişine. Ankara.
  • William C. J. 1996, The Great Famine. Northern Europe in the Early Fourteenth Century. Princeton.
  • Zachariadou, E. A. 1983. Trade and crusade Venetian Crete And The emırates of Menteshe and Aydın 1300-1415. Venice.
  • Zuchello, P. 1957, Lettere di mercanti a Pignol Zuchello (1334-1350). Eds. M. D. Rocca, Venezia.

The Economic and Military Impacts of the 14th Century Euroean Crises on the Crusades

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 1 - 12, 30.12.2025

Abstract

The 14th century is recorded in history as a period marked by profound social, economic, and political crises for Europe and the Mediterranean world. The devastating impact of the Black Death, the famine resulting from reduced agricultural production, and the disruption of trade routes brought Western European societies to the brink of collapse. These crises not only triggered internal unrest but also deeply influenced foreign policy and Western religious and military endeavors, such as the Crusades. The Crusades against the Turks in Western Anatolia, in particular, were significantly shaped by the multifaceted crises of the 14th century. Both economic factors and population losses reshaped the motivations behind the Crusader movement and the trajectory of the campaigns. The crises Europe faced restructured not only the military dimension of the Crusades but also diplomacy and trade relations. In this context, while European states continued to fight for religious reasons, political and economic imperatives compelled them to seek peace treaties with the Turks. This article aims to analyze the impact of these 14th-century crises on the Crusades.

References

  • Archivo Segreto Vaticano, Regista Supplicatiorum 4, fol. 225r
  • Archivo Segreto Vaticano, Regista Vaticano 138, fols. 124v-125r, ep. 442, 268v-269r, ep. 524
  • Archivo Segreto Vaticano, Regista Supplicatiorum 13, fol. 167r
  • Archivo Segreto Vaticano, Regista Supplicatiorum
  • Aberth J. 2001, From The Brink Of The Apocalypse. Confronting Famine, War, Plague, And Death İn The Later Middle Ages. New York.
  • Behringer W. 2010, A Cultural History of Climate. Cambridge.
  • Boccaccio, G. 2021, Decameron. Çev. R. Teksoy. İstanbul.
  • Bücking, J. 1975. Der Bauernkrieg in den habsburgischen Ländern als sozialer Systemkonflikt 1524–1526. Geschichte und Gesellschaft, (Sonderheft: Der Deutsche Bauernkrieg 1524–1526), 168–192.
  • Cahen, C. 1984, Osmanlıdan Önce Anadolu'da Türkler. İstanbul.
  • Cantacuzenus, I. 1832. “Ioannis Cantacuzeni Eximperatoris Historiarum Libri IV”. Eds. L. Schopeni, Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae III, Paris.
  • Cardini, F., ve Montesano, M. (2006). Storia medievale. Firenze: Le Monnier Università.
  • Carr, M. 2015. Mercant Crusades In The Aegean 1291-1352. Woodbridge.
  • Clement VI, 1925, Lettres Closes, Patentes Et Curiales Du Pape Clément VI Se Rapportant À La France Tome I. Eds. Eugene Depréz et al., Paris.
  • Davis, W. 2004, “Din Sosyolojisi.”, Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 11, 291-308.
  • Diplomatarium Veneto-Levantinum. 1880. Venetiis.
  • Dols, M. 1977, The Black Death in The Middle East. Princeton.
  • Emecen, F. M. 2021, İlk Osmanlılar ve Batı Anadolu Beylikleri Dünyası. İstanbul.
  • Gay, J. 1904, Le Papa Clément VI et Les Affaires D'orient . Paris.
  • Genicot, L. 1971, “Crises: From the Middile Ages to Modern Times.” Eds. M. M. Postan, The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, The Agrarian Life of The Middie Ages. V. I. Cambridge.
  • Gregoras, N. 1930, “Byzantina Historia.” Eds. L. Schopeni, Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae II. Paris.
  • Jordan, W. C., 1996, The Great Famine: northern Europe in the early fourteenth century Princeton.
  • Karpov, S. 1997, “Black Sea And The Crisis Of The Mid XIVth Century: An Underestimated Turning Point.” Thesaurismata, 27, 65-77.
  • Kedar, B. Z. 1976, Merchants in Crisis: Genoese And Venetian Men Of Affairs And Fourteenth Century Depression. New Haven.
  • Lucas, H. 1930, The Great Eurepean Famine of 1315, 1316 and 1317, Speculum, 5 (4), 343-377.
  • Marco Polo. 2014. The Travels of Marco Polo. Çev. L. Benedetto, London.
  • Michaelis Platiensis. 1797, “Historia Sicula.” Bibliotheca Xcriptorum Qui Res in Sicilia Gestas. Panormi, 511-780.
  • Regestes Des Deliberations Du Senat De Venise Concernant La Romanie 1329-1399. 1958, Paris.
  • Russell, J. C. (1972). Population in Europe. C. M. Cipolla (Ed.), The Fontana Economic History of Europe (Vol. I: The Middle Ages, pp. 25-71). Glasgow.
  • Sapori A. 1926, La Crisi Delle Compagnie Mercantili Dei Bardi E Dei Peruzzi. Firenze.
  • Schamiloğlu, U. 2004, "The Rise Of The Ottoman Empire: The Black Death İn Medieval Anatolia And İts Impact On Turkish Civilization.” Views from the Edge: Essays in Honor of Richard W. Bulliet. New York.
  • Scheidel W. 2017, The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century. Princeton.
  • Slavin, P. 2012, The Great Bovine Pestilence and Its Economic and Environmental Consequence in England and Wales 1318-50. The Economic History Review, 65 (4), 1239-1266.
  • Stantchev, S. 2012. “The Medieval Origins Of Embargo As A Policy Tool.” History Of Political Thought, 33 (3), 373-399.
  • Turan, Ş. 2020, Türkiye -İtalya İlişkileri I Selçuklular’dan Bizans’ın Sona Erişine. Ankara.
  • William C. J. 1996, The Great Famine. Northern Europe in the Early Fourteenth Century. Princeton.
  • Zachariadou, E. A. 1983. Trade and crusade Venetian Crete And The emırates of Menteshe and Aydın 1300-1415. Venice.
  • Zuchello, P. 1957, Lettere di mercanti a Pignol Zuchello (1334-1350). Eds. M. D. Rocca, Venezia.

14. Yüzyıl Avrupa Krizlerinin Haçlı Seferleri Üzerinde Ekonomik ve Askeri Yansımaları

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 1 - 12, 30.12.2025

Abstract

14. yüzyıl, Avrupa ve Akdeniz dünyası için derin sosyal, ekonomik ve siyasi krizlerle dolu bir dönem olarak tarihe geçmiştir. Salgın hastalıkların yıkıcı etkileri, tarımsal üretimin azalmasıyla gelen kıtlık ve ticari yolların kesintiye uğraması, bu dönemde Batı Avrupa toplumlarını büyük bir çöküşle karşı karşıya bırakmıştır. Bu krizler, yalnızca iç politikada karışıklık çıkmasına neden olmakla kalmamış, aynı zamanda dış politikayı da belirlemiştir. Döneme damgasını vuran Haçlı Seferleri gibi Batı'nın dinî ve askerî girişimlerini derinden etkilemiştir.14. yüzyılın çok yönlü krizlerinin özellikle Batı Anadolu'daki Türklere karşı düzenlenen Haçlı Seferleri üzerinde önemli etkileri olmuştur. Hem ekonomik gerekçeler hem de nüfus kayıpları, Haçlı hareketinin motivasyonlarını ve seferlerin seyrini yeniden şekillendirmiştir. Avrupa’nın karşı karşıya kaldığı krizler, Haçlı hareketinin sadece askerî boyutunu değil, aynı zamanda diplomasi ve ticaret ilişkilerini de yeniden yapılandırmıştır. Bu bağlamda, Avrupalı devletler bir yandan dinî saiklerle savaşmaya devam ederken, diğer yandan krizler ortaya çıkardığı siyasi ve ekonomik zorluklar mücadele etmek zorunda bırakmıştır. Bu makale, 14. yüzyılda yaşanan çok yönlü krizlerin Haçlı Seferleri üzerindeki etkilerini analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

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There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Medieval History (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Azer Gürcan 0000-0002-9249-0849

Submission Date February 3, 2025
Acceptance Date November 18, 2025
Publication Date December 30, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 15 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Gürcan, A. (2025). 14. Yüzyıl Avrupa Krizlerinin Haçlı Seferleri Üzerinde Ekonomik ve Askeri Yansımaları. Akdeniz İnsani Bilimler Dergisi, 15(2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.13114/mjh.1632480

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