Literature Review on Shifting Fatherhood

Year 2016, Issue: 6, 102 - 128, 22.08.2017

Tingting Tan

Abstract

This study aims to review
what extent have the attitudes and practices on fatherhood changed in different
countries and how these changes are explained. Firstly, a comprehensive review of fatherhood study is given. Following this, the dynamic changes of fatherhood and its causes in 4 countries, i.e., Sweden, America, Japan and China are elaborated. Lastly, this article is concluded with four main points: a) Both Sweden and America are Western
welfare states with strong academics and public calling on gender
equality and new fatherhood. However, Sweden is much more father-friendly than
America; b) Although China and Japan share an East Asian
‘Confucian’ cultural heritage, they are on different paths
in terms of shifting
fatherhood; c) Even though these four countries all have
experienced periods of industrialization, modernization, urbanization and
postmodern globalization, gender equality and new fatherhood ideologies and
values have a much more profound influence on fathering in
Sweden and
American than that in China and Japan; d) These four models reflect four
different aspects: Swedish fatherhood - father-friendly model challenges
mainstream thinking on Americanization, while American fatherhood - Second-mother
model reveals the inherent traditional social expectation that men should give
priority to the work; In contrast, Japanese fatherhood - struggling model
testifies the fluctuation of transformational fatherhood path,
whilst Chinese
fatherhood - women-headed model shapes a new egalitarian gender order rather
than discourse of conservatism in the family life.

Keywords

Fatherhood, aile, Isveç, Amerika, Japonya

Değişen Babalık Üzerine Literatür Taraması

Abstract

Bu çalışma babalık rol ve davranışlarının farklı ülkelerde ne kapsamda
değiştiğini ve bu değişimin nasıl açıklandığını analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.
İlk olarak, babalık çalışmalarının kapsamlı bir taraması verilecektir. Bunu
takiben, babalığa ilişkin dinamik değişimler ve bunların sonuçları dört farklı
ülke, İsveç, Amerika, Japonya ve Çin, çerçevesinde değerlendirilecektir.
Çalışma son bölümde dört farklı çıkarımla sonlanacaktır: (a) Isveç ve
Amerika’nın her ikisi de akademinin ve kamunun toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğine ve
yeni babalığa güçlü çağrılar yapan Batılı Refah devletleri olarak öne çıkarlar.
Ancak, Isveç Amerika’ya görece daha baba dostu bir duruş sergilemektedir; (b)
Çin ve Japonya Doğu Asyalı Konfüçyüsçü mirası paylaşan ülkeler olmalarına
rağmen, değişen babalık çerçevesinde farklı yollar izlemektedirler; (c)
Ülkelerin her biri endüstrileşme, modernleşme, şehirleşme ve post-modern
globalleşme deneyimleri ve toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği ve yeni babalık
ideolojilerini benimsemiş olmalarına rağmen, Isveç ve Amerika’da, Çin ve
Japonya’ya görece babalığa ilişkin değerlerin önemi daha fazladır; (d) Bu dört
model, dört farklı görüşü yansıtır – Isveçli babalık Amerikanlaşmanın ötesine
geçerek baba dostu bir yaklaşım sergilerken Amerikalı babalık, gelenekselleşmiş
sosyal beklentiyi açığa çıkararak erkeğin işteki rollerine öncelik vermesine
vurgu yapar. Bunların aksine, Japon babalık dönüşen babalık ile mücadele eden
tartışmacı bir model sunarken, Çinli babalık, aile içi muhafazakarlık
söylemlerinin aksine annenin reisliğine dayanan yeni eşitlikçi bir toplumsal
cinsiyet düzeni çerçevesinde şekillenir.

Keywords

Babalık, family, Isveç, Amerika, Japonya

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