Şiddetin Gölgesinde Yardımsever Eylemler: Atina’daki Radikal Solcular Arasında Erkeklerin Toplumsal Cinsiyet İnşası

Year 2018, Issue: 9-10, 30 - 64, 15.08.2018

árdís K. Ingvars İngólfur V. Gíslason

Abstract

Yunanistan son zamanlarda ekonomik ve insani bir krize saplanmış
durumda. Dengesiz bir atmosferin ortasında Yunan radikal solundaki bazı erkekler,
övülen kahramanlık anılarının, sokaklardaki siyasi performansın ve yardım
dayanışmasının ortaya çıktığı erkeklik biçimlerini müzakere ettiler. Avrupa'nın
ekonomi politikalarına ve yabancı düşmanlığını arttırmasına yerel olarak
direnirken, aynı zamanda hiper-erkeksi bir ortamda ahlaki bir erkekliği yeniden
inşa ettiler.

Bu yazı, 2012 ve 2014-2015 yıllarında Yunanistan'ın Atina şehrinde
gerçekleştirilen etnografik saha çalışmasına dayanmaktadır. Analiz, genel kurul
toplantılarına, gösterilere, mekanlarda geçirilen zamana ve mülteci odaklı
alanlardaki gönüllü etkinliklere dayanmaktadır. Radikal sol Yunanlılarla 36
resmi olmayan görüşme ve 15 derinlemesine görüşme yapılmıştır.

İşgal altındaki mülteci mekânlarında pek çok Yunan radikal solcu
güvencesiz bir ortamda kendi savunmasızlığıyla başa çıkarken, Mültecilerle Dayanışma halk hareketiyle
birlikte yardım ve koruma rolüne de girdi. Bu, mültecilerle paylaşılan gündelik
mekanlar aracılığıyla, hatrı sayılır özerklik ve insanlık söylemi aracılığıyla
ve sınıf mücadelesi vurgusuyla yapıldı. Böylece anti-kapitalist ahlaki
erkekliğin egemenliği ortaya çıktı. Öte yandan cesur erkekler için daha uygun
olduğu düşünülen koruyucu devriyeler uygulaması; yabancı düşmanı Altın Şafak
partisi üyelerinin alçaklık söylemi; ve genç kahraman Yunan solcu erkek
çilekeşliğinin tanınması için yapılan çağrı ile birlikte hiper-erkekliğin
belirli özellikleri de geliştirildi. Böylece yemek yapmanın ve temizliğin
çoğunlukla kadınlar ve göçmen erkekler tarafından yapılması gibi cinsiyet
ayrımcılığı uygulamaları da desteklenmiş oldu. Bazı erkekler ve kadınlar
direnirken, bu ayırıcı uygulamayı çoğu yerel kadının desteklediğini de
belirtmek gerekir. Sonuç olarak biz, hegemonik ve hiper-erkeklikler arasındaki
boşlukta ahlakın müzakere edildiğini savunuyoruz.

Keywords

Ahlaki erkeklikler, hiper-erkeklikler, dayanışma ve direniş

Acts of caring in the shadow of violence: Reconstruction of moral masculinities among Greek leftist volunteers

Abstract

Recently Greece has been stuck in a state of economic and humanitarian
crisis. Amid a volatile environment, some men among the Greek radical left
negotiated forms of masculinity in which glorified memories of heroes,
political performance on the streets, and solidarity of caring emerged. While
they locally resisted European economic policies, and increasing xenophobia,
they also reconstructed a moral masculinity in a hyper-masculine environment.

This paper is based on ethnographic fieldwork carried out in Athens,
Greece in 2012 and 2014-2015. The analysing is based on participation in
general assemblies, demonstrations, spending time in hangouts and volunteering
at refugee oriented sites. 36 informal and 15 in-depth interviews with radical
left Greeks were conducted.

In occupied refugee spaces, many Greek radical left men embedded the
role of the caring and protecting with the Solidary
with refugees’ grassroots movement, while they coped with their own
vulnerability in a precarious environment. This was done through a shared
every-day space with the refugees; through the discourse of respected autonomy
and humanity; and emphasised class struggle. Thus, a hegemony of
anti-capitalistic moral masculinity was emerged. However, with the practice of
protective patrols thought more suitable for valiant men; discourse of the
cowardice of members of the xenophobic Golden Dawn party; and calling for
recognition of young heroic Greek leftist male suffering, certain traits of
hyper-masculinity was nurtured. Thus, supporting gender segregation practices,
as the cooking and cleaning was mainly done by the women and the migrant men.
It is worth noting that most local women would uphold this segregated practice
while some men and women resisted. We therefore argue that in the space
‘in-between’ hegemonic and hyper-masculinities, the morality is negotiated. 

Keywords

Moral masculinities, hyper-masculinities, solidarity and resistance

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